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Chapter 10
                                                 *Lecture Animation
                                                 PowerPoint

                                                 The Muscular System
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Structural and Functional
          Organization of Muscles
• About 600 human skeletal muscles
• Constitute about half of our body weight
• Three kinds of muscle tissue
   – Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Specialized for one major purpose
   – Converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical
     energy of motion
• Myology—the study of the muscular system


                                                                 10-2
The Functions of Muscles
• Movement
  – Move from place to place, movement of body parts and
    body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and
    digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth
  – Role in communication: speech, writing, nonverbal
    communications

• Stability
  – Maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements
  – Antigravity muscles: resist pull of gravity and prevent us
    from falling or slumping over
  – Stabilize joints


                                                                 10-3
The Functions of Muscles

• Control of openings and passageways
   – Sphincters: internal muscular rings that control the
     movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within
     the body
• Heat production by skeletal muscles
   – As much as 85% of our body heat
• Glycemic control
   – Regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal
     range




                                                                 10-4
Connective Tissues of a Muscle
  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




                       Tendon




                       Fascia



           Skeletal
           muscle


            Muscle
            fascicle
           Nerve
            Blood vessels
           Epimysium

            Perimysium                                                 Figure 10.1a
            Endomysium
            Muscle fiber




                            Muscle fascicle


                           Perimysium


                           Muscle fiber



                 (a)
                                                                                                 10-5
Connective Tissues and Fascicles
• Endomysium
  – Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle
    fiber
  – Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each
    muscle fiber
  – Provides extracellular chemical environment for the muscle
    fiber and its associated nerve ending

• Perimysium
  – Slightly thicker layer of connective tissue
  – Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
  – Carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors



                                                                   10-6
Connective Tissues and Fascicles
• Epimysium
  – Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
  – Outer surface grades into the fascia
  – Inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form
    perimysium

• Fascia
  – Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles
    or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue




                                                                10-7
Fascicles and Muscle Shapes
                                            Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


                                                                            Unipennate
                                          T riangular                                                          Bipennate
                    Parallel                                                                                                                  Multipennate
Fusiform

       Tendon
                                                                                                                                                                    Circular



            Belly



                                       Pectoralis major
                                                                    Palmar interosseous
           Tendon
                                                                                                        Rectus femoris
                    Rectus abdominis                                                                                                       Deltoid
 Biceps brachii                                                                                                                                              Orbicularis oculi
                                                              Figure 10.2


           • Strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are
             determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles

                                                                                                                                                                                 10-8
Muscle Compartments
                Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




                              Anterior
                         Lateral Medial
                                                                                                   Tibia
                                                                                                   Fibula
                            Posterior                                                              Interosseous
                                                                                                   membrane
                                                                                                   Artery, veins,
                                                                                                   and nerve
                                                                                                   Intermuscular
                                                                                                   septa
                                                                                                    Fasciae

          Key
                                                                                                    Subcutaneous
             Anterior compartment                                                                   fat
             Lateral compartment
             Posterior compartment,
             deep layer
             Posterior compartment,
                                                                                                                    Figure 10.3
             superficial layer




• A group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated
  from others by connective tissue fascia
• Contains nerves, blood vessels that supply the muscle group
   – Thoracic, abdominal walls, pelvic floor, limbs
• Intermuscular septa separate one compartment from another
                                                                                                                                  10-9
Muscle Attachments
• Indirect attachment to bone
  – Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony
    attachment
     • Collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue
       into the tendon
     • From there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone
     • Very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone
     • Biceps brachii, Achilles tendon
     • Aponeurosis—tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar
       aponeurosis)
     • Retinaculum—connective tissue band that tendons from
       separate muscles pass under


                                                                     10-10
Ex. Palmar Aponeurosis
Muscle Origins and Insertions
                                       Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Origin
   – Bony attachment at
     stationary end of muscle    Origins                                                                               Origins

                                                                                                                       Humerus
                                 Scapula

• Belly                                                                                                                Bellies



   – Thicker, middle region of     Extensors:                                                                         Flexors:

     muscle between origin
                                     Triceps brachii                                                                    Biceps brachii
                                      Long head                                                                          Brachialis
                                      Lateral head
     and insertion

• Insertion                                                                                                           Insertion
                                                                                                                      Radius

   – Bony attachment to          Insertion                                                                            Ulna


     mobile end of muscle
                                                                Figure 10.4
                                                                                                                                 10-12
Muscle Origin and Insertions

• Also can be determined by proximal or distal or
  superior and inferior attachments, especially on
  limbs (nontraditional)

• Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or
  tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of
  the dermis
   – Distal tendon of the biceps brachii inserts on the fascia of
     the forearm
   – Facial muscles insert in the skin


                                                                    10-13
Functional Groups of Muscles

• Action—the effects produced by a muscle
   – To produce or prevent movement

• Four categories depending on action
   – Prime mover (agonist)
      • Muscle that produces most of force during a joint action
   – Synergist: muscle that aids the prime mover
      • Stabilizes the nearby joint
      • Modifies the direction of movement


                                                                   10-14
Functional Groups of Muscles

Cont.
  – Antagonist: opposes the prime mover
        • Relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
        • Preventing excessive movement and injury
        • Antagonistic pairs—muscles that act on opposite sides of a
          joint

  – Fixator: muscle that prevents movement of bone




                                                                 10-15
Functional Groups of Muscles
      Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.



