4. Chapter 4 Module 10:Hypnosis
Learning Goals
•Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What is hypnosis, and what powers does a
hypnotist have over hypnotized subjects?
2. Is hypnosis an extension of normal
consciousness or an altered state?
4
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
5. Hypnosis
• Hypnosis
• A social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to
another (the subject) that certain
perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
• Posthypnotic Suggestion:
Anton
Mesmer’s
Animal
Magnetis
m
• Suggestion carried out after the subject is
no longer hypnotized
• Works well for weight loss
• Posthypnotic Amnesia:
• Supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
• Age Regression:
• studies show Recalling memories
from an earlier time doesn’t work
5
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
6. Four Elements of Hypnosis
1
Person told to focus on what is being said
2
Person told to relax and feel tired
3
Person told to accept suggestions
4
Person told to use vivid imagination
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
7. Hypnotic Theories
Role Theory
State Theory
• Hypnosis is NOT an
altered state of
consciousness.
• Different people have
various state of hypnotic
suggestibility.
• A social phenomenon
where people want to
believe.
• Work better on people
with richer fantasy lives.
• Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness.
• Dramatic health
benefits
• It works for pain best.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
8. Dissociation Theory
• Theory by Ernest
Hilgard.
• We voluntarily divide
our consciousness up.
• Ice Water Experiment.
• We have a hidden
observer, a level of us
that is always aware.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
10. Facts and Fiction of Hypnosis
10
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
11. Section 4: Hypnosis
Reflect on Learning Goals
•Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What is hypnosis, and what powers does a
hypnotist have over hypnotized subjects?
2. Is hypnosis an extension of normal
consciousness or an altered state?
Good
Good
Understanding
Understanding
Fair
Fair
Understanding
Understanding
Little
Little
Understanding
Understanding
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
11
Dreams
Hallucinogens
12. Section 4: Test Your Knowledge
Hypnosis is best described as a state that
A. give the hypnotist complete control over the thoughts and
emotions of the individual
B. Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual
C. Is similar to an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D. Is similar to the condition produced by excessive alcohol
consumption
E. Is similar to the REM stage of sleep
Under hypnosis, Jerry is able to withstand pain without showing any
outward signs of discomfort. However, when asked to signal if some part
of his consciousness is aware of the pain, he raises his hand. Which of
the following is a theory that best explains Jerry’s behavior?
A. Dissociation
B. State
C. Role
12
D. Social influence
E. Age regression Stages
Conscious
Sleep
REM
Disorders
Legal
Dreams
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
13. What are Human Factors?
• Human factors is the study
of how to make machines
and objects interface
better with humans based
on perception.
• Also know as ergonomics
• Examples:
• Car Stereo Controls
• Oven/Stove Knobs
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
13
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
15. Is There Extrasensory Perception?
Perception without sensory input is called
extrasensory perception (ESP). A large
percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
15
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
16. Claims of ESP
Paranormal phenomena include astrological
predictions, psychic healing, communication
with the dead, and out-of-body experiences, but
most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and
precognition.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
16
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
17. Claims of ESP
1. Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication.
One person sending thoughts and the other
receiving them.
2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events,
such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.
3. Precognition: Perceiving future events,
such as a political leader’s death.
“Visions of psychics that help the police
solve crimes are no more accurate than
guesses”
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
17
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
Editor's Notes
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Make sure that the room is quiet and relatively free from distracters. Once this has been done, give the students instructions that include some or all of the following. Keep in mind that you will need about 3 or four minutes to complete this activity.
Slowly close your eyes.
Take slow, deep breaths in and out. Inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth-very slowly, so as not to induce dizziness.
Breath rhythmically. (Students may need to be reminded of this throughout the exercise.)
Focus on the “mind focusing sound.” (Music has been provided for you. However, you may choose another sound if it is more to your liking.)
Focus on a single idea. It could be a word or picture or something else. (Encourage students to focus on this thought singularly throughout the exercise but not to worry if other thoughts intrude.)
Relax the body. First the neck, then the arms, then the hands, etc. One body part at a time.
At the end of the exercise, have students slowly open their eyes. Then have them take their pulse rate again. Go through the same timing procedure that you went through prior to the relaxation exercise. Have students compare their pulse rates before and after. This is a good place to open up a dialogue about the power that the mind has over the body and the role of psychology in maintaining physical health.
Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the sub- ject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
People who are highly hypnotizable frequently become deeply absorbed in imaginative activities. They have the ability to focus attention totally on a task. Hypnosis does not enhance recall of for- gotten events and may even foster false memories. Research indicates that hypnotized people can- not be made to act against their will any more than nonhypnotized people can and that hypnosis can be at least temporarily therapeutic. Posthypnotic suggestions have helped people to reduce headaches, asthma, stress-related skin disorders, and behaviors related to obesity. However, drug, alcohol, and smoking addictions have not responded well to hypnosis. Hypnotizable people can enjoy significant pain relief.
Four Elements of Hypnosis:
The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
The person is told to relax and feel tired.
The hypnotist tells the person to “let go” and accept suggestions easily.
The person is told to use vivid imagination.
One theory finds the answer to pain relief in dissociation, a split between different levels of consciousness.
The belief that hypnosis produces a dissociation gains support from the fact that hypnotized subjects sometimes carry out suggested behaviors on cue, even when they believe no one is watching them. Furthermore, hypnosis is accompanied by distinctive brain activity. The divided- consciousness theory of hypnosis argues that hypnosis involves dissociation that is more extreme than the everyday dissociations that occur in our information processing. Hilgard suggests that dissociation accounts for a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences that go unreported during hypnosis.
Other psychologists argue that hypnosis is a by-product of normal social and cognitive processes and thus not a unique state of consciousness. These advocates of social influence theory note that behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them. “Hypnotized” people may be acting the role of “good hypnotic subjects” and allowing the hypno- tist to direct their fantasies. Evidence for this view comes from experiments in which the researcher tells hypnotized subjects that hypnosis reveals their gullibility, and they stop responding as directed. Most recently, researchers are moving toward a unified account of hypnosis, a merging of the two views.
#1) B, # 2) A
OBJECTIVE 17| Identify the three most testable forms of ESP, and explain why most research psychologists remain, skeptical of ESP.
