The research focuses on investigating into the type and amount of ship-generated wastes handled during the research period of 2008 to 2012

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The phrase marine pollution challenges navigate from the globe via ships to the
local, being ports; as remained a truism. This is so, because oceans are been used
as highways for shipping, tourism, commerce, and the world’s navies.
Pollution in the world’s oceans causes a significant threat to marine life and is
recognized as one of our highest environmental concerns. While there are many
sources of marine pollutions, one concern is ship-generated wastes. According to
Butt (2007), as shipping accounts for about 20% of global discharges of wastes and
residues at sea, the protection of the marine environment can be enhanced
significantly by containing discharges of all kind of ship-generated wastes and
cargo residues into the sea and ports. The pollution generated by ships including
liquid and solid wastes that are legislated through the requirements of the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) and the International Safety
Management (ISM) Code, both of which are under the auspices of the International
Maritime Organization (IMO). The legislation is also in place through the
European Union (EU) setting requirements for ports to provide reception facilities

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for ship-generated wastes that cannot be disposed of at sea in compliance with the
MARPOL 73/78 regulations (Butt, 2007).
MARPOL 73/78 adopted by International Maritime Organization (IMO)
established regulations and responsibilities concerning the illegal discharge of oil,
chemicals, sewage, and garbage into the sea during normal operations.
Governments, for example, are given the responsibility of providing adequate
reception facilities for oil and chemical residues, garbage, sewage, ozone-depleting
substances, and exhaust cleaning system residues. The provision of adequate
reception facilities is an essential requirement for reducing and eventually
eliminating pollution from ships (Tanzer et al., 2008).
According to Dashan and Apaydin (2012) The Convention includes regulations on
the prevention and minimization of pollution from ships occurring through both
accidental releases and routine operations. Such convention currently includes six
technical Annexes which are Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution
by Oil, Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk, Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances
Carried by Sea in Packaged Form, Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage
from Ships, Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, and Annex
VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (http://www.imo.org).

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Common waste treatment methods of ship-generated wastes include recycling for
oil, oil filters, batteries, aerosols, fluorescent tubes, scrap metals, glasses, electronic
equipment, and refrigerators, incineration for oily rags, sludge and medical waste,
biological treatment for bilge water, photochemical waste, sewage and grey water,
and land filling for general garbage, food waste, incinerator ash (Butt, 2007).
Nigeria been a member state since 1962 of IMO, but recently, at the national level
in 2006, through its agent; Nigeria Ports Authority (NPA), as part of the Federal
Government Public Private Partnership Initiative, signed a Build Operate Transfer
(BOT) Contract with African Circle Pollution Management Limited (ACPML) for
the establishment and Management of MARPOL Port Reception Facilities and for
the Management of ship generated waste and cargo residue at the four
Navigational districts of Lagos, Port Harcourt, Warri and Calabar as required in
compliance with international legislation (MARPOL 73/78 ) has attracts a great
deal of interest within the port premise (ACPML Report, 2011).

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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Recycling at sea does not appear to be a viable solution for dealing with ship-
generated wastes, even onboard very large ships. A more practicable approach is
the establishment of an adequate reception facility at the ports receiving large
volumes of these ship-generated wastes. In addition, unless information on how
much, what type, when it will land and the future trends are made available, the
maritime industry is unlikely to control the excess of some operators in waste
management. At the same time, ports find it difficult to manage all of the different
kinds of waste received from ships that call. Marine pollution has already affected
the marine environment and will continue to do so in the ports unless inexpensive,
effective, and efficient waste disposal systems, such as port reception facilities are
put in place (Butt, 2007). Accordingly, there is a need to acquire much more
information on the issue in order to encourage the port reception facilities
operators’ towards a positive response.
Like all other ports, Tin Can Island Port faces these common shipping related
marine environmental challenges, which are not limited to; ships’ waste reception
and ultimate disposal of the ship-generated waste. The overall quantity of maritime
traffic in the Tin Can Island Port is very significant. From the Nigerian Ports
Authority Annual Statistical Abstracts, the researcher estimates an enormous
increase of ships that call to the port to about sixteen per cent (16%) between 2008

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and 2011. Moreover, it is expected that this growth rate will be increasing, due to
the increase in maritime traffic demand to the port.
As evident, the increased ship calls into Tin Can Island Port have resulted to a
significant quantity of ship-generated wastes into the port reception facilities.
Between 2008 and 2011 research period, there were about thirty-two per cent
(32%) increase of garbage and eighteen per cent (18%) increase of oily wastes (this
includes sludge, bilge) into Tin Can Island port reception facilities. These
enormous increase of ships calling at the Tin Can Island port and the waste
generated by the vessels calling at the port has prompted the question on what
would be the future estimates and trend of ship generated waste quantities in Tin
Can Island Port?
1.3AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The aim of the research is to Investigates Ship-Generated Wastes in Tin Can Island
Port.
Specific objectives of the research work are outlined below:
i. To determine the traffic of ship calls to Tin Can Island Ports within 2008
to 2012 research period?

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ii. To determine the volume of ship-generated wastes handled (by type and
amount) in Tin Can Island Port over a 4 year research period.
iii. To forecast the future volume of ship-generated wastes to be handled for
next four years in Tin Can Island Port.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to achieve the objectives of this research study, the research study will
attempt to provide answers to the following research questions:
i. What is the traffic of ship calls to Tin Can Island Ports within the
research period?
ii. What is the trend distribution of the volume of ship-generated waste (by
type and amount) within the research period?
iii. What will be the estimated growth of ship-generated wastes that would
be handled in Tin Can Island port by 2016?
1.5RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
In a bid to give the research work the required sense of direction and to provide
answers to the research questions, the following hypothesis will be tested:

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NULL HYPOTHESIS (HO)
i. The future volumetric amount of ship generated wastes forecasted, is
significantly different from the upper limit of mean estimated values (at
95% confidence level).
1.6SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
A research of this kind is expected to make theoretical and practical contributions
into the Maritime Industry. This research provides a basis for closer understanding
of the Nigeria’s port reception facilities and the ship-generated waste (by type and
amount) it contains, in line with the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Solutions could then be sought after, regarding the average ship-generated wastes
handled in the port and port reception facilities available or not available in the
port. In addition, the research study will also forecast the demand of the ship-
generated waste concerning the enormous increase in ships call to Tin Can Island
Port and the waste it could be generating in neatest future.
This research is likely to be useful to Ships'/ship Owners' (for a higher
turnover/profit with a minimum of time loss through waste collecting activities,
documentation, waste costs and general harbour costs); Port/Harbour Authority
(to fulfill the (local) markets demand in harbour facilities); Shipping Agents (a
higher turnover/profit/provision for his company and the shipping company who

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hires their services); and the Government (to provide, a cleaner waters by
stopping/reducing the amount of littering at sea. They will achieve this by
stimulating the use of (cost effective) Port reception facilities).
In conclusion, the results of this research might be a use for some public and
private organizations conducting new port waste reception planning studies or
research. Although the results of this research indicated that the model can be
suitable to determine waste quantities and ship requirements at Tin Can Island Port
waste reception for the next three-year period, a more comprehensive work is
recommended to predict the future values of these parameters for extended time
ranges.
1.7SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH
This research is a prelude and indeed a pioneering work in the Maritime sector,
especially in a developing country like ours. The research focuses on investigating
into the type and amount of ship-generated wastes handled during the research
period of 2008 to 2012 and to estimates future waste quantities in Tin Can Island
ports, Lagos, Nigeria using ARMA forecasting model of time series analysis.
Scarcity of funds and limited time for the collections and with the inconsistency
and incompleteness of the information or data provided has therefore made it

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eminent to conduct a thorough and meaningful analysis necessary to complement
this information with follow-up interviews and internet research.
1.8GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND MAP.
The research investigates only the Tin Can Island Port. Tin Can Island Port is
located in Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria on latitude 6° 26' 3" N and longitude 3° 21' 1" E
of about seven kilometers (7km) due west of the city center of Lagos across Lagos
Harbor.
Source: Google (Accessed on 15th of July 2014).

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1.9 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
i. Adequacy: The word adequacy as used in the MARPOL Annexes means
that Port Reception Facilities meet the needs of ships using the ports
without causing undue delay.
ii. Cargo Residue: Means the remnants of any cargo material on board in
cargo holds or tanks, which remain after unloading procedures and
cleaning operations, are completed, and shall include loading/unloading
excesses and spillage.
iii. Discharge: Discharge is defined in MARPOL as any release howsoever
caused from a ship and includes any escape, disposal, spilling, leaking,
pumping, emitting, or emptying.
iv. Garbage: As defined in MARPOL Annex V, means all kinds of victual,
domestic, and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts thereof,
generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be
disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances, which
are defined or listed in other Annexes to the Convention.
v. MARPOL 73/78: Means the International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978
relating thereto, and as amended from time to time.

