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The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                   March 2009




                            A very warm Spring 2009 welcome to all of our Geomodeling Network
                            members wherever you are. Earlier on this month it was looking like the
                            newsletter was going to be delayed through a lack of articles. However I am
                            pleased to say that after some online harassment, our members rallied and the
                            articles magically appeared just in the nick of time – so a big thank-you for those
                            of you who have taken the time to contribute.



                            I am always open to suggestions regarding our growing network and the shape
                            and direction in which it takes us. Bearing this in mind, I have had a few
                            members bending my ear recently who are concerned about the growing
                            influence of online recruiters using the Geomodeling Network for their own
                            commercial purposes.

                            Whilst I am not totally adverse to some forms of commercialism in our group
                            (you may even have spotted the subtle Blueback advertising throughout our
                            newsletters); the intention is that this plays a minor role in what our Network is
                            trying to accomplish. Indeed if you carry on reading this month’s newsletter you
                            will see that there are articles from a number of software vendors (Halliburton,
                            Schlumberger etc) which I think are interesting, relevant and provide a lot of
                            value to the group.

                            That said, I will keep my beady eye on the group as to what is being posted and
                            will take great pleasure in removing articles (and members) if they are starting
                            to become a nuisance.




                            Mitch Sutherland
                            mitch.sutherland@blueback-reservoir.com




        Page 1   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                             March 2009




                                 Table of Contents

                                 Member Articles, Reviews & Questions


                            1.   Property Modeling within modeled objects .... defining that
                                 thalweg!
                                 Has anyone successfully modelled rock properties at specific locations within
                                 facies objects?
                                 Juan Cottier, Subsurface Manager at Blueback Reservoir AS

                                 This has been taken from the Geomodeling Network discussion board and is a good
                                 example of how the board can be utilized to pose questions.                  Page 3


                            2.   A faster and more accurate Gaussian method for property
                                 modelling in Petrel
                                 Colin Daly – Petrel product champion, geological modelling, Schlumberger
                                 Sandra Quental – Petrel product analyst, geological modelling, Schlumberger


                                 There were questions asked recently on the discussion board about the Gaussian method
                                 – this is timely input from Schlumberger!
                                                                                                               Page 5

                            3.   Geology & Technology
                                 What kind of technology will geologists be using in 2025? An example of
                                 technology that today is in its infancy, but which may be more prevalent in the
                                 future.
                                 Simon Haworth - Geologist at Nexen                                       Page 11



“Civilization exists by     4.   High Frequency Characterization of an Outcropping Sinuous
                                 Leveed-Channel Complex, Dad Sandstone Member, Lewis
geological consent,
                                 Shale, Wyoming
subject to change                This paper presents the results of data collection, analysis and integration to
without notice.”                 build a 3D geological model of an outcropping leveed channel complex.
                                 Staffan Van Dyke - Geologist at Nexen                                      Page 14
                                 (Abstract only – see end of article on how to access the complete paper)
-Will Durant




           Page 2   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                      March 2009


“Rocks are records of       5.   Free Petrel Plugin’s!
                                 What idiot said “you get nothing for free in this world?” Check out the latest
events that took place           free downloadable Petrel plugin’s now available from the Blueback Reservoir
at the time they formed.         software development team.
                                 Blueback Reservoir                                                        Page 14
They are books. They
have a different
                            6.   Geo2Flow
vocabulary, a different          Reserves Estimation – software that allows you to answer 3 crucial questions:
alphabet, but you learn          How much? How fast? And How connected?
how to read them.”               Dan O’Meara – Owner, O’Meara Consulting                                 Page 17

-John McPhee
                            7.   Requests for newsletter No5                                             Page 20




                                 Member Articles, Reviews & Questions


                                 1.     Property Modeling within modeled objects .... defining
                                 that thalweg!
                                 Has anyone successfully modeled rock properties at specific locations within
                                 facies objects?
                                 Juan Cottier, Blueback Reservoir AS

                                 Clearly some further information is required here .....

                                 For example, I want to be able to place certain poroperm values at certain
                                 locations within channels. I am working on the UK Forties fairway and I have
                                 been provided with some excellent facies work (facies logs, facies associations
                                 and very well integrated field analogues). The challenge is that within a
                                 distribution of porosity values I want to be able to place the very best
                                 poroperms at the centre of the channels and at the top of the channels, where
                                 as the poorest poroperms go at the base and sides.

                                 there are plenty of ways of trendng/cross correlating/analysing data per
                                 zone/layer within PETREL but there does not seem to be any quot;understandingquot; of
                                 the geometry of the bodies.


           Page 3   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                     March 2009


                            Schlumberger Support, though very helpful, have no straight forward answer to
                            this question.

                            I have already created a workflow that allows me to define channel edges per K-
                            layer and then use the distance from the channel edge to control levee or
                            channel porosity distributions. It works exactly as I wish it to ... except ... it is
                            cumbersome, ineffcient, requires conformable layering, requires precise set-up
                            and is impractical beyond a certain number of k-layers.

                            Beautiful results but not at all practical ...... rather like an Alfa Romeo.


                            Any ideas?
                            Or
                            solutions?
                            Thanks.
                            Juan.

                            Dave Hardy
                            Reservoir geologist and reservoir modeller

                            Juan,
                            Use RMS ;-). It 'knows' about modelled objects. Intrabody trends are very easy to
                            set up in all directions and work really well. In the old days before RMS had this I
                            have used a facies object ID parameter and a script to define a vertical trend
                            (loop trhough the layers and reset the distance every time the code changes).
                            The script approach does not handle erosion terribly well and horizontal trends
                            are tricky unless the objects are aligned with the grid but it was passable. I have
                            no idea if that approach would be possible in PETREL or if it is any better than
                            the solution you already have.

                            Russell Cooper
                            Geologist at OXY Permian

                            Juan,
                            Assuming you have a 'center of channel' and 'top of channel' poroperm equation
                            to distinguish these areas from the rest of the model, perhaps respective of
                            facies as well, you could use zone/layer filters in combination with a polygon(s)
                            in geometrical modeling to create a center of channel and top of channel
                            property and use these as references in a nested 'IF' equation to derive the
                            desired permeability property.




        Page 4   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                      March 2009


                              2 A faster and more accurate Gaussian method for property
                                modelling in Petrel.
to remember the order of          Colin Daly & Sandra Quental – Schlumberger
the geological time           Petrel 2009.1, released last February, brings a new Gaussian simulation
periods: “Cows Often Sit      algorithm that will please our modeling community. The so-called Gaussian
Down Carefully. Perhaps       random function simulation (GRFS) differs substantially from the Sequential
                              Gaussian simulation (SGS) from GSLIB: it is not sequential; it is parallelized and
Their Joints Creak?           hence typically faster than SGS. Plus it has an option to run a fast collocated co-
Persistent Early Oiling       simulation, with an interactive correlation coefficient slide bar.

