2. Section 1: Rhythms and Consciousness
Learning Goals
â˘Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What is consciousness and what are itâs two
levels?
2. What is explicit and implicit processing?
2
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
3. When we are awake we are?
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves
and our surroundings.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
6. How important is sleep to
humans? ď˛
Sleep is vital to mental health. ď˛
Peter Tripp found out that if a person
is deprived of sleep, he or she will
have psychological symptoms (although
not all people have symptoms as extreme
as Trippâs). ď˛
Most people think of sleep as a state
of unconsciousness, punctuated by
brief periods of dreaming; this is only
partially correct.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
7. Consciousness
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness,
characterized by certain patterns of
brain activity. ď˛
What is consciousness?
ď˛
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
8. â˘9.1 What are the different levels of consciousness?
Awareness of
everything
going
on
inside
and
outside
of you
onsciousness
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
10. Consciousness
Consciousness can range from alertness to
nonalertness. ď˛
People who are fully aware with their
attention focused on something are
conscious of that âsomething.â ď˛
A person who is not completely aware is in
a different level of consciousnessâan
altered state of consciousness. ď˛
Sleep illustrates an altered state of
consciousness.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
11. Freudâs Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
13. Processing
LO 9.2
What is the difference between explicit and implicit processing?
⢠Explicit processing - processing
that is conscious, in which you
are aware of your thought
process (effortful processing).
⢠Implicit processing - process that
happens without conscious
awareness (automatic
processing).
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
15. Necessity of Sleep
â˘9.4 What theories exist about the function of sleep?
â˘Circadian rhythm:
24 hour bodily rhythm
â˘Suprachiasmatic nucleus:
Internal clock tells
people wake up/fall
asleep
â˘Hypothalamus:
Tiny section of brain
influences glandular
system
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
17. Fun Fact: What is Sleep Onset?
⢠SLEEP ONSET
â The point of falling asleep and the brain
shutting down
â HYPNIC JERK- The feeling of falling as
your body goes to sleep- Brain and body not in
congruence
17
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
18. Necessity of Sleep
â Microsleeps: Sleep
lasting only a few
seconds
â Sleep deprivation: Sleep
loss that impairs
concentration and
results in irritability
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
19. Why We Sleep
â˘Adaptive theory:
Animals evolved sleep
patterns to avoid predators by
sleeping when predators are
most active.
ZZZ
â˘Restorative theory:
Sleep replenishes
chemicals and repairs
cellular damage.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
20. Why do we need sleep?
1. Ecological Niche: back in the day,
darkness meant death, those that slept
did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep
protects us.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
21. Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults
9.5 How does the sleep cycle work?
Source: Roffwarg, 1966
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
22. Sleep Cycle
⢠Use an EEG machine
to measure stages
of sleep.
⢠When you are the
onset of sleep you
experience alpha
waves.
⢠Produces mild
hallucinations, like a
feeling of falling.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
23. Stages of Sleep: Pre-Sleep
â Beta waves
(smaller/faster): Person is
wide awake and mentally
active
â Alpha waves
(larger/slower): Person is
relaxed or lightly sleeping
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
24. Stages of Sleep: Non-REM
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stages 3 and 4:
Theta waves; light
sleep; hypnic jerk;
hypnagogic images
Temperature, breathing
and heart rate decrease;
sleep spindles
Delta waves; growth
hormones released;
hard to wake up
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
25. Stage 1
⢠Kind of awake and
kind of asleep.
⢠Only lasts a few
minutes, and you
usually only
experience it once a
night.
⢠Your brain produces
Theta Waves.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
26. Stage 2
⢠More Theta Waves
that get
progressively
slower.
⢠Begin to show sleep
spindlesâŚshort
bursts of rapid
brain waves.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
27. Stages 3 and 4
⢠Slow wave sleep.
⢠You produce Delta
waves.
⢠If awoken you will
be very groggy.
⢠Vital for restoring
bodyâs growth
hormones and good
overall health.
From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you
go to stage 3, then 2âŚ.then âŚâŚ
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
28. Stages of Sleep: REM
â˘Rapid eye movement
(REM):
â Eyes moving under
eyelids
â 90% of dreaming
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
30. Stages of Sleep Through the Night
Source: Dement, 1974
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
31. Sleep and Brain FunctionsâŚ
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
32. WHY WE NEED REM SLEEP
⢠Paradoxical Sleep: Your body is paralyzed, but your mind,
hormones, heart and breathing are very active
â REM sleep increases the longer you sleep
â Babies spend about 50% of sleep time in REM
â You do not regulate your temperature during
REM sleep
⢠REM Sleep is what helps us process daily events into
memory & recharge our brains so we can think clearly.