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vi. Oil: means petroleum in any form including crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil
refuse and refined products (other than petrochemicals) including at least
those substances listed in the Appendix I to the Annex I of MARPOL
73/78.
vii. Oily mixture: means a mixture with oil content.
viii. Oil tanker: means a ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in
bulk in its cargo spaces and includes combination carriers and any
chemical tanker when they carry a cargo or part of cargo of oil in bulk.
ix. Port: Means a place or a geographical area made up of such
improvement works and equipment as to permit, principally, the
reception of ships, including fishing vessel and recreational craft.
x. Port Reception Facility (PRF): This refers to any fixed, floating or
mobile facility capable of receiving MARPOL residues/wastes from
ships and fit for that purpose.
xi. Slop tank: means a tank specifically designated for the collection of tank
draining, tank washings and other oily mixtures.
xii. Ship or Vessel: Means a sea-going vessel of any type whatsoever
operating in the marine environment and shall include hydrofoil boats,
air-cushion vehicles, submersibles and floating craft.

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xiii. Ship Agent: Is the representative of the interests of the ship owner in the
port.
xiv. Ship-Generated Wastes: This phrase is used throughout this research to
refer collectively to all waste streams that are generated on board ships
during normal operations and during cargo operations.
xv. Waste Treatment: This includes a recycling or elimination procedure,
including preparation of waste for recycling or elimination.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND BACKGROUND
Marine pollution is a problem that affects the entire world and comes from many
sources. The kinds of waste generated on ships and dumped into the ocean have
had negative impacts on marine environments for decades. Marine pollution
negatively affects industries related to the ocean, such as fishing and tourism.
Pollutants including oil, chemicals, garbage, sewage, and food waste are all being
dumped into the ocean and ports. At the same time, ports find it difficult to manage
all of the waste received. Marine pollution has already affected the marine
environment and will continue to do so in the ports unless inexpensive, effective,
and efficient waste disposal systems, such as port reception facilities are put in
place (Butt, 2007).
2.1 Legal background of Marine Pollutions.
At the international level there are two fundamental instruments that deal with
certain aspects of ship-source pollution: the 1982 United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS Convention) and the International Convention for
the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978
(MARPOL 73/78).

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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) had been a specialized agency of
the United Nations, which sets a regulatory framework to guide participating
nations in the development of laws in the field of maritime transport. The IMO’s
mandate covers the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine
pollution by ships. Most of the IMO’s work is done through technical committees.
The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) was established in 1973,
and is responsible for coordinating activities in the prevention and control of
pollution of the marine environment from ships. In 1973, the IMO hosted a
conference, which resulted in the development of the International Convention for
the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (http://www.imo.org).
According to IMO (2010), IMO facilitates the cooperation required under
MARPOL in a number of ways: 1) through meetings, particularly of the MEPC, in
which signatory States debate issues related to pollution legislation and State
response; 2) through maintaining a database of the obligatory reports submitted
and 3) by technical assistance on a regional or country basis. The IMO also
publishes technical documents, such as the Manual on Oil Pollution, for example.

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2.1.1 MARPOL: the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78)
The MARPOL Convention, adopted at the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) in 1973 and modified by the Protocol of 1978, deals with the prevention of
pollution from ships and the protection of the marine environment from discharges
of harmful substances to the sea. It establishes criteria for discharges at sea and
also an obligation for the ship master to report any pollution incident which is
defined as ‘a discharge above the permitted level’. It also imposes a duty to
cooperate between States parties to the Convention in the sanctioning of such
violations.
In particular, article 4 (4) of the Convention stipulates: ‘The penalties specified
under the law of a Party pursuant to the present article shall be adequate in severity
to discourage violations of the present Convention and shall be equally severe
irrespective of where the violations occur.’
MARPOL includes six annexes:
 Annex I containing Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil;
 Annex II containing Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious
Liquid Substances in Bulk;

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 Annex III containing Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by
Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form;
 Annex IV containing Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage
from Ships;
 Annex V containing Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage
from Ships;
 Annex VI containing Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from
Ships.
All annexes have been ratified by the requisite number of States (representing a
gross tonnage of more than 50%), and have therefore all entered into force.
Annexes I and II of MARPOL have been ratified by 152 states, representing 99.2
per cent of the world's shipping tonnage.
2.1.1.1 Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil.
Annex I, Regulation 15 provides that ‘any discharge into the sea of oil or oily
mixtures from ships shall be prohibited’. Regulations 15 (D) of annex I provide
that whenever visible traces of oil are observed on or below the surface of the
water in the immediate vicinity of a ship or its wake, a prompt investigation should
be undertaken, taking into account such elements as wind and sea conditions, the
track and speed of the ship, other possible sources of the visible traces in the

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vicinity and any relevant oil discharge records. Operational discharges are
estimated to make up 45% (and shipping accidents 36%) of vessel-sourced oil
entering the environment (GESAMP, 2007). The environmental and socio-
economic damage caused by oil pollution is determined by a range of factors,
including: type of oil; physical, biological and economic characteristics of the
location; amount and rate of spillage; and time of year (EMSA, 2009).
In general, light refined products (e.g. gasoline, diesel) and light crude oils do not
persist on the surface of the sea for any considerable length of time due to rapid
evaporation of the volatile components, and they are more likely to disperse and
dissipate naturally, especially in rough seas. Such oils tend to be more toxic and
can result in mortalities of marine plants and animals if sufficient concentrations of
oil enter the water column through wave action and are not rapidly diluted by
natural sea movements. In contrast, heavy crude oil and heavy fuel oils, whilst
generally lower in toxicity, are considerably more persistent in the marine
environment due to the lesser volatile compound content. Hence, they do not
readily evaporate, disperse or dissipate naturally and rough sea conditions are more
likely to accelerate the emulsification process. See figure 1, next page;

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Figure 1: Fate of oil spilled at sea showing the main weathering processes (Source: ITOPF17).
2.1.1.2 Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk.
In MARPOL annex II, ‘noxious liquid substance’ means any substance indicated
in the Pollution Category column of chapter 17 or 18 of the International Bulk
Chemical Code or provisionally assessed under the provisions of regulation 6.3
(MARPOL) as falling into Category X, Y, Z, or other. In accordance with
regulation 6.3, the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee issues an
annual circular with the provisional categorization of liquid substances. The
annexes to the circular provide lists of noxious liquid substances with associated
categories and minimum carriage requirements, which have been established
through Tripartite Agreements and registered with the IMO Secretariat (IMO,
2010).

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Figure 2: Image of Illegal discharge of a MARPOL annexes II substance above the waterline.
2.1.1.3 Annex III: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
According to annex III, regulation 7, jettisoning of harmful substances carried in
package form (including empty packaging) is prohibited except where necessary
for the purpose of securing the safety of the ship or saving life at sea, or when
appropriate measures have been taken to regulate the washing of leakages
overboard. Harmful substances in packaged form should be transported in
accordance with regulations on packaging, marking, labelling, documentation,
stowage and quantity limitations. Marine pollutants, including those in packaged
form, are defined under the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG
Code) and should be marked with a ‘marine pollutant’ symbol, as shown in figure
4, below.

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Figure 3: Marine pollutant symbol
2.1.1.4Annex IV: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from
Ships
Annex IV applies only to certain categories of ship. Regulation 11, article 1,
provides that discharge of sewage from ships other than passenger ships in all areas
and discharge of sewage from passenger ships. The annex requires ships to have
either a sewage treatment facility, a disinfecting system, or a sewage-holding tank
(IMO, 2002). In accordance with the Regulation, untreated sewage must be
discharged at a distance of at least 12 nautical miles from shore; however, if the
ship has a sewage treatment facility it may discharge waste at least three (3)
nautical miles from shore. Sewage (black water) waste, if discharged near land, can
cause harm to ecosystems and pose a public health threat. Sewage can contain
harmful nutrients, bacteria, pathogens, diseases, viruses, and parasites. Passenger
ships (cruise ships and ferries) make up approximately 8% of the world shipping
fleet. Overall passenger figures in Europe are dropping but there is an increase in

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the number of cruise passengers, from 3.1 million to 5.5 million between 2005 and
2010 (Maritime Knowledge Centre, 2012).
Cruises pose a particular problem due to the relatively large amount of sewage
waste produced and because the majority of cruise ships travel close to the
coastline, where ecosystems are more sensitive. Approximately 50 tonnes of
sewage per day are produced by an average cruise ship, between 20 and 40 litres
per person per day. (Butt, 2007).
2.1.1.5Annex V: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from
Ships
Annex V applies to all ships and prohibits the discharge of garbage into the sea
(regulation 2; regulation 3). There are a number of exceptions, which are listed in
regulations 4-7 of the annex. According to Butt (2007), a ship carrying about 3000
passengers can generate approximately 50-70 tons of solid waste each week. This
annex sets restrictions on the handling of garbage, including all food, domestic,
and operational waste (IMO, 2002). The annex completely prohibits the dumping
of plastics at sea. It is further divided into six categories, including: (1) plastic, (2)
floating wrapping, lining or packaging material, (3) ground paper products, rags,
glass, metal, bottles, (4) paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, and crockery,
(5) food waste, and (6) incinerator ash (Carpenter &MacGill, 2003, p.28).

