1. Perspective • Innovation • Productivity O NLINE C ONSULTANTS I NTERNATIONAL Five Good Reasons to Clone Librarians. Reflections and Musings of an Online Information Specialist. Michael Fanning Geschäftsführer Online Consultants International GmbH Karlsruhe Tel: +49-721-92 12-909 [email_address]

2. 1. Introduction Overview 1. Introduction 2. The Problem 3. The Five Reasons 4. The Road to the Five Reasons Questions and Discussion 5. Cloning librarians – Science Fiction or Fact? PRESENTATION CONTENTS TIME ALLOCATION 90 Minutes Information Flood Diversity of Information Systems Holistic Information Architecture Information Management and Business Success Knowledge Management and “Soft Skills” Presentation Overview The Online Consultant’s Tale The Problem Stated The Problem Explained Revelation Through Individualisation Mother Knows Best Effecting Change through Environments Replication of the Librarians Knowledge

7. The Problem Stated 2. The Problem “ Houston, we have a problem!” – Another fine example of understatement!  The information environment for all levels of organisation, from big businesses right down to family units, is becoming increasingly complex.  The complexity is increasing faster than organisations have the ability to deal with it.  Librarians as trained information professionals are best qualified to deal with the complexity of information in organisations.  However, there is not enough of them to go around, i.e. compared to the potential exponential growth in the need for library like services.

9. The Problem Explained: U.S. Supply / Demand 2. The Problem Annual placement statistics from the American Library Association indicate a decline in the number of librarians seeking jobs in the last 10 years…

10. The Problem Explained: U.S. Supply / Demand 2. The Problem This trend is also apparent in the placement statistics from the American Library Association for their Midwinter meetings…

11. The Problem Explained: U.S. Future Estimates 2. The Problem EMPLOYMENT Librarians held about 167,000 jobs in 2002 . Most worked in school and academic libraries, but nearly a third worked in public libraries. The remainder worked in special libraries or as information professionals for companies and other organizations. JOB OUTLOOK Employment of librarians is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations over the 2002–12 period. However, job opportunities are expected to be very good because a large number of librarians are expected to retire in the coming decade, creating many job openings. Also, the number of people going into this profession has fallen in recent years , resulting in more jobs than applicants in some cases. Colleges and universities report the greatest difficulty in hiring librarians, because the pay is often less than the prospective employees can get elsewhere. Jobs for librarians outside traditional settings will grow the fastest over the decade. Nontraditional librarian jobs include working as information brokers and working for private corporations , nonprofit organizations , and consulting firms . Many companies are turning to librarians because of their research and organizational skills and their knowledge of computer databases and library automation systems. Librarians can review vast amounts of information and analyze, evaluate, and organize it according to a company’s specific needs . Librarians also are hired by organizations to set up information on the Internet. Librarians working in these settings may be classified as systems analysts , database specialists and trainers , webmasters or web developers , or local area network (LAN) coordinators . Nevertheless, the U.S. Department of Labor remains optimistic about jobs for Librarians and clearly notes the potential for jobs outside traditional settings. Consider the following… Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook.

12. The Problem Explained: Example of Local Market 2. The Problem Lawyers in Germany 2005 Law Firms Type of Firm Lawyers Top Law Firms 117- 546 Lawyers Large Law Firms 30 - 100 Lawyers Small Law Firms 2 - 4 Lawyers ca. 4.361 ca. 2.500 ca. 35.000 77.639 135.000 Single Lawyer Law Firms of which Legal Departments Total: 20 ca. 50 ca. 15.300 ca. 77.639 10 . 000 Juve-Handbuch 2004/2005 and DAV Statistics, Numbers are partly estimates © Dr. Benno Heussen Middle sized Law Firms 4 - 30 Lawyers ca. 2300 ca. 18.000

13. The Problem Explained: Example of Local Market 2. The Problem Lawyers in Germany 2005 Law Firms Type of Firm Lawyers Top Law Firms 117- 546 Lawyers Large Law Firms 30 - 100 Lawyers Small Law Firms 2 - 4 Lawyers ca. 4.361 ca. 2.500 ca. 35.000 77.639 135.000 Single Lawyer Law Firms of which Legal Departments Total: 20 ca. 50 ca. 15.300 ca. 77.639 10 . 000 Juve-Handbuch 2004/2005 and DAV Statistics, Numbers are partly estimates © Dr. Benno Heussen Middle sized Law Firms 4 - 30 Lawyers ca. 2300 ca. 18.000 Law Librarians YES YES HARDLY NO NO

14. … are trained to deal with information and are not technologists but can work with IT. … organisations are flooded with information and pressured by information related technologies… FLOOD 1. DIVERSITY EUROS MOTHER WHOLE 2. 3. 4. 5. … organisations are under pressure to see their whole organisation in information terms… … organisations are under increasing pressure to link information management to business success measured in financial terms … … organisations need to cultivate a more maternal approach to information and in particular knowledge management… … organisations are under increasing pressure to integrate diverse and disparate information systems… „ Donkey bridge“ … because… … and librarians… 3. The Five Reasons Organisations will be in dire need of librarians…….. … are used to operating across all parts of the organisation. … by working across all parts of the organisation have a birds eye view and are least likely to cultivate thinking in silos. … as information specialists can embrace business thinking and skills more readily than a business person can embrace information thinking. … for the most part are women, to whom a maternal mind set comes more easily!