Might Prevent Painful         The GRFS works using the well known decomposition which states:
Rheumatism.”

                              CONDITIONAL SIMULATION = KRIGING + UNCONDITIONAL SIMULATION



                              For the kriging part of the equation, Petrel uses the parallel kriging algorithm
                              introduced in 2008. This kriging algorithm is substantially faster than the old
                              kriging algorithm in Petrel, particularly in the case of a lot of well data, and so
                              makes use of the above decomposition practical and beneficial. (For example, on
                              a test case with 3 million cells and 500 wells, the new algorithm runs in about 10
                              seconds compared to about 36 minutes for the old GSLIB based algorithm for
                              identical results). The unconditional simulation term uses a Fast Fourier
                              Transform based algorithm which gives good variogram reproduction for a wide
                              class of variograms.



                              If using the collocated cosimulation option with GRFS, the user will notice that
                              there isn’t any systematic bias in the degree of variability of the simulated
                              variable or in the correlation between the simulated variable and the secondary
                              variable. For SGS, it is often found that the variance of the simulated primary
                              variable is systematically different to the desired input variance. In the typical
                              case where the secondary variable is smoother than the primary (often the
                              secondary variable is a smooth seismic data volume), then SGS simulations will
                              generally have higher variability than expected. Furthermore, the calculated
                              correlation between the simulated primary variable and the secondary variable
                              is not equal to the input correlation. This is a problem associated to the
                              sequential nature of SGS. Within Petrel’s GRFS there is a mechanism to
                              overcome such a bias, called the ‘Variance Reduction Factor’, which can be used
                              to partly remove the bias. This is no longer necessary with GRFS.


          Page 5   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                                      March 2009



                                   Another nice feature implemented for the GRFS is the fast collocated
                                   cosimulation. This is based on a new algorithm that extends a well known
                                   decomposition from the literature (e.g. Chiles and Delfiner, Geostatistics, Wiley,
                                   1999). This decomposition states that collocated cokriging can be split into a
                                   kriging that is done once and a simple Bayesian cokriging update. We have
                                   further developed this by coupling it with a correctly chosen unconditional
                                   cosimulation of primary and secondary variables. It can be shown that this gives
                                   an exact collocated cosimulation. Updating to try a new correlation between
                                   primary and secondary variables is quite fast, so this has been implemented on a
                                   slider bar within Petrel so that the modeler can interactively see the results
                                   when changing the correlation (Figure 1). For the 3 million cell model mentioned
                                   above, the updating takes about 0.2 seconds so is fast enough to work on the
                                   slider bar.




                 Secondary property = porosity
                                                                   cc = 0.85




                                                                                                   Permeability models using
                                                                   cc = 0.15                        GRFS with cosimulation




                                   Figure 1 – Using the new slider bar available for cosimulation with GRFS, it is
                                   possible to change the correlation coefficient (cc) and see the results on the fly in
                                   visualization windows.




        Page 6     The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                        March 2009

                            Also new in Petrel 2009 is the ‘layer declustered search’ option, which is used in
                            the kriging component of the Gaussian simulation (thus also present for the
                            kriging method). When this is active, it ensures that the when the kriging
                            algorithm is searching for nearest neighbours of a cell which is to be kriged, it
                            preferentially searches for neighbours in the current layer and then
                            progressively for neighbours in nearby layers. If selected, this overrides the
                            default mechanism which searches for neighbours according to variogram
                            weighted distance. The primary application of this is when the variogram
                            exhibits a long correlation in the vertical direction. In this case, the standard
                            search would tend to find many highly correlated neighbours along vertical, or
                            near vertical wells. This situation, when many of the data used for kriging are
                            highly correlated between themselves, is similar to a situation in standard
                            regression theory called collinearity. A typical solution used for kriging is to
                            perform a declustering of the data and to choose neighbours which are less well
                            correlated between themselves. The layer declustered search is a simple but
                            often effective method to perform such a declustering in the case of near
                            vertical wells with a long vertical range. The effect is that a better spread of
                            neighbouring data, with less correlation between one another are used for the
                            kriging, eliminating common artifacts generated by the traditional search
                            methods used in the market (Figure 2).




                                                        Keeping long
                                                      vertical variogram
                                                            range

                                                        Applying layer
                                                      declustered search




                                                        Applying layer
                                                      declustered search




                            Figure 2 – A very simple example showing a kriged porosity model using three wells.

                            Left: common kriging artifacts are due to a long vertical variogram range
                            Right: layer declustered search has been applied, eliminating the artifacts.



        Page 7   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                       March 2009

                            Another expert option for kriging and GRFS is the ‘approximate search’, which
                            provides a search algorithm that can often be substantially faster than the
                            standard search algorithm. It is however not as accurate and must be used with
                            some care. A typical application will be when used to create many realizations
                            for kriging or Gaussian simulation. The user should test that the fast search is
                            giving results of acceptable quality on a trial realization. If it works well for one
                            realization then it will work just as well for all realizations using the same
                            parameters. So when, for a choice of kriging parameters and neighbourhood
                            size, it is deemed to be working acceptably, this option can be switched on for
                            the time consuming activity of generation of many realizations.

                            Finally the ‘factor of simulation extent’ is a variable associated with the
                            unconditional simulation. When the range of the variogram becomes longer
                            than the sides of the model, the Fast Fourier Transform based model will not
                            give a good reproduction of the variogram (due to aliasing). This can be
                            improved by simulating on a larger volume and then ‘cutting out’ the region of
                            interest. The factor of simulation extent can be used in such a case. Typically the
                            value of 1 will be good enough, but if the correlation length becomes long, then
                            it may need to be increased to a length of 2 or 3. Very high values can cause
                            memory problems for the machine. It should be noted that there is little reason
                            for using correlation lengths much longer than the extent of the field as this type
                            of low frequency variability is usually better treated as a trend.

                            Schlumberger Information Solutions strongly suggest Petrel geomodelers to
                            start using the new GRFS in workflows where SGS is usually applied. In large
                            grids and/or in an uncertainty study context, if running various realizations of
                            petrophysical properties, a great time gain will be observed, as well as a visible
                            improvement in achieving the desired distribution statistics.




                            An example comparing SGS and GRFS results on volume distribution

                            We now look at an example which shows that GRFS does a better job at
                            modeling the uncertainty in the total pore volume of the reservoir than SGS.