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Plastic is recognized as particularly problematic as it persists in the marine
environment; it does not fully degrade, but only breaks down into increasingly
small particles. This means that it is dangerous to wildlife both because it can
directly entangle, harm and suffocate, but because it is easily ingested across the
food chain. Some additives to plastics are toxic, and plastics can attract other toxic
compounds in the water, increasing toxicity. Approximately 6.5 million tonnes of
plastic a year are estimated to enter the oceans from vessels (Derraik, 2002).The
diagram below shows what types of garbage are likely to be discharged by
different vessel types:
Figure 4: Sources of litter [Garbage from Ships] MFSD GES. (2011)
2.1.1.6 Annex VI: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Air pollutants of primary concern are ozone depleting substances, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides (IMO, 2002). For economic reasons many vessels use heavy

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fuel oil (HFO) which has very high sulphur content (90% higher than petrol or
conventional diesel). The emissions from burning this type of fuel include high
levels of nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons.
Most Annex VI pollutants originate in the ship’s engines. Air emissions from ships
affect the environment through changes to the atmosphere, e.g. acid rain, as well as
decreasing overall air quality for populations living near shipping routes and in
ports. (Oceana, 2006).
2.1.2 UNCLOS: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNCLOS: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in
1982 and entered into force in 1994. It regulates a variety of issues related to
shipping but for the purpose of this research, only certain provisions will be
highlighted, namely those provisions that relate to the enforcement issues with
respect to pollution by illegal discharges of oily and noxious substances to the sea.
2.1.2.1 Enforcement by flag States
Article 217 provides for the enforcement by flag States. When the ship commits a
violation (e.g. MARPOL violation involving illegal ship source pollution), the flag
State shall open, on its own initiative, an immediate investigation and, where
appropriate, institute proceedings in respect of the alleged violation, irrespective of
where it occurred.

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Moreover, any State can actually request the flag State to investigate the alleged
violation. If there is sufficient evidence, the flag State shall institute proceedings
against the vessel without delay and inform the IMO and the requesting State.
2.1.2.2 Enforcement by port States
Article 218 provides for the enforcement by ort States. Articles 219 and 220 also
include provisions applicable by port States. In relation to violations that occurred
within the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the port State, article
220 provides that the State may institute proceedings in respect of the vessel that
committed the violation when this vessel is voluntarily within a port or at an off-
shore terminal of that State.
In relation to an illegal discharge from the vessel that occurred outside of the
internal waters, territorial sea or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the port State,
article 218 provides that the port State may undertake investigations and, where the
evidence warrants, institute proceedings in respect of that vessel, if the vessel is
voluntarily within a port or at an off-shore terminal of that port State.If the
discharge occurred in the internal waters, territorial sea or EEZ of another State,
the relevant port State may only institute proceedings at the request of the coastal
State where the violation occurred or of a State damaged or threatened by the
discharge, as well as the flag State, unless the discharge is likely to cause pollution
in its own waters or in the EEZ, then it is free to institute proceedings on its own

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initiative. The records of the investigation carried out by a port State at the request
of the coastal, flag or another State will be transmitted to them.
2.1.2.3 Enforcement by coastal States
Article220 provides for the enforcement by coastal States. Articles 111, 211 and
226 are also relevant for the enforcement by coastal States. Article 211 (and in
particular paragraphs 4 and 5) creates a legal basis for the coastal States: it
provides that the coastal States may, in the exercise of their sovereignty within
their territorial sea, adopt laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and
control of marine pollution from foreign vessels, including vessels exercising the
right of innocent passage. Such laws and regulations shall not (in accordance with
part II, Section 3 of the Convention) hamper innocent passage of foreign vessels.
They may also adopt laws and regulations in respect of their exclusive economic
zones for the purpose of prevention of pollution from vessels if these laws give
effect to generally accepted international rules and standards established through
the competent international organization or general diplomatic conference
(GESAMP, 2007)
2.1.2.4 Notification to the flag State and other States concerned
Both port and coastal States shall promptly notify the flag State or any other State
concerned of any measures against foreign vessels (article 231). The proceedings
initiated by a port or coastal State in respect of MARPOL violations committed by

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a foreign vessel outside the territorial sea of the State, shall be suspended upon
taking of proceedings by the flag State within six months of the date on which the
proceedings were first instituted – the suspension lasts until the flag State has
arrived at a final conclusion, then the suspended proceedings are also terminated.
The flag State that requested the suspension shall in due course make available to
the State that previously instituted the proceedings access to the file and the
records to the proceedings (article 228). The proceedings will not be suspended if
they relate to a case of ‘major damage’ to the coastal State or if the flag State in
question has repeatedly disregarded its obligations to effectively enforce MARPOL
(UNCLOS article 228).
2.2 SHIPS-GENERATED WASTE TYPES IN INLAND NAVIGATION
According to Phare (2000), waste generated by inland navigation can be divided
into two major groups, namely ship-borne waste and waste originating from cargo.
On the one hand, ship-generated wastes result from the operation of the vessel
(these are mainly oily and greasy ship-generated wastes) and, on the other hand,
from the activities of crew members or passengers on board. Wastes originating
from cargo consist of residual charges, washing water and slops.
2.2.1 Ship-generated waste
Ship-generated wastes are originated from the operation of the vessel itself (oily
and greasy ship-generated wastes) and the activities of persons on board. As a

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result, the amounts generated strongly depend on the condition of the vessel and/or
the number of persons on board.
2.2.1.1 Oily and greasy ship-generated waste
Bilge water is oil contaminated water from the bilge of vessels. It is generated by
cleaning procedures or leakages of the body shell and gets contaminated with oil,
gas oil or grease. The oil content of bilge water averages 14.3 % (push boats: 16.7
%), the fluctuation range varies from 5 % and 15 %. The amount of bilge water
generated is influenced by the age, construction, equipment and maintenance of the
vessels as well as the demanded engine activity, which itself depends on several
other factors such as; upstream or downstream way, cargo load, etc. (Phare, 2000).
A bilge primary tank is a tank, which makes use of a cascade to separate oil from
oily bilge water by gravity, with drainage facilities for the oil on the top to enable
primary separation of oily bilge water. Refer to the example of a bilge primary tank
shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Example of a bilge primary tank.

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Waste oils are used oil or other unusable oil from engines, gear or hydraulics. They
are produced sporadically, especially at times of oil changes for engines and
aggregates. In Germany, the average amount of waste oils, collected by (mobile)
bilge water collection vessels together with bilge water, ranges between 100 and
125 litres per ship and service. If the whole amount of oil is changed, the amount
can be up to 500 litres in twin-engine vessels (Gabriel, 2001).
According to Gabriel (2001), other (solid) oily and greasy wastes are used filters
(used oil and air filters), used rags (polluted floor clothes and cleaning rags),
containers (empty, polluted bins) and packaging materials. In Germany, the
amount of other oily and greasy ship wastes collected average between 10 and 20
kg/ship service.
2.2.1.2 Other ship-generated waste
Within this sub-group, wastes originating from the activities of the persons on
board (domestic sewage, domestic refuse) as well as other hazardous wastes, which
cannot be disposed together with the other wastes because of their properties, are
subsumed.
According to Donau (2008), Domestic sewage and sewage sludge are wastes
originating from the living processes of the persons on board. Domestic sewage
consists of waste water from toilets, kitchens, bathrooms, washing machines, etc.

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Sewage sludge is a residue generated by the operation of a purification plant on
board. According to Dorgeloh, Kaiser, Reitz, (2007), Cargo vessels, generated
amounts on board are much smaller due to the fact that there are only a few
persons on board. However, big quantities of domestic sewage and sewage sludge
are produced by passenger transport vessels. As regards originated amounts,
calculations have to be done separately for passenger liners/cruising boats and
cabin vessels due to differences in operation and equipment. For cabin vessels the
total amount of water can be estimated from 150–230 l/person/day.
2.2.2 Waste originating from cargo
Besides ship-generated waste, the cargo related wastes are wastes comprising the
second big sub-group of wastes generated by inland navigation (Donau, 2008).
These wastes are different from ship-generated waste as their characteristics
depend on the nature of transported cargoes. However, they can be either
hazardous or non-hazardous, which affects the procedure of disposal and
treatment.
2.2.2.1 Residual charges
Accordingly to (Phare, 2000), the residual charges are distinguished mainly by the
use of a drying system utilized for fulfilling certain standards of cleaning the
storage room/tank:

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Residual charge: liquid cargo remaining in the tanks or in the piping after
unloading without using a drying system, and dry cargo remaining in the hold after
unloading without using brooms, power sweepers or extraction facilities.
Packaging materials and aids for storage are part of the cargo load.
Cargo residue: liquid cargo that cannot be removed from the tanks or the piping
by the drying system, and dry cargo which cannot be removed from the hold by
using power sweepers or brooms.
Handling residue: dry or liquid cargo that is spread on the vessel outside the
cargo hold (e.g. on the gang board) during the transhipment process.
2.2.2.2 Washing water, Ballast water and Rain water, Slops
According to the European Maritime Safety Agency (2007), washing water is
produced as a result of washing the clean-swept or vacuum cleaned cargo hold or
stripped cargo tank; the ballast water or rainwater of the cargo hold and the cargo
tank are counted to the category of washing water. Slops are a mixture of residual
charges and washing water, rust or sludge, which can be pumpable or not
pumpable.
2.2.2.3 Other shipload wastes
This term encompasses wastes derived directly from other shiploads. Wastes can
be thinners, paints, varnishes, aggressive chemicals or biological products that may
come from containers handled improperly or secured inadequately. Although these

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wastes can be expected to have low periodical amounts, their handling is strongly
related to accidental pollution. Therefore, special attention has to be paid to proper
collection and treatment processes and conditions that are taken into account in
regulations on both national and supranational level. However, these regulations
can be seen as a basis for the development and implementation of port reception
facilities.
2.3 Production of oily waste by vessels
According to INTERPOL (2007), the volume of oily waste generated and/or stored
on board a vessel depends on various factors. These include, for example:
 Type, age and size of vessel;
 Type and age of equipment related to oil separation and storage;
 Maintenance of vessel and equipment;
 External factors such as availability of Port Reception Facilities;
The report further gave three categories of oily waste generally accumulated on
board large vessels. These are:
a. Oily bilge water, defined in MARPOL annex I as water, which may be
contaminated by oil resulting from things such as leakage or maintenance
work in machinery spaces. Any liquid entering the bilge system including
bilge wells, bilge piping, tank top or bilge holding tanks is considered oily

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bilge water. In addition to oil, bilge water often contains quantities of
detergents and solvents.
b. Oil residue (sludge), defined in MARPOL annex I as the residual waste oil
products generated during the normal operation of a ship such as those
resulting from the purification of fuel or lubricating oil for main or auxiliary
machinery, separated waste oil from oil filtering equipment, waste oil
collected in drip trays, and waste hydraulic and lubricating oils.
c. Oil cargo (refined product or crude oil) residues on tankers.
The components of bilge water and quantities produced vary considerably from
vessel to vessel, but the waste generated is usually a thinner and lighter than sludge
waste. It is also comprised of more varied elements. Quantities of sludge waste by
comparison, are more consistent in composition and quantity, at about 1-2% of the
volume of fuel oil consumed on board. Sludge is much thicker and heavier than
bilge water, and more persistent. The properties of oil cargo residues will depend
on the type of cargo carried.
Vessels over 400 gt are also required to be fitted with oil filtering equipment that
may include any combination of a separator, filter or coalescer, and also a single
unit designed to produce an effluent with oil content not exceeding 15 ppm.
The International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) certificate and appendix will
contain information about the tanks and equipment on board that particular vessel

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for the handling of oily waste. The vessel will also have piping and tank diagrams
for the various systems. The IOPP certificate, piping diagrams and Oil Record
Book should contain a tank plan. The ship’s Oil Record Book contains instructions
on the information, which must be recorded relating to oil transfers as well as the
mandatory log of oil, sludge and bilge water transfers.
2.4 Collection of oily waste
Trucks or mobile tanks can be used for small volumes, ranging from 5 – 25 m3 at a
time. They are therefore employed for collection of bilge water, slops, sludges and
small volumes of tank washings, but not for collecting dirty ballast. Trucks are
employed if they can come alongside the ship. They are obviously not suitable for
ships at anchor, loading/unloading jetties not accessible by truck.
Examples of a simple mobile tank used for collecting oily wastes from ships and a
vacuum truck equipped with pumps are shown below.
Figure 6: Example of a mobile tank and a vacuum truck.

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2.4.1 Selecting a collection method
Selecting the appropriate means for collecting oily wastes in a port depends on the
following factors:
a. the volume of waste to be collected per ship;
b. accessibility of the ships by road/quayside or only over water;
c. the required flexibility of the collection facilities.
Table 1: Collection characteristics
Collection method Volumes/flow rates Access to ships Flexibility
Truck
Small By road High
Barge Small – medium By water Medium
Costs are, in a way, of secondary importance: the collection means must in the first
place be appropriate for a particular port. As an example: a truck is obviously
much cheaper than a barge, but a truck is completely useless for collecting wastes
if it does not have access to the ship (ships at anchor, jetties). A barge is capable of
receiving larger volumes than a truck, but again that is irrelevant if only small
volumes are delivered in a port.
2.4.2 Ship-generated waste treatment
Waste can be treated in a variety of ways on board ships; methods of treatment,
notwithstanding the requirements of MARPOL 73/78, being dependent on the age

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of the vessel, facilities on board and the owner’s environmental commitment.
Common methods of waste treatment are listed in table 2.
Table 2: Ship-generated waste treatment options
Compactors Reduces volume by compaction to allow for
storage until waste can be discharged ashore
Comminuters Reduces food scraps to fine shreds that can
then be washed out of machine and discharged
to sea
Pulpers Reduces paper and cardboard to papier-mâché
which can then be discharged to sea
Shredders Used to grind bone, metal, glass and plastic
which can then be either stored or discharged
to sea
Incinerators Used to burn garbage that cannot be recycled
and falls under MARPOL Annex V, this
excludes all hazardous wastes and most
plastics. Bottom ash is then removed and
either discharged at sea or stored for discharge
ashore
Sewage
treatment
plants
A variety of plants are in use for treatment of
both grey and black water. Modern plants
include advanced water purification (AWP)
systems and membrane bio-reactors
2.4.3 Normal disposal of waste
There are very few options for legal disposal of sludge and bilge water waste.
Sludge and bilge water waste are pumped to, and then contained in, various
holding tanks. The oily water that is collected in the bilge wells and transferred
into holding tanks can be transferred ashore via a fixed transfer system, provided
there is enough storage capacity on board. However, there is often a large amount
of water in the waste, and disposal ashore is often not considered cost efficient by
the vessel. If not transferred ashore, the bilge water waste should be processed by

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the oil filtering equipment. Sludge should be either stored on the vessel for
eventual disposal ashore, or burnt in the incinerator in areas where this is
permitted.
Oil filtering equipment consists of any combination of separator, coalescer or other
equipment that separates oil and water, and is commonly referred to as an Oily
Water Separator (OWS). This equipment is required to be designed and tested to
separate oily water mixtures to a maximum limit of 15 parts oil to one million parts
water (15 ppm). The equipment may be fitted with an Oil Content Meter (OCM)
and automatic stopping device that prevents the discharge of any effluent above the
15-ppm limit, but this is only required on vessels over 10,000 gt. Such equipment
must be approved to international standards under MARPOL. The approval
standards are specified in IMO Resolutions.
2.4.4 Maintenance and training costs
Ship maintenance and repair is costly. Some operators might neglect to properly
maintain equipment such as pipes, pumps, and OWS, making the pollution
prevention system ineffective. Training crew in proper use of anti-pollution
equipment also involves costs.

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2.4.5 Waste disposal costs
There are two possible costs associated with disposing of waste: 1) the direct cost
of using port reception facilities, and 2) a potential indirect cost if the ship has to
stay for a length of time in port to use Port Reception Facilities.
Calculating the costs of disposing of waste in Port Reception Facilities is
complicated given the vast range of vessel types, sizes, and ages, the length of
voyage, and the wide variety of charges in different ports. In addition, the costs per
gross tonne of waste delivered, and costs per type of waste, may vary considerably.
According to the European Union, Directive 2000/59 /EC regulate fees for waste
on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues. However,
the Directive leaves considerable scope for variation in the transposition to national
law. Ports should implement cost recovery systems, which promote the use of port
reception facilities whilst ensuring that ships contribute significantly towards the
costs (at least 30%). There is often an indirect fee for ship-generated waste
included in the port fee, although this very rarely covers the full costs. There are a
wide variety of systems in place: the indirect fee might only cover a contribution to
operation of reception facilities, with a direct fee payment for all waste delivered;
it might cover waste delivered up to certain limits, with additional payments for
waste in excess of the threshold; there may be a high deposit, with the option to
reclaim part of it if port reception facilities are not used, etc (Ramboll, 2012). For

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incompliant vessels, there is still a considerable financial incentive not to deliver
ship-generated waste in port.
2.5 Ports and Port Reception Facilities
According to Ball (1999), reducing marine pollution will require cost-effective
ways for ships and shipping companies to unload their waste efficiently, so ships
are both willing and able to use the port facilities instead of discharging while at
port. There are many ports around the world that have a well-established
infrastructure and procedure for disposing of ship generated waste. Studying these
ports and their inner workings may lead to a solution to the proportionally large
volume of waste that cannot be processed in certain ports. The different varieties of
equipment used for unloading waste vary with scale and the particular type of
waste being removed. In terms of scale, larger facilities tend to have mobile
features like road tankers, barges, and similar land based vehicles to go to where
the ship is docked, and often to transport the waste to a storage facility (Ball,
1999).
2.5.1 Adequacy within a Port.
For a port to fit the IMO’s definition of adequacy, there are some requirements a
port must follow. Advanced planning by both the harbor and the crewmember