⢠REM Rebound
â When you do not get enough REM sleep, the body dips
into REM quicker upon sleeping
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
32
33. Section 2: The Sleep Cycle
Reflect on Learning Goals
â˘Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?
2. What is sleepâs function?
Good
Good
Understanding
Understanding
Fair
Fair
Understanding
Understanding
Little
Little
Understanding
Understanding
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
33
Dreams
Hallucinogens
34. Sleep Cycle Review: Are you Smarter than the average 10
grader?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1.What type of brain waves do you have when you are awake, but
relaxed?
2.What happens to the brain waves during stage 2 sleep?
3.What is another name for stage 3 and 4 sleep?
4.Why is stage 3 and 4 sleep important?
5.What is another name for REM sleep?
6.What happens in REM sleep?
7.How long is the sleep cycle?
8.Why do babies need so much sleep?
9.In a normal sleep cycle when does most of the deep sleep occur?
10.What psychological phenomenon occurs if a person has been
deprived of REM sleep, but then gets a good nightâs sleep?
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
34
Dreams
Hallucinogens
35. Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams
Learning Goals
â˘Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How does sleep loss affect us?
2. What do we dream and what is the function of
dreaming?
35
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
37. Common Sleep Disorders- Continued
⢠Night terrorsâ Sudden arousal from sleep
with intense fear
accompanied by
physiological reactions
â Occurs during stage 4
â Mostly found in children
⢠Somnambulismâ Sleepwalking
â During the first two hours
of sleep in stages 3 & 4
â Usually gone by age 40
â May be caused by an
immature nervous system
âWait! Donât! It can be dangerous
to wake them.â
37
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
38. Dogs can sleepwalk too
LO 9.6
What are the different types of sleep disorders?
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
40. Can Sleepwalking be a Crime Defense?
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
41. Common Sleep Disorders
⢠Insomniaâ Having problems falling or staying asleep
â 10-15% of adults
â Becomes worse with sleeping pills and alcohol
â Causes: Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Health Problems
⢠Narcolepsyâ Urge to fall asleep; may occur while talking or standing up
â 1 in 2000 people
â Cataplexy- the sudden loss of muscle tone
â Possible reason: flu virus during third trimester
⢠Sleep Apneaâ Failure to breathe when asleep
â 1 in 20 people
â Mostly overweight men (snoring)- Can occur 400 times per night
41
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
46. Dreams
4.5 Why do people dream and what do they dream about?
â˘
Freud â dreams as
wish fulfillment
â Sigmund Freud
suggested that
dreams provide a
psychic safety valve
to discharge
unacceptable feelings.
The dreamâs manifest
(apparent) content
may also have
symbolic meanings
(latent content) that
signify our
unacceptable feelings.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
47. WHY DO WE DREAM?
⢠Information Processing:
â Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a dayâs
experiences in our memories.
⢠Activation-Synthesis Theory:
â Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of
random neural activity. Dreams make sense of
this activity. Explains sudden visual images
during REM
47
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
48. WHAT DO WE DREAM ABOUT?
⢠Negative Emotional Content
⢠8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional
content.
⢠Failure Dreams
⢠People commonly dream about failure, being
attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with
misfortune.
⢠Sexual Dreams:
⢠Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are
sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and
in women 1 in 30.
⢠Dreams of Gender:
⢠Women dream of men and women equally;
men dream more about men than women.
48
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
49. WHY DO WE DREAM?
49
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
50. Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams
Reflect on Learning Goals
â˘Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How does sleep loss affect us?
2. What do we dream and what is the function of
dreaming?
Good
Good
Understanding
Understanding
Fair
Fair
Understanding
Understanding
Little
Little
Understanding
Understanding
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
50
Dreams
Hallucinogens
Editor's Notes
Sleep is a circadian rhythm, lasting 24 hours, and is a product of the activity of the hypothalamus, the hormone melatonin, the neurotransmitter serotonin, and body temperature.
The average amount of sleep needed by most adults is about 7 to 9 hours within each 24-hour period.
Infants need far more sleep than older children and adults. Both REM sleep and NREM sleep decrease dramatically in the first 10 years of life, with the greatest decrease in REM sleep. Nearly 50 percent of an infantâs sleep is REM, compared to only about 20 percent for a normal, healthy adult.
We pass through a cycle of five sleep stages that total about 90 minutes. As we lie awake and relaxed, before we sleep, our EEG shows relatively slow alpha waves.