15. Key Influence 4. The Road to the Five Reasons A HISTORY OF ENGLISH CRIMINAL LAW And its Adminstration from 1750 BY LEON RADZINOWICZ M.A. (CANTAB), LL.D. (CRACOW), (LL.D. (ROME) VOLUME 1 THE MOVEMENT FOR REFORM LONDON STEVENS & SONS LIMITED 1948 A key influence on the way oci subsequently developed was Sir Leon Radzinowicz‘s marvelous book on English criminal law, obtained from the UB, Frankfurt am Main in 1989. The book underlined the value of perspective and the revealling powers of individualisation.

16. Revelation Through Individualisation 4. The Road to the Five Reasons David Lewis, Medien-Psychologe und Bestseller-Autor Der Spiegel vom 10.11.2003, 46 / 2003, Seite 191. ” Information ist die einzige Ressource, deren Umfang immer weiter zunimmt. Allein im vergangenen Jahr wurden pro Erdenbürger etwa 800 Megabyte an Daten erzeugt – das entspricht 800 voll geschriebenen Büchern. Ein Großteil der neuen Daten ist redundant. Die Menschen verbringen deshalb inzwischen zu viel Zeit damit, wichtige Informationen von überflüssigen zu trennen.“

17. Consider a simple but important view of the firm or organisation. Firm / Organisation Business Processes Productivity and Performance expand expand 4. The Road to the Five Reasons Revelation Through Individualisation: Flood?

18. A diverse information “landscape” connects processes and productivity. Business Processes Productivity and Performance Information Landscape 4. The Road to the Five Reasons Revelation Through Individualisation: Flood?

19. Business Processes Productivity and Performance Information Landscape 4. The Road to the Five Reasons Revelation Through Individualisation: Flood? Digitalisation is rolling over the landscape like a tidal wave… D I G I T A L I S A T I O N

21. oci offers consultancy services on the digitalisation of business processes. Business Processes Productivity and Performance D I G I T A L I S A T I O N “ Simple” Complex Sales & Distribution Product Structure Product Concept Product Environment O NLINE C ONSULTANTS I NTERNATIONAL 4. The Road to the Five Reasons Revelation Through Individualisation: Flood?

22. Mother Knows Best The previous section could be succinctly summarised in the following way… 4. The Road to the Five Reasons INFORMATION It’s alive! It’s escaped ! These two lines have also been used as the shortest story synopsis for this Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein . The link here started at the UN in Vienna .

27. 4. The Road to the Five Reasons ESSAY: LEGAL CYBERSPACE – SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SECTION: Invisible Applications, b. Theoretical Reasons „ 1. Systems should have a childhood Expert system development which has tended to dominate the discussion of knowledge-based system in law, starts with a specific knowledge domain, namely that of the expert. Legal cyberspace architecture also uses expert systems but sees them mainly as part of an interlinked network of knowledge. The perspective used in the legal cyberspace architecture has been well described by (Smith 1989) who remarked that we should treat computers like children. He used the example of HAL, the meglomanic computer in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001. The space station's sole human survivor eventually switches off HAL who subsequently regresses to a stage where the once omniscient computer is only able to recite verses of Daisy, Daisy. Posing the question "why would a computer assigned the task of running a space station ever need to know a silly, simple song" and "why, for that matter, do children need to know nursery rhymes ?", Smith concludes, The performance of an adult or child is based upon that of the individual as a whole rather than on the items of knowledge that individual possesses. Similarly the usefulness of legal cyberspace should be judged upon the performance of the system as a whole and not on its individual knowledge-bases. Also, an integrated knowledge-bases systems approach increases the plasticity of the system. It is important that a knowledge base knows the limits of its own knowledge, that it may refer to alternatives. To quote Samual Johnson, "knowledge is of two kinds, we know a subject ourselves or we know where we can find information upon it".“ "The answer is that knowledge has to be extensively interlinked for us to function as well as we do, and that the human brain is built the way it is in order to cope with the vast amount of knowledge which we accumulate. Each of the hundred billion neurons in the brain is connected to up to a thousand others. This means that items of knowledge are interdependent and that newly acquired knowledge is integrated with existing knowledge so that learning becomes a process of learning that which you almost know. This, in turn, means that the knowledge an adult possesses is to an extent dependent upon and integrated with the knowledge acquired during childhood." Mother Knows Best: An Information Childhood