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responsible for waste management is a key to the success of a well-run port waste
facility (IMO, 2002).
It is the job of the crewmember is to communicate with the port’s waste
management personnel to express the ship’s specific needs for waste removal once
in port. The information transferred should be types of waste, i.e. Annex I-VI, and
the quantity to be removed. Paperwork filled out and sent to the port includes a
Standardized Advanced Notification Form, which defines the waste reception
needs of the ship in a manner defined by the IMO.
Overall, Ball (1999, p. 38) lists five major considerations for collection facility
adequacy:
1. Ports should cater to all types of waste landed at a port;
2. Reception facilities should be conveniently located;
3. Facilities should be easy to use;
4. Facilities’ use should provide a cost incentive;
5. Periodic inspections should be made to ensure adequacy.
Once the waste is brought to the port, there are a number of requirements for an
adequate port reception facility. The reception facility must be able to
accommodate Annex V, or garbage removal, in its segregated form, which means
that the port should have a way to dispose/recycle each of the six types of garbage

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defined by the IMO. In discharging petroleum-based products, or Annex I wastes,
the port should have the fitting for the standard connection arrangement to the
waste system of the ship, as well as storage and processing equipment for oily
wastes. Ports used for depositing other annexes must have facilities for those kinds
of wastes, though Annexes I and V are the most common. In addition to catering to
the type and volume of wastes brought to these facilities, ports should also make an
effort to ensure that the reception facilities are convenient and provide cost
incentives for their use. Inexpensive or mandatory payment and minimizing delays
can act as these incentives. Periodic inspections should also occur to maintain
compliance with MARPOL. While an adequate facility is defined by the IMO, it is
the job of individual countries to enforce requirements related to adequacy (IMO,
1999).
David Condino (personal communication, October 1, 2010) notes that the volume
of this waste is also important. A port that occasionally hosts cruise ships but can
only provide accommodation for a portion of their waste is not adequate (IMO,
2002).
As ships operate on tight schedules, a facility also must not to cause undue delay in
the removal of these wastes. A modern and efficient set of waste reception
equipment will go unused if it is in a remote part of the port or is not operational

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for the same hours as is the remainder of the port. Another major requirement is
that ships must give advanced notice of their waste disposal needs. This allows the
ports time to prepare, though it is hard for smaller ports to monitor for this
advanced notice on a 24-hour schedule.
According to information on (MEPC.83 (44)), Action on pollution from ships and
management of waste generated on board ships are governed by international rules
in MARPOL 73/78. The regulations concerning sludge and waste are the
following:
a. Sufficient reception facilities: All ports should be provided with sufficient
reception facilities for oily residues such as dirty ballast, tank-washing water
etc., and solid waste. Furthermore, the facilities must have enough capacity,
not causing ships any undue delay. If the reception facilities are inadequate,
the ship should also notify the port in 24 hours before arrival.
b. Placards of disposal requirements: Every ship of 12 meters or more in
length shall display placards notifying passengers and crew of the disposal
requirements. Furthermore, the placards should be in the official language of
the ship's flag State and in English, French, or Spanish for ships travelling to
other States' ports or offshore terminals.
c. Prohibition of waste disposal at sea: Disposal of waste into the sea is
illegal. This regardless if it’s mixed or sorted. An exception is separated

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food waste, which is allowed if it´s disposed more than 12 nautical miles
outside the coast.
d. Standard discharge connection: All ships must have a standard discharge
connection for the disposal of oily water. This in order to enable pipes of the
oil reception facilities in the ports to be connected with the ship´s discharge
pipeline.
e. Waste management plans and record of waste: All ships of 400 gross
tonnages and above and every ship certified to carry 15 people or more must
have established a waste management plan. This includes written procedures
for collecting, storing, processing, and disposal of waste, including the use
of equipment on board. The waste management plan should also point out
the person responsible for carrying out the plan and should be in the
language spoken by the crew. In addition, these ships must provide a waste
record book, to record all disposal and incineration operations. In addition,
an oil record book should be available for inspection and should be
documented for at least three years.
f. Inspection of ships and the right to retain ships: When clear ground
occurs for believing that the captain or crew are not familiar with essential
shipboard procedures relating to the prevention of pollution of oil or waste,
the ship is subject to inspection. If the set requirements have not been

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followed, the ship is not allowed to leave port until the requirements are met.
If traces of oil are observed in the vicinity of a ship, the government is
responsible to investigate whether there has been a violation of any
regulation.
2.6 Successful waste and pollution management strategies
A port that has a successful waste management policy and practice is able to
process all kinds of waste that a ship may bring in as long as due notice is given to
the port. However, not all ports do actually provide reception facilities for the
kinds of waste they receive.
Carpenter and McGill (2003) completed a study about portside reception facilities
in ports in the North Sea. The results of the 66-port survey were that most ports
offered some reception facilities. For Annex I, or oil based waste, 47 ports offered
facilities for lubricating oil, 42 covered oil sludge, 43 covered oily bilge water, 28
covered dirty ballast water, and 34 offered oily tank washing facilities. This study
indicates that over half of the ports surveyed offer some facilities for disposing of
petroleum-based waste, often with provisions for multiple kinds of waste handling.
For Annex II, noxious liquids, only 27 out of 66 ports could receive chemical
waste, while 38 could not support any chemical tanker reception. Fewer than half
of the ports provided facilities for Annex V for all varieties of trash, but only one

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supplied facilities for only one type of trash. Overall, these data indicate that there
are many ports that do not accommodate all types of waste, but there are
surrounding ports that may offer the remainder of the facilities needed. This model
of having specific facilities unavailable at a certain port but available at a nearby
port allows for functionality in the North Sea without excessive infrastructure. In
some cases, this may also require waste disposal at ports where ships did not
originally intend on visiting. In the Caribbean, there are several initiatives that
focus on cleanup and public awareness (UNEP, 2009). Many states participate in
the International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) program, which collects data about marine
litter and coordinates local communities in waste cleanup. Awareness for solid
waste management and litter prevention take place in many separate initiatives.
Since much of the waste analyzed on coastlines comes from individuals, public
awareness of clean programs and practices is seen as very important (Steven et al,
2010).
2.7 Current and Ongoing Initiatives Regarding Waste Handling on Ships and
in Ports.
2.7.1 Standardization of Waste Handling on Ships and in Ports.
According to the IMO´s Action Plan on tackling the inadequacy of port reception
facilities (2010), as the waste fractions and waste containers vary between ports a
need for an establishment of a standardized methodology exists. This would

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facilitate harmonization of the various requirements and the waste disposal in
ports. Today there are no implemented standards available regarding colour coding
and labelling of generated waste fractions but shipping companies use their own
developed standards. Today the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) is however developing two standards related to the subject, ISO 16 304 and
ISO 21 070. ISO 16 304 concerns arrangements, management and operation of
port waste reception facilities and has an expected completion date of late February
2014. ISO 21 070 which concerns management and handling of shipboard waste
including a standard for reception bins and containers to be used at ports, labelling
and colour coding of the generated waste fractions. The standard is expected to be
completed in December 2011.
2.7.2 Tackling the Inadequacy of Port Reception
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has in 2010 completed a three-
year’s work on an action plan in order to tackle the inadequacy of port reception
facilities regarding waste handling and capacity. The action plan contained work
items grouped in the following six categories (IMO, 2010).
a. Reporting: This concerned the development of a “Standard Advance
Notification Form” of waste to be disposed of by the ships and a “Waste
Delivery Notification Form” which now have been adopted. This was done

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in order to decrease the risk of causing undue delay of ships in ports and to
provide uniformity of records throughout the world.
b. Equipment Technology: This involved a survey of whether any technical
obstacles existed which would complicate the waste disposal in ports. In the
study, no such technical challenges could be identified. The work item also
involved the standard, ISO 21 070 where IMO has been involved in the
work by reviewing and commenting the standard which is under
development.
c. Types and Amount of Waste: This work item concerned a review, of type
and amounts of waste generated on ships and of the type and capacity of port
reception facilities. By this, information on what kind of waste and the
amounts generated on ships and delivered to ports was obtained. The
information has been used as input to ISO developing the standards
mentioned.
d. Information on Port Reception Facilities: This concerned increasing
information on port receptions facilities and to make the information more
accessible. This included for example assessment of port receptions facilities
carried out and the outcome of it such as inadequacies and any technical co-
operation assistance that may be needed. It also involved making waste

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management plans and detailed information of the port authority more easy
to access.
e. Regulatory Matters: This item concerned the “IMO´s manual on port
reception facilities” in which areas needed to be updated were identified due
to new legislations. The actual revision of the manual has not been initiated
yet. It also involved the development of a Guide to “Good Practice on Port
Reception Facilities” in which practical advices are found.
f. Technical Cooperation and Assistance: This concerned the development
of a programme to assist for example development countries in developing
port reception facilities.
2.7.3 Port Reception Practices.
According to IMO publication (MEPC.83 (44)) “Guidelines for the
Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL.” the following practices are obtainable:
a) Although legal requirements for PRFs will vary depending on the port
State’s implementing legislation, good practices for PRFs should include
procedures that facilitate better integration with shipboard and landside
residue/waste management practices. Such integration and cooperation with
inland waste disposal operations should allow ultimate disposal of ship
generated waste to take place in an environmentally appropriate manner.

