2. Milestone Inventory-Infancy
• Life can be very fascinating at times especially at the beginning. Scientists are constantly researching and discovering
various elements that help to explain the psychological and biological makeup of humans. The life of an infant begins when
the male’s sperms interacts with a female’s egg inside of the uterus. This interaction between the sperm and the egg creates
new life. This new infant brings with it many questions as well as answers which explain to us how humans relate to one
another and the world in which we now live. Also oftentimes infants are observed by behavioral scientists in cycles of three:
For instance at birth, six months and 12 months. These vital weeks of existence for the infant opens up a world of
understanding of human life. Things like physical milestones, cognitive milestones, and socioemotional milestones have been
carefully observed. While some may not feel that children can develop, all children have the ability to grow and develop
because most children will make benchmarks in their growth stages. Studies have confirmed this and infants possess natural,
cognitive, and social potential.
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4. Physical Milestone
Birth
• According to the Baby Centre (2015), newborns love to concentrate their sights on new faces. They have the capacity to
raise their little heads up, hold it at a 45 decree angle and even reply to noise and sounds. For newborns following objects as
they move or even stand still is a must for them. Parents often hear their children making a bunch of ooh’s and ah’s sounds.
One can even find the little newborns smiling at familiar faces .
• Also WebMD (2015), argues that newborns should display the following during this phase. Exhibit a performance reply
when hearing a noise, such as motioning that they are surprised, along with an alteration in their respiratory system.
Concentrate on human faces and orts items by staring at them from a distance of at least 12 inches away. Holding their
fingers in a clinched fist. Lift their crowns when lying on their abdomen (p.2).
5. Physical Milestone
Birth
• Moreover WebMD (2015), declare that newborns can’t walk yet however when they are posed on a even countertop he
will commence to place one foot in front of the ort, this is referred to as the pacing reaction. The pacing reaction commonly
fades away around two months. The holding reaction is most dominate in the initial two months and generally vanishes at 5-6
months. The surprised reaction takes place as a newborn perceives a clamorous tone and his legs and arms reach beyond his
human anatomy. This reaction is mainly dominate in the initial 30 days and generally disappears after 60 or 90 days. The jaw
reaction are vital to the newborns primary existence, assisting them to locate nutritional sources. The inhaling and ingesting
actions are most vital. An infant will commence to nipple at the time their jaws are touched (p.2).
6. • The studies of the Baby Centre (2015), argue that newborns easily become accustomed to various aromas, and may notice
specific smells as too dominate. Consequently, a highly dominate aroma can hinder his sense of flavor. If the infant inhales a
dominate aroma he may not take in all of his nutrition. When you hug your infant, you are able to inhale one another’s aroma.
The hug gene assists in the social uniting process. All newborns will become used to your specific aroma. He can perceive
and inhale the distinctions in the midst of your boob-milk and another procreator. As he perceives your aroma the infant
senses peace and confidence understanding that he is joined to you (p.1).
Physical Milestone
Birth
7. Physical Milestone
6 months
• At six months the Baby Centre (2015), advocates that babies can tumble from left to right. Grab items and placed them in
their mouths. Sit upright on their own accord. They commence to crawl without assistance and even slide items toward
themselves. During this stage their eyes have the capability to comprehend and fully view images that appear in black and
white. Infants at this age can often be found creating noises by copying off of orts and even blowing bubbles. If they happen
to hear a familiar voice or noise they will turn around and glance in that same direction. This is the stage where they
commence to loiter along.
8. Physical Milestone
12 months
• The notes of the Baby Centre (2015), indicate that children at this phase of development can speak words and phrases
such as dada and mama. This is the stage where babies are known to mock orts when they talk. Babies have been observed
taking a few steps usually towards their parents or an item that has keyed up their interest. They can also comprehend general
directives when given. Mostly all babies during this time usually point or form some way of alerting others to what they
desire: for example pointing to a bottle or a toy.
9. Cognitive Milestone
Birth
• The work of Santrock (2016), argues that Piaget studied babies cognitive enhancement very thoroughly. The sensorimotor
phase commences at birth and ends around 24 months. During this phase of development infants don’t possess a lot of reflex
capabilities. Babies formulate a perception of the sphere through the organizing of sensuous occurrences with motor
behaviors and natural. The growing intellect of babies forms schemes which are common behaviors which can be conducted
on items like holding, gazing, and absorbing. The phrase equilibration refers to the element which allows children to grow
from one phase of development to the next in order to create intellectual distinctions. Accommodation takes place when
infants alter their schemes to take note of fresh details and occurrences. Piaget labored to unravel the concepts about how
children go through various stages of development and how organized alterations form in their intellect (p.93,94,95).
10. Cognitive Milestone
Birth
• All children have the ability to learn according to Santrock (2016), recall involves the storing of details over time
frames. Many times details are maintained for a short span and at ort times for longer periods. A few experts such as Meltzoff
claim that babies ability to copy the fonts of grown-ups stems from a biological source. Infants who were only 72 hours old
have been observed copying adults font. Newborns can perceive a form and concentrate on it. The concentrating of
intellectual sources on specific details, enhances logically procedures on many things (p. 97,98,99).
11. • According to About.com (2015), children during thins stage will often use gesture such as cooing. They will move things
around in a room and turn them over. Infants become adjusted to the sound of certain peoples voices like their parents.