                            In a test project with a regular grid of 90x90x200=1.62 million cells of 100 x 100
                            x 1 meters size, 200 realizations were run on the porosity model, 100 of them
                            using GRFS and the other 100 using SGS. Only the seed has been changed, all
                            other parameters were kept the same. The variogram was spherical with ranges


        Page 8   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                           March 2009

                                    2000, 2000, 5 in the X, Y and Z directions respectively. The mean porosity was
                                    0.15 with standard deviation of 0.05.

                                    Our objective is to calculate the distribution of pore volume for each realization
                                    and then look at the distributions of such volumes for both GRFS and SGS. The
                                    resulting distributions are shown in figure 3. There is clearly a difference
                                    between the GRFS case and SGS case. Which gives the better result? Well, if we
                                    knew the expected standard deviation of the distribution we could just check
                                    and see.

                                    To help us with this, we remember from basic statistics that if we have n
                                    independent points following the same distribution then the variance of the
                                    mean of those values is just variance of a single point divided by the number of
                                    points ( V = 2/N where V is the variance of the mean reservoir porosity, the
                                    variability being from one realization to the next). We have 1.62 million points
                                    and we know that the mean of the porosity distribution is 0.15 with standard
                                    deviation of 0.05. However, we cannot just choose N=1.62M because not all the
What did the rock do all
                                    data are independent (the resulting simulation is not just a pure nugget effect or
day? Nothing.....                   white noise simulation so the values are correlated to one another). Roughly
                                    speaking we can consider points to be independent of one another when they
          ......I’ll get my coat!
                                    are separated by a distance equal to the range of the variogram. More
                                    accurately there is a known method in geostatistics for calculating the
                                    approximate number of truly independent points and then we can use that
                                    formula. It is called the method of integral range. We won’t go into the details
                                    here (see Lantuejoul, C., Ergodicity and Integral Range, Journal of Microscopy,
                                    161(3)) but the integral range for a spherical variogram is A =     a3 where a is
                                    the range of the variogram and the number of equivalent data is then N = V/A
                                    where V is the bulk rock volume of the reservoir. In this case we find that
                                    N=1600 approximately. We can then use the formula V = 2/N to calculate the
                                    variability we might expect over the reservoir volume. This gives the standard
                                    deviation V=0.00125. In a normal distribution, the size of the 95% confidence
                                    interval is twice the size of the standard deviation. Combining these results we
                                    should get 95% of our realizations having a mean porosity for the total reservoir
                                    of between 0.15 – 2*(0.00125) and 0.15 + 2*(0.00125), that is in the interval
                                    [0.1475,0.1525]. Since the total rock volume of the reservoir is
                                    (1.62x106)*100*100*1 = 16.2x109 m3 (number of cells multiplied by volume of
                                    cell), then the expected range of pore volumes is approximately [2.389x109,
                                    2.471x109]. Looking at the results of figure 3 we can see that the 100 realizations
                                    of the GRFS are consistent with this estimate while the results from SGS show
                                    considerably more variability than one would expect from the theory. The
                                    following table gives a resume of the results:


          Page 9      The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                            March 2009



                                                Lower 95% conf interval              Upper 95% conf interval
             Theoretically correct result       2.389                                2.471
             GRFS – observed result             2.386                                2.482
             SGS – observed result              2.350                                2.502
                             Table 1. Confidence Intervals for the Total Pore volume variation for the reservoir.
                                                       9 3
                             Results are in units of 10 m .


                             Overall, this shows that the GRFS simulation gives results that are more
                             consistent, in terms of total pore volume modeled, with the information used to
                             develop the model (in this case the variogram, mean and standard deviations of
                             any well data). This becomes especially important in the case where we are
                             conditioning to well data where the GRFS does a better job of modeling the
                             expected variability around the distributions of porosity observed in the wells.




         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           10
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                                March 2009



                                  Figure 3 – Above: pore volume distribution after running 100 porosity realizations using
                                  SGS. Below: pore volume distribution after running 100 porosity realizations using GRFS.

“It was with unalloyed            The histogram for GRFS is less spread than for SGS, because SGS tends to give higher
                                   Career Networking
pleasure that I became            variance results than the one from the input distribution (in this case higher porosity
                                  variance, hence higher pore volume variance).
aware that a vigorous
earthquake was in
progress.”
                                   3. Geology & Technology
-G.K. Gilbert on the 1906 San          Simon Haworth – Nexen
Francisco earthquake.
                                   Have you ever wondered what it might be like working in an oil company
                                   in 2025? Will we still be working with computers and bulky, costly
                                   computer screens? What if desks were your screens? And all you had
                                   was an internet connection?



                                   There are many more questions like this, but if I wrote them all down it
                                   wouldn‟t make for an enthralling article.



                                   I‟m an avid believer that one day, in the not so distant future, we will be
                                   working, in fact geomodelling, on the walls of our office. Not just by
                                   hanging a plasma screen on it, but by interacting with the wall itself.
                                   Consider yourself interacting with digital experiences that move beyond
                                   digital tradition, that blur the boundaries between art and science, and
                                   transform social assumptions. We are already in an era where current
                                   technology offers insights into interactive techniques, projects that explore
                                   science, high-resolution digital-cinema technologies, and interactive art-
                                   science narrative.



                                   Most people have seen Minority Report- a Steven Spielberg special in
                                   which cyber cop Tom Cruise manipulates wall-sized displays powered by
                                   gesture recognition, and seamless information convergence: it‟s the stuff
                                   that interface designer dreams are made of. So how did Tom Cruise get
                                   such a nice set up? It turns out that Microsoft Research, MIT, and several
                                   design shops had a say in the interface designs found in the film.




                 Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
                   11
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                               March 2009




Why did the biker carry
a large piece of an
extrusive, pyrclastic,
igneous

rock composed chiefly of
volcanic ash as on his
motorcycle?                  Hand and touch screen recognition devices already exist but how can we
                             get involved?

                             So, if the big boys are cleverly adapting and developing the hardware,
He wanted to act tuff.       which oil service companies are going to get their mitts on it first? Cost is
                             likely to be an issue- nobody wants to venture into a novel arena because
                             there is some likelihood the adaptation and, more importantly, uptake
                             could flop. On the other hand, it could be a resounding success- „Qui
                             Audet Adipiscitur („He who Dares Wins‟).




                             The willingness to embrace change is heavily dependent on the decision
                             makers and their own visions for the future. The demography of the
                             industry is changing so rapidly that geoscience and engineering
                             professionals are taking on more and more responsibility at a young age.
                             It is seemingly more possible that the fully loaded virtual office will
                             become a reality therefore allowing the industry to leverage the
                             experience of others from the comfort of their own home. Less office
                             space in prime locations means lower overheads. Meetings will take place
                             in your living room with the aid of holographic projections (ref. Cisco‟s

           Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
             12
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                          March 2009

                                     Telepresence) just like R2D2‟s relay of the all important message to Luke
                                     Skywalker in Star Wars.

quot;...And yet it does move.quot;
- Galileo (referring to the Earth)




                                     To sum up, the technology already exists- the software doesn‟t. I‟d like to
                                     see more of an uptake in the design and adaptation of the technology for
                                     the oil industry. Petrel, RMS and others are great tools- it‟s how we use
                                     them that matters.