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b) The reception facility should be adequately prepared to receive Annex V
residues/wastes as segregated on board and should supply suitable
receptacles to facilitate the landing of segregated waste for recycling.
Procedures for reception of segregated residue/waste should parallel the
standards for the Management and Handling of Shipboard Garbage as
specified in ISO 21070, when it is issued. PRF operators and port authorities
within State Parties should work with national and local government
officials, regional administrators, commercial interests, and local waste
disposal infrastructure managers to develop landside waste disposal
strategies, including waste segregation, that encourage reduction, reuse, and
recycling of ship generated wastes landed ashore at PRFs. Reception facility
providers should seek out resale/recycling options for reusable/recyclable
waste when not prohibited by local laws.
c) In the case of oil, noxious liquid substances and other dangerous goods or
harmful or hazardous substances, port and reception facility operators should
adhere to the guidance provided in relevant publications such as the
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), or the
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code.
d) The reception facility should also be adequately prepared to receive
MARPOL residues/wastes in accordance with any local quarantine

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requirements, for example by providing suitably sealed receptacles and
ensuring that MARPOL residues/wastes can be transported and disposed of
in accordance with regulations. Port State authorities should also be aware of
the need for appropriate treatment and disposal sites and should seek to
ensure that these are available through public or private arrangements.
e) The necessary connection arrangements for the discharge of machinery bilge
residues and sludge residues are provided for in regulation 13 of Annex I to
MARPOL. These standard dimensions for flanges and discharge connections
will apply to all ships and should therefore allow the reception facility to
standardize its own connection pipes accordingly.
f) Following delivery, the reception facility should provide the master with a
Waste Delivery Receipt. IMO has standardized the format of this document
to facilitate its use and application.
g) Although the port structure in a State Party may or may not accommodate
cost/pricing schemes and/or other incentives for MARPOL residue/waste
delivery ashore, reception facility services should be provided at a
reasonable cost.

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2.7.4 Trends in ship-generated waste delivery
The entry into force of the PRF Directive in 2002 increased the attention from
authorities, and the awareness within shipping organizations, of the problem with
illegal discharges of ships’ waste as well as the need to identify measures to reduce
discharges. Despite this, some ships continue to discharge waste illegally at sea.
On a global level it is assumed that only about 27 per cent of all ship waste is
delivered to reception facilities, while the majority is dumped or incinerated
(Sheavly and Register, 2007).
At the Tin Can Island Port Complex, the Environmental Department of Nigerian
Ports Authority (NPA) keeps a record of volumes of ship-generated waste
delivered in the Tin Can Island port. This overview of waste volumes provides
quays with a basis for sizing reception facilities. In 2011, for instance, 6229 tonnes
of waste was delivered; of which 267.9 tonnes were garbage while 5961.1 tonnes
were oil waste
2.7.5 Minimization and Management of Ship-generated Residue/Waste
Although not a direct requirement of MARPOL, minimizing the residue/waste
generated on board ships represents an environmental best practice, and should be
considered in a ship’s overall waste management practices. In relation to the
minimization of oily waste, an increased familiarity with the ship’s engine room

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treatment systems coupled with the crew’s training in oily waste management and
recording will assist in reducing the amount of waste produced and improve the
overall onboard management of oily waste. The use of the Integrated Bilge Water
Treatment System (IBTS) will facilitate segregation of oily waste, allowing for the
storage of oil sludge, oil-water mixtures, and clean water separately.
According to IMO publication (MEPC.83 (44)) “Guidelines for the
Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL.” The most effective way of reducing
ship-generated residue/waste is to reduce materials that become waste at the
source. Efforts should be made to minimize packaging from ship stores, for
example, by establishing an agreement with the supplier to accept the return of the
packaging upon delivery, or to reduce the amount of packaging. Developing an
agreement with suppliers and manufacturers is not only important for more general
waste categories such as plastics, but essential for other maritime specific wastes
such as time expired pyrotechnics; used ropes, tails and wires; time expired
medicine; and batteries. The supplier and/or manufacturer should be able to
provide the specialist facilities for treatment or disposal of these products and
materials. On board waste management will also assist in minimizing ship-
generated waste. Ship operators and ship builders should consider further the
design of new ships to enhance waste treatment on board and consider introducing
operational measures, which can improve efficiency for existing ships.

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2.7.6 The total volume and sizing of TCIP Complex reception facilities
The reception facilities, which currently serves the port holds incinerators; that are
equipped with scrubbers to minimize air pollution. A drum crushing machine with
a special cleaning system is also in place to treat hazardous waste, along with a
fixed 1,000 tonne capacity tank farm been designed to safely hold hazardous waste
while awaiting processing. In addition, four specially adapted garbage trucks on
ground of 25mt capacity each, also as part of the recent improvement on the
containment of Ship-Generated Waste at Tin Can Island Port is the purchase of
about four mobile trucks to carter for oily waste. Below is some of the various type
of reception facility in the port.The table below depicts information gathered from
the Nigerian Ports Authority on the types and capacities of reception equipment’s
currently available.
Table 3: Type and capacity of reception equipment.
S/n Type of SGW Handled Equipment Containment Type Capacity
1.
Oily Waste (MARPOLAnnex I)  Trucks (x4) Mobile 33 tons
 20 feet ISO Tank
(1)
Mobile 25 tons
 Small size vessel
(x2)
Mobile 120m3
(Pump rate 25m3
)
 Large size vessel
(x2)
Mobile 240m3
(Pump rate 25m3
)
 G-Force MK III
Oily water
treatment and
processing plant.
Fixed 150 tons per hour
5m3
per hour
(expected to be upgraded to
15m3
)
2. Garbage (MARPOLV)  Small size vessel
(x2)
Mobile 12 tons
 Large size vessel
(x2)
Mobile 12 tons

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Figure 7: Reception Facilities catering for SGW in TCIP.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER
In this chapter, the researcher presents how data is gotten from his sampling
population. He designs and describes the procedures and methods used in his
research work. He also describes the models (Auto Regression Moving Average;
ARMA, forecasting model.) which he applies as the methodology for various
statistical analysis and forecasting of the ship generated wastes in TCIP reception
facility. The researcher also uses NCSS software (www.ncss.com) in testing the
hypothesis stated.
3.2 RESTATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
iv. What is the traffic of ship calls to Tin Can Island Ports within the
research period?
v. What is the trend distribution of the volume of ship-generated waste (by
vi. What will be the estimated growth of ship-generated wastes that would
be handled in Tin Can Island port by 2016?

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3.3 RESTATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
i. HO: The future volumetric amount of Garbage waste forecasted is
significantly different from the upper limit of mean estimated values (at
95% confidence level).
ii. HO: The future volumetric amount of Oil wastes forecasted is significantly
different from the upper limit of mean estimated values (at 95% confidence
level).
3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the program that guides the researcher in the process of
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data and information (Osuagwu, 2008).
Research design also defines the domain of generalizability; that is, whether the
obtained research interpretation can be generalized to a larger population or to
different situations. The question of whom to study, what to observe, when to
observe, and how to collect data are treated by research design (Osuagwu, 2008).
3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION
A study of this nature presents a number of data collections in the port vicinity.
The researcher’s sample frame for this research work is therefore based on the
Nigerian Ports Authority statistical data, from their annual report.

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3.6 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
In carrying out this research work, only the secondary data was used. This data was
gotten from the Nigerian Ports Authority Annual Statistical Abstracts Reports.
3.7 PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING/ANALYSING COLLECTEDDATA
ARMA (Auto Regression Moving Average), known as one of time series analysis
that makes use of NCSS software (www.ncss.com) will be used to analyze and test
the validity of the research questions and the hypothesis stated. This will be based
on the available data gotten from the research study.
The ARIMA (or Box-Jenkins) method is often used to forecast time series of
medium (N over 50) to long lengths. It requires the forecaster to be highly trained
in selecting the appropriate model. The procedure discussed here automates the
ARIMA forecasting process by having the program select the appropriate model.
3.8 Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) models
Autoregressive Moving-Average (ARMA) models form a class of linear time
series models which are widely applicable and parsimonious in parameterization.
By allowing the order of an ARMA model to increase, one can approximate any
linear time series model with desirable accuracy. [This is similar to using rational
polynomials to approximate a general polynomial; see the impluse response

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function]. In what follows, we assume that {at} is a sequence of independent and
identically distributed random variables with mean zero and finite variance σ2.
ARMA models were popularized by a 1971 book by George E. P. Box and
Jenkins, who expounded an iterative (Box–Jenkins) method for choosing and
estimating them. This method was useful for low-order polynomials (of degree
three or less).
Forecasting is an important aspect of statistical analysis that provides guidance for
decisions in all areas of business. It is important to be able to make sound forecasts
for variables such as sales, production, inventory, interest rates, exchange rates,
real and financial asset prices for both short and long term business planning. In
essence, the success of any business or government organization depends on the
ability to accurately forecast its revenue and expenditure. Auto-regressive moving
average (ARMA) models provide a unifying framework for forecasting. These
models are aided by the abundance of high quality data and easy estimation and
evaluation by statistical packages.