28. 4. The Road to the Five Reasons ESSAY: LEGAL CYBERSPACE – SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SECTION: Invisible Applications, b. Theoretical Reasons „ 2. The Frankenstein Syndrome A serious conceptual restraint to building computer systems is what may be referred to as the Frankenstein syndrome. This describes the general tendency to build computer applications in our own image. I have already fallen foul of the Frankenstein syndrome by referring to a systems childhood, in the previous section. A good example of what is meant is provided by expert systems. These are essentially computer applications which mimic human performance, namely that of an expert. True, they may be used under conditions hostile or difficult for their human equivalent. Or alternatively they may enable a specific expertise to be distributed to a wider audience. Nevertheless, they always exist in the shadow of the human expert. The general point here is that some information processing tasks, for example information storage and retrieval, are better suited to machines than they are to humans. Whereas other tasks, in particular pattern recognition, are far more efficiently carried out by humans. For system developers the question is one of approach. Should the system reproduce human skills or enhance them. If the latter is the case, system developers need to be able to appreciate knowledge processing skills that are non-human. Legal cyberspace seeks to enhance human performance by combining and exploiting both human and machine information processing abilities. The aim after all is to remove "low-level barriers to high-level thinking (10)." Some have described the approach as "intellectual amplification". For more on this approach see (Brooks, Jr. 1977).“ Mother Knows Best: Beware Instant Knowledge!

32. The Problem in a nutshell:  The information environment for all levels of organisation, from big businesses right down to family units, is becoming increasingly complex.  The complexity is increasing faster than organisations have the ability to deal with it.  Librarians as trained information professionals are best qualified to deal with the complexity of information in organisations.  However, there is not enough of them to go around, i.e. compared to the potential exponential growth in the need for library like services. WHAT CAN WE DO? 5. Cloning Librarians: Science Fiction or Fact? Quick Review

33. 5. Cloning Librarians: Science Fiction or Fact? Effecting Change Through Environments The second choice...

34. 5. Cloning Librarians: Science Fiction or Fact? Example: SOLON Buch-Service 5. Ihre Bibliotheksdaten Ihre Bibliotheksdatenbank beinhaltet die Titeldaten Ihres juristischen Literaturbestandes. Dabei spielt es keine Rolle, ob sich Ihre Bibliothek in einer Einzelkanzlei, einer überörtlichen Sozietät, einem Gericht, einer Staatsanwaltschaft oder einem Verbund solcher Einrichtungen befindet. Sie erfahren von mein-bibliothekar.de bei jeder Titelrecherche, ob und in welcher Auflage Sie einen gefundenen Titel besitzen. Sie sehen sofort, wo sich ein Buch befindet und wer es eventuell ausgeliehen hat. Auf einen Blick haben Sie alle wesentlichen Statusinformationen nebst einer Bewertung der Aktualität des Titels. Statusinformationen geben Auskunft darüber, ob das Buch bestellt oder schon vorhanden, ob es verfügbar oder ausgeliehen ist und wo es steht. Jedes neuerworbene Buch wird von uns in Ihre Bibliotheksdatenbank eingearbeitet. Beispiel: 1. In 93% der von mein-bibliothekar.de gepflegten Bibliotheken kommt dieser Titel vor. 2. Dieser Titel ist in das Sachgebiet 05.02.00 ... eingeordnet. Ein Titel kann mehreren Sachgebieten zugeordnet sein. 3. Dieser Titel ist in Ihrer Bibliothek 2mal vorhanden. 4. Alle Ihre Exemplare sind alte Auflagen. 5. Ein Exemplar steht an seinem Standort. Ein Exemplar ist verliehen (n.v. = nicht verfügbar). 6. Drei Exemplare wurden von Mitarbeitern Ihres Hauses zur Bestellung beim Bibliotheksverantwortlichen angefordert. Source: http://www.mein-bibliothekar.de/solon/Uebersicht/IhreBibliotheksdaten.html Consider the following product from the Berlin based book seller, SOLON Buch-Service GmbH mein-bibliothekar.de Die Bibliotheksverwaltung für Juristen An example of, „ poetical science“

35. Thank you for your interest. For further information please contact: Michael Fanning Geschäftsführer Online Consultants International GmbH Unterreut 6 76135 Karlsruhe Tel: +49-721-92 12-909 [email_address] Questions and Discussion The End of the Beginning