                                     Mitch has kindly offered to publish this article so that I can gauge interest
                                     amongst other Geoscience professionals and Software Developers alike
                                     who share my vision for taking this further. My initial thoughts are to bring
                                     together software, technology and geology professionals in a combined
                                     Special Interest Group with a view to development of bigger concepts and
                                     product development in an arena which is under-explored and under-
                                     funded. Please email me with any comments, thoughts and ideas.



                                     There are numerous societies with SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on
                                     GRAPHics and Interactive Techniques) being a key organisation. For
                                     anyone interested, this year‟s conference is being held in New Orleans
                                     (3rd-7th August 2009). Further details can be found below
                                     http://www.siggraph.org/s2009/.



                                     “Dreams will get you nowhere; a good kick in the pants will take you a long way”.




                Page    The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
                  13
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                          March 2009



                               4. High Frequency Characterization of an Outcropping
Q: What is the
                                  Sinuous Leveed-Channel Complex, Dad Sandstone
difference between a
                                  Member, Lewis Shale, Wyoming (Abstract only)
geologist and a chemist?           Staffan Van Dyke – Nexen

A: A chemist will drink        This paper presents the results of data collection, analysis and integration to
                               build a 3D geological model of an outcropping leveed-channel complex. Data is
anything that is               from more than 120 standard measured stratigraphic sections, behind-outcrop
distilled.                     drilling/logging/coring, ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction
                               surveys and 2D shallow seismic reflection acquisition.
  A geologist will drink
                               This leveed-channel complex, which is part of the Dad Sandstone Member of the
anything that is               Cretaceous Lewis Shale, Wyoming, consists of ten channel-fill sandstones,
fermented....                  confines within a master channel. The complex is 67m (200ft) thick and 500m
                               (1500ft) wide and has a net sand content of approximately 57%. Individual
                               channel-fills are internally lithologically complex, but in a systematic manner
                               which provides a means of predicting orientation and width of sinuosity.
                               Although it has not been possible to completely document the three
                               dimensionality of the system, the 3D model that has evolved provides
                               information on lithologic variability at scales which cannot be verified from
                               conventional 3D seismic of subsurface analog reservoirs. This vertical and lateral
                               variability can provide realistic lithologic input to reservoir prediction. An
                               outcome of this study has been knowledge gained of the extent of manipulation
                               required to obtain the spatially correct geometry and architecture of strata
                               when integrating outcrop and shallow, behind-outcrop data sets.

                               If anyone is interested in reading the complete paper, simply click on the link
                               below and find the presentation called “GCS-SEPM Lewis Shale”
                               http://www.linkedin.com/osview/canvas?_ch_page_id=1&_ch_panel_id=1&_ch
                               _app_id=7544200&_applicationId=1200&appParams=%7B%22from%22%3A%22
                               owner_network_slideshows_home%22%2C%22view%22%3A%22canvas%22%2C
                               %22page%22%3A%22owner_minifeed%22%7D&_ownerId=8140385&completeU
                               rlHash=GMNx


                               5. The Blueback Toolbox
                                   Blueback Reservoir (www.blueback-reservoir.com)
                                   (Full download instructions for the Blueback Toolbox can be found at the end of this
                                   article)


                               The latest software product from the software development team in Blueback
                               Reservoir is our new Toolbox. The Blueback Toolbox is a set of smaller Petrel
                               plug-ins for solving specific problems not supported in standard Petrel.


             Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
               14
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                  March 2009


                           The aim with the Toolbox is to facilitate faster workflows and to provide Petrel
                           users with functionality not already in available in Petrel.
                           The current Toolbox is available for FREE – just send us an email with your
                           details.

                           The content of the Toolbox is increasing all the time as we keep adding new
                           plug-ins to it. Most of the plug-ins have been developed upon direct requests
                           from Petrel users, and in most cases resulting in functionality we make available
                           to all Toolbox users.




                           The Toolbox functionality as of 1 March’09:

                           Make Cube
                              Generates a seismic cube data object from a point data set. Specify
                              resolution, min/max values and interpolation algorithm.

                           Import/Export
                               Support for new data formats.
                               Export of navigation data for a seismic survey.
                               Import of IESX interpretations as points.
                               Import 3D seismic interpretations from a general ASCII format.
                               Import ASCII files into a seismic cube.

                           Sample Attribute
                              Sample points from a seismic cube. Using a point set to sample values from
                              a seismic cube. The sampled values will be appended as an attribute to the
                              point set


         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           15
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                        March 2009


                                 Comments to data objects
                                    Easy addition of comments to the Info tab in the Settings dialog of a
                                    selected data object. No need to open the Settings dialog
“The elements that unite
to make the Grand                Extracts points from cube
                                      Creates a point set from a seismic cube. One point per sample in the cube.
Canyon the most sublime               Limited by a top and bottom surface
spectacle in nature are               Created point set located in the same survey folder as the input cube
multifarious and
                                 One of the key things about this Toolbox is that we at Blueback see it as an
exceedingly diverse.”            evolving set of tools. As such, the contents are expected to change quite
                                 dramatically over time when new functionality is requested and added.
-John Wesley Powell
                                 For this reason it is important that all users of the Toolbox provide feedback to
                                 Blueback as without this feedback we will not be in a position to make any
                                 changes or amendments. We would therefore like to know if you find the
                                 functionality useful or whether you would like to see any tweaks made to what
                                 is already there.

                                 Also, we would like to know if you have any suggestions for any additional
                                 functionality that you would like us to add to the Toolbox, which would benefit
                                 the Petrel user community.

                                 If one of these suggestions makes it into the official Blueback Toolbox then I will
                                 happily send that member a Blueback iPod.




                                 How to download the Blueback Toolbox


                                 The Toolbox is now on our FTP site.

               Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
                 16
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                    March 2009


                           ftp.blueback-reservoir.com

                           User: TOOLBOX

                           Passwd: xxToolbox2009

                           There are 3 files there:

                           1 –“ TOOLBOX 1.1 2008.1-306-110209.zip”. This is the installation file if you are
                           running Petrel 2008 on XP.

                           2 – “TOOLBOX 1.1 2009.1 32bit-398-180309.zip”. This is the installation file if
                           you are running Petrel 2009 on Vista or XP 32 bit.