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3.8.1 Model Identification.
The notation ARMA (p, q) refers to the model with p autoregressive terms
and q moving-average terms. This model contains the AR (p) and MA (q) models,
The general ARMA model was described in the 1951 thesis of Peter Whittle, who
used mathematical analysis (Laurent series and Fourier analysis) and statistical
inference.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents and analyzes the trends of the ship-generated waste streams
in the Tin Can Island Port from 2008 to 2012 using the Auto Regression Moving
Average (ARMA), known as one of the time series analysis model (Box et al.,
2009), which can also be used as a tool of NCSS software (www.ncss.com) for
various statistical analysis and forecast. In completing the objectives and analyzing
the hypotheses, the researcher obtained the available or current data on ship-
generated wastes from the Tin Can Island Port, Environment Department of the
Nigerian Port Authority. (See table 4.1). This gave insight into the total burden of
ship-generated waste on the Tin Can Island port, and description of results and
conclusions below.

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4.2 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ACCORDING TO
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What is the traffic of ship calls to Tin Can Island Ports within the
research period?
Table 4.2a: Number of ships that call to TCIP between 2008 to 2012.
Annual Summary of the Numbers of Ship Calls to
TCIP
Nos. of Ships that call
TCIP
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1271 1324 1476 1517 1290
Collated by the researcher.
Fig4.2a: Trend of ships called to TCIP.

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Figure 4.2a above depicts available data gathered from the Nigerian Ports
Authority of ships that called at Tin Can Island port Complex. The numbers
represent how many ships visited the port during 2008 to 2012. The number of
ship calls at the port of Tin Can Island has increased steadily at a rate of four per
cent (4%) per annual between 2008 and 2011, from 1271 in 2008 to 1517 in 2011
and followed by a sudden decrease until 2012, but there seems to be no logical
explanation for this. No explanations were provided from the ports regarding this
decrease.
It is expected that this growth rate will increase to at least 5% per annual over the
next ten years with an estimated 2471 ship calls in 2021. Not only has the number
of ships arriving at the port will increase but also Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)
and the ship generated waste; because of the future demand and throughputs to the
port. Increased ships calls have resulted in significant quantities of ship-generated
wastes, as depicts in figure 4.2b.

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ii. What is the trend distribution of the volume of ship-generatedwaste (by
Table 4b : The amountof wastesfromTransitshipsintoTCIPport ReceptionFacilitiesfrom2008 to
2012
The Annex of MAROL 73/78
Annual Amount of Waste (m3)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Annex I 4907 8447 7013 5961 5416
Annex V 181 235 237 268 233
Total amount of SGW (m3) 5088 8682 7250 6229 5649
Collated by the researcher.
Annex 1: Includes Regulations for the prevention of pollution of oil composed of Bilge water, Sludge, Slop, Waste oil and Ballast.
Annex V: Includes prevention of pollution by garbage from ship.
Total amount of waste = Amount of waste in Annex 1 + Amount of waste in Annex V.
Fig 4.2b: Trend of SGW handled in TCIP.

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From the line graph above using NCSS software, an estimated 267.9m3 and 5961.1
m3 of oily wastes and garbage, respectively in 2011. Its curve shows a
continuous decrease of the oily ship generated waste streams during the
research period and this is usually linked with the fact that most at times
vessels’ calling to the TCIP would have discharged their waste at the last port
of call before the arrival to port.
While the type and characteristics of ship-generated waste determine in
principle which treatment method should be applied, the type and volume of
wastes expected to receive at the port determine the capacity of the reception
port.
4.3 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ACCORDING TO
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES.
4.3.1 TESTING OF NULL HYPOTHESIS ONE
i. HO: The future volumetric amount of Garbage waste forecasted is
significantly different from the upper limit of mean estimated values (at 95%
confidence level).
See Table 4c (ARMA report)

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ARMA Report
Table 4c
Variable The_Volume_of_Garbage__m3_MEAN
Minimization Phase Section
Itn Error Sum
No. of Squares Lambda AR() AR() MA()
0 3990.042 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1 3931.503 0.1 0.01864761 0.04439292 -0.005226668
2 3916.96 0.04 -0.03168761 0.02469798 -0.07432304
3 3918.43 0.016 0.01298899 0.0264683 -0.04285155
4 3915.497 0.16 -0.02160044 0.02737203 -0.07656386
5 3914.805 0.064 -0.01098085 0.03018161 -0.07636473
6 3914.135 0.0256 -0.005805737 0.03256413 -0.07974352
7 3911.473 0.01024 -0.02309641 0.03718297 -0.1039368
8 3892.793 0.004096 -0.1465404 0.0584964 -0.2331771
9 3553.128 0.0016384 -0.7932692 0.163102 -0.8996773
10 3314.231 0.00065536 -0.5298781 0.4351583 -0.905794
11 2781.353 0.000262144 -0.3732815 0.5615191 -0.7377919
12 2549.304 0.0001048576 -0.324084 0.666812 -0.7990229
13 2562.821 4.194304E-05 -0.2809509 0.7012964 -0.7328647
14 2562.337 0.0004194304 -0.2819397 0.7003653 -0.7329156
15 2558.826 0.004194304 -0.2896735 0.6930952 -0.7334158
16 2550.286 0.04194304 -0.3106427 0.6737906 -0.7379079
17 2540.392 0.4194304 -0.3212744 0.6667232 -0.7620968
18 2542.755 0.1677722 -0.3185159 0.6710801 -0.7818553
19 2540.073 1.677722 -0.321032 0.6672807 -0.7688287
20 2540.406 0.6710886 -0.3202503 0.6684154 -0.7718669
Model Description Section
Series The_Volume_of_Garbage__m3_-MEAN
Model Regular (2,0,1) Seasonal(No seasonal parameters)
Mean 230.8
Observations 5
Iterations 20
Pseudo R-Squared 35.281474
Residual Sum of Squares 2540.073
Mean Square Error 1270.036
Root Mean Square 35.63757
Model Estimation Section
Parameter Parameter Standard Prob
Name Estimate Error T-Value Level
AR() -0.321032 0.4245536 -0.7562 0.449551
AR() 0.6672807 0.3982887 1.6754 0.093862
MA() -0.7688287 0.6026672 -1.2757 0.202058

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ARMA Report
Variable The_Volume_of_Garbage__m3_-MEAN
Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of Parameters
AR() AR() MA()
AR() 1.000000 0.969776 0.142336
AR() 0.969776 1.000000 -0.008001
MA() 0.142336 -0.008001 1.000000
Forecast Section of The_Volume_of_Garbage__m3_
Row Date Forecast Lower 95% Limit Upper 95% Limit
6 2013 257.1 180.5 333.6
7 2014 223.8 139.0 308.7
8 2015 250.6 165.3 335.9
9 2016 219.8 131.8 307.8
Forecast and Data Plot
Fig 4.3a: Trend and forecast of the volumetric of garbage waste handled in TCIP. Current data range from January
2008 (2008, 1) to December 2012 (2012, 12). Estimated data range from January 2013 (2013, 1) to December 2016
(2016, 12).
Auto correlations of Residuals of The_Volume_of_Garbage__m3_-MEAN
Lag Correlation Lag Correlation Lag Correlation Lag Correlation
1 0.043206 2 -0.555033
Significant if |Correlation|> 0.894427

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In this section, time series analysis was performed for the total amount of garbage
waste over the research period (2008-2012) for Tin Can Island Ports Complex,
Lagos. The volumetric amount of garbage wastes was estimated for the four year
time period. The volumetric amount of garbage obtained from transit ships for
current and forecasting data were given in Figure 4.3a. According, to the results
from the forecast, the amount of garbage will decrease with time. The lowest and
the highest amount of mean are estimated 216m3 on December 2016, and 257m3 on
December 2013, respectively. It seems that the current data remains between the
upper and lower limit value of the estimated data, then the researcher, rejects the
null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis and conclude that the future
volumetric amount of garbage wastes forecast is significantly not different from
the upper limit of mean estimated values.
Hence, the current holding capacities for garbage wastes are adequate and capable
of receiving Annex V waste (according to MARPOL73/78 regulation) wastes from
ships and fit for that purpose of a reception facility at the Tin Can Island Port,
Complex, Lagos.

