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Endocrine Emergencies Professor Ikram S Ismail PhD (Wales) FRCP (Edin) FAMM FACE
Endocrine Emergencies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causes of DKA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causes of DKA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DKA: Pathophysiology
DKA: Pathophysiology
DKA - Symptoms ,[object Object],Thirst, Polyuria Osmotic Diuresis Fatigue Dehydration, protein loss Weight loss Protein loss, catabolism, dehydration Nausea, vomiting ?Ketosis, gastric stasis Abdominal pain ?ileus, gastric stasis, K deficit Muscle cramps ?K deficiency
DKA - Signs Dehydration Osmotic Diuresis, vomiting Tachycardia Dehydration Hypotension Dehydration, acidosis Warm skin Acidosis (peripheral vasodilatation) Hyperventilation Ketosis, acidosis Coma, drowsiness Hyperosmolality
DKA - Diagnosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Blood Ketone Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Established DKA >3.0 If concurrent stress and poor compliance - admit >1.5 Retest glucose and ketones in 2-4hrs 0.6 – 1.5 Check clinical status <0.6
DKA – Investigations Hyperglycaemia, hyperketonaemia Insulin deficiency Decreased pH, PCO2, bicarbonate Increased ketogenesis Hyponatraemia Hyperglycaemia Variable K Insulin deficiency, acidosis, urine loss Raised WCC Hyperketonaemia Raised haematocrit Dehydration
DKA - Deficits Water 5 to 8 liters Sodium 400-700 mmol Chloride 300-500 mmol Potassium 300-1000 mmol Calcium 100 mmol Magnesium 50 mmol Phosphate 50 mmol Bicarbonate 350 to 400 mmol
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis Acid-base Hazards of acidosis pH<7 Hazards of alkali therapy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of ketoacidosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Complications of treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic Hyperglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HONK: Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypoglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causes of Hypoglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypoglycaemia : Symptoms and Signs
Hypoglycaemia : Classification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nocturnal Hypoglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypoglycaemia Caused by Sulphonylureas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypoglycaemic Unawareness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of Mild Hypoglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of Severe Hypoglycaemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thyroid Storm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clinical presentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Clinical presentation
Clinical Presentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Precipitating events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagnosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagnosis ,[object Object]
Diagnosis ,[object Object]
Diagnosis ,[object Object]
Diagnosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Laboratory Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Endocrine emergencies

  • 1. Endocrine Emergencies Professor Ikram S Ismail PhD (Wales) FRCP (Edin) FAMM FACE
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  • 10. DKA - Signs Dehydration Osmotic Diuresis, vomiting Tachycardia Dehydration Hypotension Dehydration, acidosis Warm skin Acidosis (peripheral vasodilatation) Hyperventilation Ketosis, acidosis Coma, drowsiness Hyperosmolality
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Established DKA >3.0 If concurrent stress and poor compliance - admit >1.5 Retest glucose and ketones in 2-4hrs 0.6 – 1.5 Check clinical status <0.6
  • 14. DKA – Investigations Hyperglycaemia, hyperketonaemia Insulin deficiency Decreased pH, PCO2, bicarbonate Increased ketogenesis Hyponatraemia Hyperglycaemia Variable K Insulin deficiency, acidosis, urine loss Raised WCC Hyperketonaemia Raised haematocrit Dehydration
  • 15. DKA - Deficits Water 5 to 8 liters Sodium 400-700 mmol Chloride 300-500 mmol Potassium 300-1000 mmol Calcium 100 mmol Magnesium 50 mmol Phosphate 50 mmol Bicarbonate 350 to 400 mmol
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