                           3 – “TOOLBOX 1.1 2009.1 64bit-398-180309.zip”. This is the installation file for
                           those running Petrel 2009 on Vista 64 bit.

                           Download the file you need, unzip it and run the installation. Then start Petrel
                           and open the Blueback License dialog from the HELP pulldown menu. To
                           activate the Toolbox – you must send to support@blueback-reservoir.com the
                           COMPUTER CODE. This is found if you click the Manage Licenses button.

                           This download information can be forwarded to anyone interested in taking a
                           look at the Toolbox.


                           Geo2Flow
                           Dan O’Meara

                           For those of you who have been a member of the Geomodeling Network for a
                           wee while you will probably recognise the name Dan O’Meara. Dan is the chap
                           who has contributed some very eloquent articles for discussion on our very
                           informative discussion page.

                           To prove to you all that Dan does not spend all of his time posing technical
                           questions to our network and that he does have an actual day job, Dan has
                           contributed an excellent article on Geo2flow.

                           Geo2Flow is a software product developed by O‟Meara Consulting who have
                           gained respect for developing leading-edge, interdisciplinary tools that “raise the
                           bar” technically in the arena of reservoir characterization.

                           Geo2Flow uses patented technology for identifying reservoir compartments, for
                           calculating 3D permeabilities that are consistent with saturation logs and for
                           ensuring that 3D saturations match their corresponding logs exactly. Integrating
                           Geo2Flow into your workflow ensures that your method for estimating reserves is
                           “best in class”


         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           17
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                          March 2009




         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           18
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                          March 2009




         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           19
The Geomodeling Network Newsletter                                                                   March 2009




                           Requests for the newsletter No5

                           The next newsletter is planned for a May 2009 release, so please send any
                           articles to me at the following email address for inclusion
                           (mitch.sutherland@blueback-reservoir.com).

                           Finally, please take advantage of the Geomodeling Network discussion board on
                           LinkedIn to initiate comments on any Geomodeling subject of interest to you, or
                           to respond to any of the articles in this newsletter – all I ask is that you respect
                           other people’s opinions.




                                            Fin




         Page   The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
           20

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March 2009 The Geomodeling Network Newsletter