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4.3.2 TESTING OF NULL HYPOTHESIS TWO
ii. HO: The future volumetric amount of Oil wastes forecasted is significantly
different from the upper limit of mean estimated values (at 95% confidence
level).
See Table 4d (ARMA report)
ARMA Report
Table 4d
Variable The_Volume_of_Oily_Waste__m3_-MEAN
Minimization Phase Section
Itn Error Sum
No. of Squares Lambda AR() AR() MA()
0 8450880 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1 6465786 0.1 -0.2068851 -0.1865299 0.14363
2 5038780 0.04 0.1859482 -0.2193239 0.6825956
3 4203472 0.016 0.1904593 -0.3960263 0.717807
4 3538732 0.0064 0.2165655 -0.5452968 0.7593325
5 3098745 0.00256 0.2385589 -0.6609864 0.7979952
6 2997828 0.001024 0.2572963 -0.7095055 0.8299163
7 2981863 0.0004096 0.2814283 -0.7163215 0.8387059
8 2936624 0.00016384 0.3199534 -0.7245604 0.852693
9 2817155 6.5536E-05 0.3770471 -0.7489824 0.8774391
10 2567852 2.62144E-05 0.4425914 -0.8061014 0.9176499
11 2192915 1.048576E-05 0.483293 -0.8914704 0.9584804
12 1923416 4.194304E-06 0.5073465 -0.9486058 1.048595
13 1790911 1.677722E-06 0.513132 -0.9695227 1.156143
14 5.087004E+08 6.710886E-07 0.5110338 -0.9741156 1.409915
15 5.081842E+08 6.710886E-06 0.5110346 -0.9741161 1.409885
16 5.030604E+08 6.710886E-05 0.5110425 -0.9741222 1.409586
17 4.55358E+08 0.0006710886 0.5111084 -0.9741537 1.406663
18 1.872909E+08 0.006710886 0.5114248 -0.9738294 1.381331
19 3582636 0.06710886 0.5123972 -0.9714747 1.27094
20 1758656 0.6710886 0.5131242 -0.9695802 1.181032

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Model Description Section
Series The_Volume_of_Oily_Waste__m3_-MEAN
Model Regular (2,0,1) Seasonal(No seasonal parameters)
Mean 6348.8
Observations 5
Iterations 20
Pseudo R-Squared 77.858759
Residual Sum of Squares 1758656
Mean Square Error 879328
Root Mean Square 937.7249
Model Estimation Section
Parameter Parameter Standard Prob
Name Estimate Error T-Value Level
AR() 0.5131242 0.0501308 10.2357 0.000000
AR() -0.9695802 0.1146326 -8.4582 0.000000
MA() 1.181032 0.5890707 2.0049 0.044973
ARIMA Report
Variable The_Volume_of_Oily_Waste__m3_-MEAN
Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of Parameters
AR() AR() MA()
AR() 1.000000 -0.943301 -0.278950
AR() -0.943301 1.000000 -0.052054
MA() -0.278950 -0.052054 1.000000
Forecast Section of The_Volume_of_Oily_Waste__m3_
Row Date Forecast Lower 95% Limit Upper 95% Limit
6 2013 10805.3 8595.1 13015.5
7 2014 9540.0 6268.6 12811.4
8 2015 3665.3 393.6 6937.1
9 2016 1877.8 -2129.7 5885.2

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Forecast and Data Plot
Fig 4.3b: Trend and forecast of the volumetric of oily waste handled in TCIP. Current data range fromJanuary 2008 (2008,
1) to December 2012 (2012, 12). Estimated data range from January 2013 (2013, 1) to December 2016 (2016, 12).
Autocorrelations of Residuals of The_Volume_of_Oily_Waste__m3_-MEAN
Lag Correlation Lag Correlation Lag Correlation Lag Correlation
1 0.163252 2 -0.095222
Significant if |Correlation|> 0.894427
Also, in this section, the researcher made used of the time series analysis. The
volumetric amount of oily wastes was estimated for the four year time period. The
volumetric amount of oily waste (which includes the summed total of bilge water,
slop, sludge, ballast water etc.) obtained from transit ships for current and
forecasting data were given in Figure 4.3b. According, to the results from the
forecast, the amount of oily waste will decrease with time. Although a sudden
upshot was observed in December, 2013 with a forecast of 10805.5m3. The lowest
and the highest amount of mean are estimated 1877.8m3 on December 2016, and
10805.5m3 on December 2013, respectively. It seems that the current data remains
same between the upper and lower limit value of the estimated data, then the

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researcher, rejects the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis and
conclude that the future volumetric amount of oil wastes forecasted is not
significantly different from the upper limit of mean estimated values.Hence, the
current holding capacities for oily wastes are adequate and capable of receiving
Annex I wastes (according to MARPOL73/78 regulation) from ships and fit for
that purpose of a reception facility at the Tin Can Island Port, Complex, Lagos.

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
Ship-generated wastes in Tin Can Island Port, acceptance has been done in
accordance with MARPOL 73/78 Regulations (although, mainly Annex I and
Annex V). Available data about number of ships and volumes of wastes from
transit ships are continual kept in a database, and provided via the NPA Annual
Statistics Reports. According to results obtained from the available data, total
volume of oily waste collected from ships increased from 2008 to 2009 but there
was a sudden decreased between 2010 and 2012. According to estimations figured
out by NCSS software; the collected amount of oily waste and garbage will
decrease based on the estimated data of January 2013 to December 2016. The
volumetric amount of wastes was estimated for the four-year time period.
The results of this study might be a use for some public and private organizations
conducting new Port planning studies. Although the results of this study indicated
that the model can be suitable to determine waste quantities at Tin Can Island Port
for the next four-year period, a more comprehensive work is recommended to
predict the future values of these parameters for extended time ranges.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Since ship-generated waste is the major source of marine litter worldwide, the
provision and improvement of adequate port reception facilities and services, along
with close cooperation between the West and Central Africa Members, will
contribute to reducing the generation of ship-generated waste and eventually to
protecting the coastal and marine environment in the West and Central Africa
region. In this regard, the West and Central Africa Members should enforce their
legislation and practices on the port reception facilities and services in compliance
with relevant international conventions such as MARPOL convention.
In the near future, the Tin Can Island Port need to (1) report their current status on
port reception facilities on a regular basis through the GISIS system which has
been developed by IMO (http://gisis.imo.org/Public/); (2) manage port reception
facilities to maintain the relevant equipments; (3) share and exchange relevant data
and information on port reception facilities among the West and Central Africa
members; and (4) educate port reception facility users, related companies and
organizations in order to facilitate the use of port reception facilities.
The Nigerian Ports Authority should co-operate with one another involving port
authorities, ship operators, port agents and waste collection service providers, in
order to improve port reception facilities and services for ship-generated waste in
the West and Central Africa. However, Nigerian Ports Authority must play an

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important function. The need to have data on the waste quantities received by ports
means that Port Authorities must gather information dealing with ships and agents
on one side and operators on the other side. At the same time, Nigerian Ports
Authority has to collect this information and to report reliable statistics to the West
and Central Africa. A listing of authorized Port Reception Facilities should be
published and diffuse besides detailed and clear transposing measures and clear
guidelines. Nigerian Ports Authority should also increase both the surveillance and
inspections on ports and organize official meetings with the stakeholders (ships,
shipping agents, waste operators and environmental authorities) concerning the
implementation of the Directives and the control of the marine pollution. Pollution
prevention requires the effort of all the States and should be discussed at IMO and
other worldwide forum in order to avoid the absence of most of the main oil
producers as the main international agreements (e.g. MARPOL) signing members
(see list of MARPOL Members’ State in the appendix page).

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5.3 CONCLUSION
From the investigation on the ship generated waste in Tin Can Island Port, it was
discovered that the port is adequate and may not at the moment needs expansion.
As the estimated data from the forecast reveals that there is no significant increase
of port reception facilities as the current holding capacities are adequate to contain
the future demand of ship-generated wastes. From the analyses of the research
questions and hypotheses, the researcher will conclude with the following
strategies to aid the Nigerian government;
 Polluter pays principle: This means that the polluter pays principle should
be applied.
 Mandatory discharge of waste in ports: Before leaving port, ships should
discharge all ship generated wastes to a port reception facility available.
Examples of exceptions from mandatory discharges are in case of
inadequate reception facilities and if the ship only carries minor amounts or
quantity of wastes, that is insignificant.
 Prevention of pollution from ships: Uniform requirements for the
provision of reception facilities for ship generated wastes should be applied.
 Prohibition of incineration of waste on board: Incineration of ship
generated wastes on board ships while at the port should be strictly
prohibited.

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 Notificationto port of a ship´s waste delivery: Ship should be given notice
to the port of its need to leave waste 24 hours prior to arrival (see appendix
for sample). If the voyage is less than 24 hours, the port must be notified
before leaving the previous port.
 Obligation to leave waste in ports: It should be mandatory for ships to
deliver waste in ports, otherwise however agreed upon some exemptions
under the conditions that it is possible to keep the waste on board until the
next port.

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