Nuclear physics involves understanding atoms through experiments like Rutherford's gold foil experiment which showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by empty space. Radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays is used in applications such as cancer treatment, electricity generation, and radiocarbon dating which relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14 to determine the age of ancient materials.

1. Nuclear Physics

2. Shortcut to AtomicBombTest

3. RADIATION ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION NUCLEAR RADIATION RADIO LIGHT IR UV X ray ALPHA particles BETA particles GAMMA rays

4. Using Nuclear Radiation

5. Cancer Therapy

6. Electricity Production

7. Smoke Detectors

8. Sterilisation

9. Radiocarbon Dating

10. Radioactive Tracers

11. Thickness Monitoring

13. The Dalton Model In about 1810, James Dalton decided that matter was made of tiny, solid , spherical particles called atoms.

15. Electron microscope picture of Carbon Atoms

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2–19 Rutherford's Experiment On α-Particle Bombardment of Metal Foil Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2–19 Rutherford's Experiment On α-Particle Bombardment of Metal Foil Thomson’s Model

18. The Rutherford Model

25. detector Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

26. What they expected to happen: GOLD FOIL

27. What did happen: GOLD FOIL

29. Expected Results Actual Results

31. Rutherford’s Atom

36. Physicists realised the nucleus was made of two types of nucleons . Protons and Neutrons. What stops them flying apart? The strong nuclear force!!! extension… Now we’ll look closer at the nucleus

38. Isotopes : Atoms of an element with different number of neutrons e.g.

41. Write the equation for the alpha decay of Radium to Radon Alpha Decay

42. Beta Decay

47. Positive ion

48. Sorting by Absorption Paper 1mm Lead

54. Berillium amount Time 16 g Now 8 g after one half life 4 g after two half lifes 1 HL 2 HL 3 HL 4 HL Boron amount

66. State what an alpha particle is. 12 years beta particle hydrogen-3 24 minutes beta particle uranium-239 less than 1 second alpha particle polonium-213 138 days alpha particle polonium-210 74 days gamma ray iridium-192 6 days gamma ray technetium-99 Half-life Type of radiation emitted Isotope

67. Two isotopes of polonium are given in the table. How do the nuclei of these two isotopes differ? 12 years beta particle hydrogen-3 24 minutes beta particle uranium-239 less than 1 second alpha particle polonium-213 138 days alpha particle polonium-210 74 days gamma ray iridium-192 6 days gamma ray technetium-99 Half-life Type of radiation emitted Isotope

68. A doctor needs to monitor the blood flow through a patient’s heart. She injects a radioactive isotope into the patient’s bloodstream. Explain why she would choose technetium-99 instead of the other isotopes listed in the table above. 12 years beta particle hydrogen-3 24 minutes beta particle uranium-239 less than 1 second alpha particle polonium-213 5 seconds gamma ray Strontium 91 74 days gamma ray iridium-192 6 days gamma ray technetium-99 Half-life Type of radiation emitted Isotope