  • 1. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 A very warm Spring 2009 welcome to all of our Geomodeling Network members wherever you are. Earlier on this month it was looking like the newsletter was going to be delayed through a lack of articles. However I am pleased to say that after some online harassment, our members rallied and the articles magically appeared just in the nick of time – so a big thank-you for those of you who have taken the time to contribute. I am always open to suggestions regarding our growing network and the shape and direction in which it takes us. Bearing this in mind, I have had a few members bending my ear recently who are concerned about the growing influence of online recruiters using the Geomodeling Network for their own commercial purposes. Whilst I am not totally adverse to some forms of commercialism in our group (you may even have spotted the subtle Blueback advertising throughout our newsletters); the intention is that this plays a minor role in what our Network is trying to accomplish. Indeed if you carry on reading this month’s newsletter you will see that there are articles from a number of software vendors (Halliburton, Schlumberger etc) which I think are interesting, relevant and provide a lot of value to the group. That said, I will keep my beady eye on the group as to what is being posted and will take great pleasure in removing articles (and members) if they are starting to become a nuisance. Mitch Sutherland mitch.sutherland@blueback-reservoir.com Page 1 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 2. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Table of Contents Member Articles, Reviews & Questions 1. Property Modeling within modeled objects .... defining that thalweg! Has anyone successfully modelled rock properties at specific locations within facies objects? Juan Cottier, Subsurface Manager at Blueback Reservoir AS This has been taken from the Geomodeling Network discussion board and is a good example of how the board can be utilized to pose questions. Page 3 2. A faster and more accurate Gaussian method for property modelling in Petrel Colin Daly – Petrel product champion, geological modelling, Schlumberger Sandra Quental – Petrel product analyst, geological modelling, Schlumberger There were questions asked recently on the discussion board about the Gaussian method – this is timely input from Schlumberger! Page 5 3. Geology & Technology What kind of technology will geologists be using in 2025? An example of technology that today is in its infancy, but which may be more prevalent in the future. Simon Haworth - Geologist at Nexen Page 11 “Civilization exists by 4. High Frequency Characterization of an Outcropping Sinuous Leveed-Channel Complex, Dad Sandstone Member, Lewis geological consent, Shale, Wyoming subject to change This paper presents the results of data collection, analysis and integration to without notice.” build a 3D geological model of an outcropping leveed channel complex. Staffan Van Dyke - Geologist at Nexen Page 14 (Abstract only – see end of article on how to access the complete paper) -Will Durant Page 2 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 3. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 “Rocks are records of 5. Free Petrel Plugin’s! What idiot said “you get nothing for free in this world?” Check out the latest events that took place free downloadable Petrel plugin’s now available from the Blueback Reservoir at the time they formed. software development team. Blueback Reservoir Page 14 They are books. They have a different 6. Geo2Flow vocabulary, a different Reserves Estimation – software that allows you to answer 3 crucial questions: alphabet, but you learn How much? How fast? And How connected? how to read them.” Dan O’Meara – Owner, O’Meara Consulting Page 17 -John McPhee 7. Requests for newsletter No5 Page 20 Member Articles, Reviews & Questions 1. Property Modeling within modeled objects .... defining that thalweg! Has anyone successfully modeled rock properties at specific locations within facies objects? Juan Cottier, Blueback Reservoir AS Clearly some further information is required here ..... For example, I want to be able to place certain poroperm values at certain locations within channels. I am working on the UK Forties fairway and I have been provided with some excellent facies work (facies logs, facies associations and very well integrated field analogues). The challenge is that within a distribution of porosity values I want to be able to place the very best poroperms at the centre of the channels and at the top of the channels, where as the poorest poroperms go at the base and sides. there are plenty of ways of trendng/cross correlating/analysing data per zone/layer within PETREL but there does not seem to be any quot;understandingquot; of the geometry of the bodies. Page 3 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 4. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Schlumberger Support, though very helpful, have no straight forward answer to this question. I have already created a workflow that allows me to define channel edges per K- layer and then use the distance from the channel edge to control levee or channel porosity distributions. It works exactly as I wish it to ... except ... it is cumbersome, ineffcient, requires conformable layering, requires precise set-up and is impractical beyond a certain number of k-layers. Beautiful results but not at all practical ...... rather like an Alfa Romeo. Any ideas? Or solutions? Thanks. Juan. Dave Hardy Reservoir geologist and reservoir modeller Juan, Use RMS ;-). It 'knows' about modelled objects. Intrabody trends are very easy to set up in all directions and work really well. In the old days before RMS had this I have used a facies object ID parameter and a script to define a vertical trend (loop trhough the layers and reset the distance every time the code changes). The script approach does not handle erosion terribly well and horizontal trends are tricky unless the objects are aligned with the grid but it was passable. I have no idea if that approach would be possible in PETREL or if it is any better than the solution you already have. Russell Cooper Geologist at OXY Permian Juan, Assuming you have a 'center of channel' and 'top of channel' poroperm equation to distinguish these areas from the rest of the model, perhaps respective of facies as well, you could use zone/layer filters in combination with a polygon(s) in geometrical modeling to create a center of channel and top of channel property and use these as references in a nested 'IF' equation to derive the desired permeability property. Page 4 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 5. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 2 A faster and more accurate Gaussian method for property modelling in Petrel. to remember the order of Colin Daly & Sandra Quental – Schlumberger the geological time Petrel 2009.1, released last February, brings a new Gaussian simulation periods: “Cows Often Sit algorithm that will please our modeling community. The so-called Gaussian Down Carefully. Perhaps random function simulation (GRFS) differs substantially from the Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) from GSLIB: it is not sequential; it is parallelized and Their Joints Creak? hence typically faster than SGS. Plus it has an option to run a fast collocated co- Persistent Early Oiling simulation, with an interactive correlation coefficient slide bar. Might Prevent Painful The GRFS works using the well known decomposition which states: Rheumatism.” CONDITIONAL SIMULATION = KRIGING + UNCONDITIONAL SIMULATION For the kriging part of the equation, Petrel uses the parallel kriging algorithm introduced in 2008. This kriging algorithm is substantially faster than the old kriging algorithm in Petrel, particularly in the case of a lot of well data, and so makes use of the above decomposition practical and beneficial. (For example, on a test case with 3 million cells and 500 wells, the new algorithm runs in about 10 seconds compared to about 36 minutes for the old GSLIB based algorithm for identical results). The unconditional simulation term uses a Fast Fourier Transform based algorithm which gives good variogram reproduction for a wide class of variograms. If using the collocated cosimulation option with GRFS, the user will notice that there isn’t any systematic bias in the degree of variability of the simulated variable or in the correlation between the simulated variable and the secondary variable. For SGS, it is often found that the variance of the simulated primary variable is systematically different to the desired input variance. In the typical case where the secondary variable is smoother than the primary (often the secondary variable is a smooth seismic data volume), then SGS simulations will generally have higher variability than expected. Furthermore, the calculated correlation between the simulated primary variable and the secondary variable is not equal to the input correlation. This is a problem associated to the sequential nature of SGS. Within Petrel’s GRFS there is a mechanism to overcome such a bias, called the ‘Variance Reduction Factor’, which can be used to partly remove the bias. This is no longer necessary with GRFS. Page 5 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 6. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Another nice feature implemented for the GRFS is the fast collocated cosimulation. This is based on a new algorithm that extends a well known decomposition from the literature (e.g. Chiles and Delfiner, Geostatistics, Wiley, 1999). This decomposition states that collocated cokriging can be split into a kriging that is done once and a simple Bayesian cokriging update. We have further developed this by coupling it with a correctly chosen unconditional cosimulation of primary and secondary variables. It can be shown that this gives an exact collocated cosimulation. Updating to try a new correlation between primary and secondary variables is quite fast, so this has been implemented on a slider bar within Petrel so that the modeler can interactively see the results when changing the correlation (Figure 1). For the 3 million cell model mentioned above, the updating takes about 0.2 seconds so is fast enough to work on the slider bar. Secondary property = porosity cc = 0.85 Permeability models using cc = 0.15 GRFS with cosimulation Figure 1 – Using the new slider bar available for cosimulation with GRFS, it is possible to change the correlation coefficient (cc) and see the results on the fly in visualization windows. Page 6 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 7. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Also new in Petrel 2009 is the ‘layer declustered search’ option, which is used in the kriging component of the Gaussian simulation (thus also present for the kriging method). When this is active, it ensures that the when the kriging algorithm is searching for nearest neighbours of a cell which is to be kriged, it preferentially searches for neighbours in the current layer and then progressively for neighbours in nearby layers. If selected, this overrides the default mechanism which searches for neighbours according to variogram weighted distance. The primary application of this is when the variogram exhibits a long correlation in the vertical direction. In this case, the standard search would tend to find many highly correlated neighbours along vertical, or near vertical wells. This situation, when many of the data used for kriging are highly correlated between themselves, is similar to a situation in standard regression theory called collinearity. A typical solution used for kriging is to perform a declustering of the data and to choose neighbours which are less well correlated between themselves. The layer declustered search is a simple but often effective method to perform such a declustering in the case of near vertical wells with a long vertical range. The effect is that a better spread of neighbouring data, with less correlation between one another are used for the kriging, eliminating common artifacts generated by the traditional search methods used in the market (Figure 2). Keeping long vertical variogram range Applying layer declustered search Applying layer declustered search Figure 2 – A very simple example showing a kriged porosity model using three wells. Left: common kriging artifacts are due to a long vertical variogram range Right: layer declustered search has been applied, eliminating the artifacts. Page 7 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 8. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Another expert option for kriging and GRFS is the ‘approximate search’, which provides a search algorithm that can often be substantially faster than the standard search algorithm. It is however not as accurate and must be used with some care. A typical application will be when used to create many realizations for kriging or Gaussian simulation. The user should test that the fast search is giving results of acceptable quality on a trial realization. If it works well for one realization then it will work just as well for all realizations using the same parameters. So when, for a choice of kriging parameters and neighbourhood size, it is deemed to be working acceptably, this option can be switched on for the time consuming activity of generation of many realizations. Finally the ‘factor of simulation extent’ is a variable associated with the unconditional simulation. When the range of the variogram becomes longer than the sides of the model, the Fast Fourier Transform based model will not give a good reproduction of the variogram (due to aliasing). This can be improved by simulating on a larger volume and then ‘cutting out’ the region of interest. The factor of simulation extent can be used in such a case. Typically the value of 1 will be good enough, but if the correlation length becomes long, then it may need to be increased to a length of 2 or 3. Very high values can cause memory problems for the machine. It should be noted that there is little reason for using correlation lengths much longer than the extent of the field as this type of low frequency variability is usually better treated as a trend. Schlumberger Information Solutions strongly suggest Petrel geomodelers to start using the new GRFS in workflows where SGS is usually applied. In large grids and/or in an uncertainty study context, if running various realizations of petrophysical properties, a great time gain will be observed, as well as a visible improvement in achieving the desired distribution statistics. An example comparing SGS and GRFS results on volume distribution We now look at an example which shows that GRFS does a better job at modeling the uncertainty in the total pore volume of the reservoir than SGS. In a test project with a regular grid of 90x90x200=1.62 million cells of 100 x 100 x 1 meters size, 200 realizations were run on the porosity model, 100 of them using GRFS and the other 100 using SGS. Only the seed has been changed, all other parameters were kept the same. The variogram was spherical with ranges Page 8 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 9. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 2000, 2000, 5 in the X, Y and Z directions respectively. The mean porosity was 0.15 with standard deviation of 0.05. Our objective is to calculate the distribution of pore volume for each realization and then look at the distributions of such volumes for both GRFS and SGS. The resulting distributions are shown in figure 3. There is clearly a difference between the GRFS case and SGS case. Which gives the better result? Well, if we knew the expected standard deviation of the distribution we could just check and see. To help us with this, we remember from basic statistics that if we have n independent points following the same distribution then the variance of the mean of those values is just variance of a single point divided by the number of points ( V = 2/N where V is the variance of the mean reservoir porosity, the variability being from one realization to the next). We have 1.62 million points and we know that the mean of the porosity distribution is 0.15 with standard deviation of 0.05. However, we cannot just choose N=1.62M because not all the What did the rock do all data are independent (the resulting simulation is not just a pure nugget effect or day? Nothing..... white noise simulation so the values are correlated to one another). Roughly speaking we can consider points to be independent of one another when they ......I’ll get my coat! are separated by a distance equal to the range of the variogram. More accurately there is a known method in geostatistics for calculating the approximate number of truly independent points and then we can use that formula. It is called the method of integral range. We won’t go into the details here (see Lantuejoul, C., Ergodicity and Integral Range, Journal of Microscopy, 161(3)) but the integral range for a spherical variogram is A = a3 where a is the range of the variogram and the number of equivalent data is then N = V/A where V is the bulk rock volume of the reservoir. In this case we find that N=1600 approximately. We can then use the formula V = 2/N to calculate the variability we might expect over the reservoir volume. This gives the standard deviation V=0.00125. In a normal distribution, the size of the 95% confidence interval is twice the size of the standard deviation. Combining these results we should get 95% of our realizations having a mean porosity for the total reservoir of between 0.15 – 2*(0.00125) and 0.15 + 2*(0.00125), that is in the interval [0.1475,0.1525]. Since the total rock volume of the reservoir is (1.62x106)*100*100*1 = 16.2x109 m3 (number of cells multiplied by volume of cell), then the expected range of pore volumes is approximately [2.389x109, 2.471x109]. Looking at the results of figure 3 we can see that the 100 realizations of the GRFS are consistent with this estimate while the results from SGS show considerably more variability than one would expect from the theory. The following table gives a resume of the results: Page 9 The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com
  • 10. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Lower 95% conf interval Upper 95% conf interval Theoretically correct result 2.389 2.471 GRFS – observed result 2.386 2.482 SGS – observed result 2.350 2.502 Table 1. Confidence Intervals for the Total Pore volume variation for the reservoir. 9 3 Results are in units of 10 m . Overall, this shows that the GRFS simulation gives results that are more consistent, in terms of total pore volume modeled, with the information used to develop the model (in this case the variogram, mean and standard deviations of any well data). This becomes especially important in the case where we are conditioning to well data where the GRFS does a better job of modeling the expected variability around the distributions of porosity observed in the wells. Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 10
  • 11. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Figure 3 – Above: pore volume distribution after running 100 porosity realizations using SGS. Below: pore volume distribution after running 100 porosity realizations using GRFS. “It was with unalloyed The histogram for GRFS is less spread than for SGS, because SGS tends to give higher Career Networking pleasure that I became variance results than the one from the input distribution (in this case higher porosity variance, hence higher pore volume variance). aware that a vigorous earthquake was in progress.” 3. Geology & Technology -G.K. Gilbert on the 1906 San Simon Haworth – Nexen Francisco earthquake. Have you ever wondered what it might be like working in an oil company in 2025? Will we still be working with computers and bulky, costly computer screens? What if desks were your screens? And all you had was an internet connection? There are many more questions like this, but if I wrote them all down it wouldn‟t make for an enthralling article. I‟m an avid believer that one day, in the not so distant future, we will be working, in fact geomodelling, on the walls of our office. Not just by hanging a plasma screen on it, but by interacting with the wall itself. Consider yourself interacting with digital experiences that move beyond digital tradition, that blur the boundaries between art and science, and transform social assumptions. We are already in an era where current technology offers insights into interactive techniques, projects that explore science, high-resolution digital-cinema technologies, and interactive art- science narrative. Most people have seen Minority Report- a Steven Spielberg special in which cyber cop Tom Cruise manipulates wall-sized displays powered by gesture recognition, and seamless information convergence: it‟s the stuff that interface designer dreams are made of. So how did Tom Cruise get such a nice set up? It turns out that Microsoft Research, MIT, and several design shops had a say in the interface designs found in the film. Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 11