Stage 1 sleep is light sleep.
Stage 2 sleep is indicated by the presence of sleep spindles, bursts of activity on the EEG.
Stage 3 is highlighted by the first appearance of delta waves, the slowest and largest waves, whereas Stage 4 is predominantly delta waves, and the body is at its lowest level of functioning.
REM sleep occurs four or five times a night, replacing Stage 1 after a full cycle through Stages 1 through 4 and then back to Stage 1. It is accompanied by paralysis of the voluntary muscles but rapid movement of the eyes.
The graph shows the typical progression through the night of Stages 1â4 and REM sleep. Stages 1â4 are indicated on the y-axis, and REM stages are represented by the green curves on the graph. The REM periods occur about every 90 minutes throughout the night.
The graph shows the typical progression through the night of Stages 1â4 and Stage 1 REM sleep. Stages 1â4 are indicated on the x-axis, and REM stages are represented by darker bars on the graph. The REM periods occur about every 90 minutes throughout the night.
D
Nightmares are bad dreams, and some nightmares can be utterly terrifying. Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do because they spend more of their sleep in the REM state, as discussed earlier.
Rank orders these from most threatening to least threatening.
mostly children, experience night terrors. They sit up or walk around, talk incoherently, experience a doubling of heart and breathing rates, and appear terrified. Children also are most prone to sleepwalkin
Scott Falater, 43 years old, was accused of murdering his wife in 1997. A neighbor, looking over a fence, witnessed Scott holding his wifeâs head under water in the swimming pool. He called the police, who found a bloody pool and the body of Yamila Falater with 44 stab wounds. Falater had performed a series of very deliberate and time-consuming actions in cleaning up after the murder. But Falater claimed to be sleepwalking during all of these actions. Although sleep experts for the defense stated that Falaterâs story was possible, the prosecution pointed to marital troubles as motive. Most damaging to his case was the witness who stated that three weeks before the murder, Falater had been discussing the case of Kenneth Parks and Parksâs acquittal for murder based on a sleepwalking defense. The jury found Falater guilty of murder in the first degree and he was given a life sentence.
One in 10 adults, and 1 in 4 older adults, complain of insomniaâproblems in falling or staying asleep. Rarer but more severe than insomnia are the sleep disorders narcolepsy and sleep apnea. People with narcolepsy suffer periodic, overwhelming sleepiness, sometimes at the most inopportune times. The person sometimes collapses directly into a brief period of REM sleep. Those who suffer sleep apnea (mostly overweight men) intermittently stop breathing during sleep. After an airless minute or so, decreased blood oxygen arouses the sleeper to snort in air for a few seconds.
Rank orders these from most threatening to least threatening.
Our dreams are mostly of ordinary events; they often relate to everyday experiences and more frequently involve anxiety or misfortune than triumphant achievement. The story line of our dreamsâwhat Sigmund Freud called their manifest contentâsometimes incorporates traces of previous daysâ experiences and preoccupations. Only 1 in 10 dreams among young men and 1 in 30 among young women have sexual overtones. The sensory stimuli of our environment may also intrude on our dreams.
Freud believed that a dreamâs manifest content is a censored version of its latent content, which gratifies our unconscious wishes.
Freud â dreams as wish fulfillment.
Manifest content â the actual dream itself.
Latent content â the true, hidden meaning of a dream.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis - explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Activation-information-mode model (AIM) - revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
Cartoon: ŠThe New Yorker Collection 1973 Dana Fradon from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved.
The information-processing perspective suggests that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory. Some physiological theories propose that REM- induced regular brain stimulation helps develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain. The activation-synthesis explanation is that REM sleep triggers impulses in brain areas that process visual images, but not the visual cortex area, evoking visual images that our brain weaves into a story line. The brain-maturation/cognitive development perspective maintains that dreams repre- sent the dreamerâs level of development, knowledge, and understanding. Despite their differences, most theorists agree that REM sleep and its associated dreams serve an important function, as shown by the REM rebound that occurs following REM deprivation.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis - explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
The information-processing perspective suggests that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory. Some physiological theories propose that REM- induced regular brain stimulation helps develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain. The activation-synthesis explanation is that REM sleep triggers impulses in brain areas that process visual images, but not the visual cortex area, evoking visual images that our brain weaves into a story line. The brain-maturation/cognitive development perspective maintains that dreams repre- sent the dreamerâs level of development, knowledge, and understanding. Despite their differences, most theorists agree that REM sleep and its associated dreams serve an important function, as shown by the REM rebound that occurs following REM deprivation.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis - explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