During this stage of development infants gain a greater perception of the world around them.
• Moreover WebMD (2015), states that infants during this phase of life interact greater and will conduct more actions than
just weep when they are fatigued and hollowed or when they desire an alteration in current events. Infants will investigate
playthings by handling them and placing playthings in their jaws. Infants now govern their likes and dislikes more often.
Young children comprehend to organize and arrange their fresh understood capabilities; such as motor talents, perception,
handling, and seeing (p.4).
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Cognitive Milestone
6 months
12. Cognitive Milestone
12 months
• According to WebMD (2015), suggest babies gain numerous benchmarks in growth, involving initial words and two
phrase gestures like brandishing their arms to state bye-bye or swinging their crown from East to West to indicate never. Also
distance stress generally commences at this time and is common of children’s soulish growth. Distance stress happens when
procreators disappear from a infant’s sight, concluding in high frustration coupled with weeping and revolt. Distance stress
generally heightens between 9-18 months vanishes by 24 months.
• In addition to this WebMD (2015), argues that infants comprehend item stability, the notion that an item is yet present
when removed from their view. For instance, if a plaything happens to get tucked underneath a canvass, children may lift up
the canvass and look for the item. Children also perceive that items have roles ort than just a thing to make noise with or put
in their mouths, (like pots or buttons) (p.5).
13. Socioemotional Milestone
Birth
• Also the Children’s Therapy & Family Resource Centre (2011), state that during the socioemotional phase infants are
often silent when cuddled. Due to the fact that they receive much comfort from listening to familiar voices. Newborns often
smile to show pleasure in responding to care givers. When newborn’s are touched or stroked gentle they often respond
positively to familiar mature adults.
14. Socio
Socioemotional Milestone
6 months
• The notes of the Children’s Therapy & Family Resource Centre (2011), firmly state that children at this stage of
development often smile compassionately and laugh. Are highly alert when their name is mentioned. They comprehend
familiar faces especially well. Also they exhibit their feelings by moving their arms and legs. Things like sucking their
thumbs, grasping a blanket, and playing peek-a-boo, and gazing at orts babies are very common during this stage of growth.
Infants have often been observed staring at their own reflection in the mirror and show excitement by waving.
15. • The Children’s Therapy & Family Resource Centre (2011), advocates that parents should be fully aware of some the
negative signs during this phase of development. Children who don’t respond to hide and seek or peek-a-boo, their name, or
maintain restricted eye contact. Infants who display no desire to communicate with ort infants their own age. Infants who are
inflexible concerning apparel, games, and snacks. All of these non-conclusive signs show that the infant is behaving out of
character and the parents may are advised to seek professional assistance.
Socioemotional Milestone
12 months
16. Milestone Inventory-Infancy
• Finally the study of human development is vitally important. Human development begins at conception and ends at the
time of death. In order to understand human development we must start at the beginning with the life cycles of the infant. By
studying and observing the behavior of infants we can gain a much better understanding of how we humans evolve over a
period of time. The observations of the cycles of infants clearly lays the foundation of gaining knowledge of the natural,
cognitive, and socioemotional that takes place. The behavioral scientist Piaget gives us a great understanding of the
sensorimotor stage, assimilation, and object permanence concerning the infants ability to learn. While some may not feel that
infants can grow, all children have the capacity to grow and develop because most children will make milestones during their
growth stages. Studies have verified this and infants possess natural, intellectual, and social potential.
17. Milestone Inventory-Infancy
References
About.com, (2015). About Education. Cognitive Developmental Milestones. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/early.child-development/a/cognitive-cognitive-developmental-milestone.htm
Baby Centre, (2015). Baby Centre. Developmental Milestones Smell. Retrieved from
http://www.babycentre.couk/a25013415/developmental-milestone-smell
Baby Centre, (2015). Baby Centre. Milestone Chart-one-to-six-months. Retrieved from
http://www.babycentre.co.uk/96476/milestone--chart-one-to-six-months
Children’s Therapy & Family Resource Centre, (2011). Infant Developmental Milestones. Retrieved from
http://www.kamloopschildrenstherapy.org/social-emotional-infant-milestones
Santrock, W. J. (2016). Essentials of Life-Span Development. (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
WebMD, (2015). Medicine health. Infant Milestones. Retrieved from
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/infant_healthmilestones/article_em.htm
Editor's Notes
Santrock said, ‘’ Biological influences physiological characteristics have been linked to different temperaments… In particular, an inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes a high and stable heart rate, high levels of hormone cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain… This pattern may be tied to the excitability of the amygdala, a structure in the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition’’ (116).
The studies of Santrock (2016), reveal that there are two vital alterations which occur prior to the babies birth which affect the intellects enhancement. For one the amount of dendrites rises and the creation of a myelin sheath constantly evolves. The intellect usually experiences most of its growth during infancy. Alterations of the intellect assist youths to enjoy advancements in linguistics, react to influences more frequently, and organize their performances (p.136).
The notes of Santrock state, ‘’ A-not-B error is the term used to describe the tendency of infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden. Older infants are less likely to make the A-not-B error because their concept of object permanence is more complete’’ (95).
According to WebMD (2015), children at this stage of development learn to utilize non-verbal language by motioning at liked items, loitering, and aiming their fingers (p.5).