  • 12. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Why did the biker carry a large piece of an extrusive, pyrclastic, igneous rock composed chiefly of volcanic ash as on his motorcycle? Hand and touch screen recognition devices already exist but how can we get involved? So, if the big boys are cleverly adapting and developing the hardware, He wanted to act tuff. which oil service companies are going to get their mitts on it first? Cost is likely to be an issue- nobody wants to venture into a novel arena because there is some likelihood the adaptation and, more importantly, uptake could flop. On the other hand, it could be a resounding success- „Qui Audet Adipiscitur („He who Dares Wins‟). The willingness to embrace change is heavily dependent on the decision makers and their own visions for the future. The demography of the industry is changing so rapidly that geoscience and engineering professionals are taking on more and more responsibility at a young age. It is seemingly more possible that the fully loaded virtual office will become a reality therefore allowing the industry to leverage the experience of others from the comfort of their own home. Less office space in prime locations means lower overheads. Meetings will take place in your living room with the aid of holographic projections (ref. Cisco‟s Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 12
  • 13. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Telepresence) just like R2D2‟s relay of the all important message to Luke Skywalker in Star Wars. quot;...And yet it does move.quot; - Galileo (referring to the Earth) To sum up, the technology already exists- the software doesn‟t. I‟d like to see more of an uptake in the design and adaptation of the technology for the oil industry. Petrel, RMS and others are great tools- it‟s how we use them that matters. Mitch has kindly offered to publish this article so that I can gauge interest amongst other Geoscience professionals and Software Developers alike who share my vision for taking this further. My initial thoughts are to bring together software, technology and geology professionals in a combined Special Interest Group with a view to development of bigger concepts and product development in an arena which is under-explored and under- funded. Please email me with any comments, thoughts and ideas. There are numerous societies with SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on GRAPHics and Interactive Techniques) being a key organisation. For anyone interested, this year‟s conference is being held in New Orleans (3rd-7th August 2009). Further details can be found below http://www.siggraph.org/s2009/. “Dreams will get you nowhere; a good kick in the pants will take you a long way”. Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 13
  • 14. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 4. High Frequency Characterization of an Outcropping Q: What is the Sinuous Leveed-Channel Complex, Dad Sandstone difference between a Member, Lewis Shale, Wyoming (Abstract only) geologist and a chemist? Staffan Van Dyke – Nexen A: A chemist will drink This paper presents the results of data collection, analysis and integration to build a 3D geological model of an outcropping leveed-channel complex. Data is anything that is from more than 120 standard measured stratigraphic sections, behind-outcrop distilled. drilling/logging/coring, ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction surveys and 2D shallow seismic reflection acquisition. A geologist will drink This leveed-channel complex, which is part of the Dad Sandstone Member of the anything that is Cretaceous Lewis Shale, Wyoming, consists of ten channel-fill sandstones, fermented.... confines within a master channel. The complex is 67m (200ft) thick and 500m (1500ft) wide and has a net sand content of approximately 57%. Individual channel-fills are internally lithologically complex, but in a systematic manner which provides a means of predicting orientation and width of sinuosity. Although it has not been possible to completely document the three dimensionality of the system, the 3D model that has evolved provides information on lithologic variability at scales which cannot be verified from conventional 3D seismic of subsurface analog reservoirs. This vertical and lateral variability can provide realistic lithologic input to reservoir prediction. An outcome of this study has been knowledge gained of the extent of manipulation required to obtain the spatially correct geometry and architecture of strata when integrating outcrop and shallow, behind-outcrop data sets. If anyone is interested in reading the complete paper, simply click on the link below and find the presentation called “GCS-SEPM Lewis Shale” http://www.linkedin.com/osview/canvas?_ch_page_id=1&_ch_panel_id=1&_ch _app_id=7544200&_applicationId=1200&appParams=%7B%22from%22%3A%22 owner_network_slideshows_home%22%2C%22view%22%3A%22canvas%22%2C %22page%22%3A%22owner_minifeed%22%7D&_ownerId=8140385&completeU rlHash=GMNx 5. The Blueback Toolbox Blueback Reservoir (www.blueback-reservoir.com) (Full download instructions for the Blueback Toolbox can be found at the end of this article) The latest software product from the software development team in Blueback Reservoir is our new Toolbox. The Blueback Toolbox is a set of smaller Petrel plug-ins for solving specific problems not supported in standard Petrel. Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 14
  • 15. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 The aim with the Toolbox is to facilitate faster workflows and to provide Petrel users with functionality not already in available in Petrel. The current Toolbox is available for FREE – just send us an email with your details. The content of the Toolbox is increasing all the time as we keep adding new plug-ins to it. Most of the plug-ins have been developed upon direct requests from Petrel users, and in most cases resulting in functionality we make available to all Toolbox users. The Toolbox functionality as of 1 March’09: Make Cube Generates a seismic cube data object from a point data set. Specify resolution, min/max values and interpolation algorithm. Import/Export Support for new data formats. Export of navigation data for a seismic survey. Import of IESX interpretations as points. Import 3D seismic interpretations from a general ASCII format. Import ASCII files into a seismic cube. Sample Attribute Sample points from a seismic cube. Using a point set to sample values from a seismic cube. The sampled values will be appended as an attribute to the point set Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 15
  • 16. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Comments to data objects Easy addition of comments to the Info tab in the Settings dialog of a selected data object. No need to open the Settings dialog “The elements that unite to make the Grand Extracts points from cube Creates a point set from a seismic cube. One point per sample in the cube. Canyon the most sublime Limited by a top and bottom surface spectacle in nature are Created point set located in the same survey folder as the input cube multifarious and One of the key things about this Toolbox is that we at Blueback see it as an exceedingly diverse.” evolving set of tools. As such, the contents are expected to change quite dramatically over time when new functionality is requested and added. -John Wesley Powell For this reason it is important that all users of the Toolbox provide feedback to Blueback as without this feedback we will not be in a position to make any changes or amendments. We would therefore like to know if you find the functionality useful or whether you would like to see any tweaks made to what is already there. Also, we would like to know if you have any suggestions for any additional functionality that you would like us to add to the Toolbox, which would benefit the Petrel user community. If one of these suggestions makes it into the official Blueback Toolbox then I will happily send that member a Blueback iPod. How to download the Blueback Toolbox The Toolbox is now on our FTP site. Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 16
  • 17. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 ftp.blueback-reservoir.com User: TOOLBOX Passwd: xxToolbox2009 There are 3 files there: 1 –“ TOOLBOX 1.1 2008.1-306-110209.zip”. This is the installation file if you are running Petrel 2008 on XP. 2 – “TOOLBOX 1.1 2009.1 32bit-398-180309.zip”. This is the installation file if you are running Petrel 2009 on Vista or XP 32 bit. 3 – “TOOLBOX 1.1 2009.1 64bit-398-180309.zip”. This is the installation file for those running Petrel 2009 on Vista 64 bit. Download the file you need, unzip it and run the installation. Then start Petrel and open the Blueback License dialog from the HELP pulldown menu. To activate the Toolbox – you must send to support@blueback-reservoir.com the COMPUTER CODE. This is found if you click the Manage Licenses button. This download information can be forwarded to anyone interested in taking a look at the Toolbox. Geo2Flow Dan O’Meara For those of you who have been a member of the Geomodeling Network for a wee while you will probably recognise the name Dan O’Meara. Dan is the chap who has contributed some very eloquent articles for discussion on our very informative discussion page. To prove to you all that Dan does not spend all of his time posing technical questions to our network and that he does have an actual day job, Dan has contributed an excellent article on Geo2flow. Geo2Flow is a software product developed by O‟Meara Consulting who have gained respect for developing leading-edge, interdisciplinary tools that “raise the bar” technically in the arena of reservoir characterization. Geo2Flow uses patented technology for identifying reservoir compartments, for calculating 3D permeabilities that are consistent with saturation logs and for ensuring that 3D saturations match their corresponding logs exactly. Integrating Geo2Flow into your workflow ensures that your method for estimating reserves is “best in class” Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 17
  • 18. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 18
  • 19. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 19
  • 20. The Geomodeling Network Newsletter March 2009 Requests for the newsletter No5 The next newsletter is planned for a May 2009 release, so please send any articles to me at the following email address for inclusion (mitch.sutherland@blueback-reservoir.com). Finally, please take advantage of the Geomodeling Network discussion board on LinkedIn to initiate comments on any Geomodeling subject of interest to you, or to respond to any of the articles in this newsletter – all I ask is that you respect other people’s opinions. Fin Page The Geomodeling Network – Sponsored by Blueback Reservoir www.blueback-reservoir.com 20