                                                                                                        • Prime mover—brachialis
Origins                                                                               Origins


Scapula
                                                                                      Humerus           • Synergist—biceps brachii
                                                                                      Bellies



  Extensors:                                                                         Flexors:
                                                                                                        • Antagonist—triceps brachii
    Triceps brachii                                                                    Biceps brachii
     Long head
                                                                                        Brachialis
     Lateral head

                                                                                                        • Fixator—muscle that holds
                                                                                                          scapula firmly in place
                                                                                     Insertion

Insertion
                                                                                     Radius                – Rhomboids
                                                                                     Ulna


                               Figure 10.4

                                                                                                                                       10-16
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles
    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.



                                                                                      • Intrinsic muscles—
                                                                                        entirely contained                       Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




                                                                               Common
                                                                               flexor
                                                                                        within a region, such                  Tendon sheath                                                                 First dorsal
                                                                                                                                                                                                             interosseous


                                                                                        as the hand
                                                                                                                               Tendon of flexor
                                                                               tendon                                          digitorum profundus
                                                                                                                                                                                                             Adductor
                                                                                                                                                                                                             pollicis
                                                                                                                                Tendon of flexor


                                                                                                      – Both its origin and
                                                                                                                                digitorum superficialis                                                       Tendon of flexor
                                                                                                                               Lumbricals                                                                     pollicis longus

                                                                Flexor
                                                                                                        insertion there
                                                                                                                               Opponens
                                                                                                                               digiti minimi                                                                 Flexor pollicis
                                                                digitorum                                                                                                                                    brevis
                                                                                                                               Flexor digiti
                                                                superficialis                                                                                                                                Abductor pollicis
                                                                                                                                                                                                             brevis
                                                                                                                               Abductor digiti
                                                                Flexor                                                         minimi                                                                        Opponens pollicis

                                                                pollicis longus
                                                                                                   • Extrinsic muscles—
                                                                                                                               Flexor retinaculum
                                                                                                                                                                                                            T endons of:
                                                                                                                              Tendons of:                                                                      Abductor pollicis
                                                                                                                                Flexor carpi ulnaris                                                           longus


                                                                                                     act on a designated
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Flexor carpi
                                                                                                                               Flexor digitorum
                                                                                                                                                                                                              radialis
                                                                                                                               superficialis
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Flexor pollicis


                                                                                                     region, but has its
                                                                                                                               Palmaris longus                                                                 longus
                                       Flexor
                                       digitorum                                                                                                          (a) Palmar aspect, superficial

                                       superficialis
                                       tendons
                                                                                                     origin elsewhere                             Figure 10.31a
                                       Flexor
                                       digitorum
                                                                                                      – Fingers: extrinsic
                                       profundus
                                       tendons
                                                                                                        muscles in the
                                                                                                        forearm
(b) Intermediate flexor



 Figure 10.28b                                                                                                                                                                                                                  10-17
Muscle Innervation
• Innervation of a muscle—refers to the identity of the
  nerve that stimulates it
   – Enables the diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem
     injuries from their effects on muscle function


• Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
   –   Emerge through intervertebral foramina
   –   Immediately branch into a posterior and anterior ramus
   –   Innervate muscles below the neck
   –   Plexus: weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to the
       vertebral column

                                                                  10-18
Neuromuscular Junction
                   High Magnification




Skeletal muscle fiber   Axon of motor nerve   Motor end plate
Muscle Innervation

• Cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain
   – Emerge through skull foramina
   – Innervate the muscles of the head and neck
   – Numbered CN I to CN XII




                                                    10-20
Blood Supply

• Muscular system receives about 1.24 L of blood per
  minute at rest (one-quarter of the blood pumped by
  the heart)

• During heavy exercise total cardiac output rises and
  the muscular system’s share is more than three-
  quarters (11.6 L/min)

• Capillaries branch extensively through the
  endomysium to reach every muscle fiber
                                                         10-21
The Muscular System
                    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.                                                 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


                                                      Superficial       Deep                                                                                                                          Deep       Superficial


                Frontalis

                   Orbicularis oculi                                                                                                                                                                                                             Occipitalis
                                                                                                              Masseter
                   Zygomaticus major                                                                                                                  Semispinalis capitis
                                                                                                               Orbicularis oris
                                                                                                                                                     Sternocleidomastoid
                                                                                                               Sternocleidomastoid                   Splenius capitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Trapezius
   Platysma                                                                                                   Trapezius                              Levator scapulae
                                                                                                               Pectoralis minor                      Supraspinatus
                                                                                                                                          Rhomboideus minor
   Deltoid                                                                                                     Coracobrachialis           Rhomboideus major
  Pectoralis major                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Infraspinatus
                                                                                                               Serratus anterior         Deltoid (cut)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Teres minor
                                                                                                               Brachialis                Infraspinatus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Teres major
  Biceps brachii                                                                                                                          Serratus anterior
                                                                                                               Rectus abdominis                                                                                                                          Triceps brachii
                                                                                                                                          Triceps brachii (cut)
                                                                                                              Supinator
                                                                                                                                          Serratus posterior inferior                                                                                    Latissimus dorsi
                                                                                                               Flexor digitorum                                                                                                                          Extensor carpi
                                                                                                               profundus                  External abdominal oblique
  Brachioradialis                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        radialis longus
                                                                                                                Flexor pollicis longus    Internal abdominal oblique                                                                                     and brevis
  Flexor carpi radialis                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  External abdominal
                                                                                                               Transverse abdominal       Erector spinae                                                                                                 oblique
  External abdominal
                                                                                                               Internal abdominal                                                                                                                        Extensor digitorum
  oblique                                                                                                                                 Flexor carpi ulnaris                                                                                           Gluteus medius
                                                                                                               oblique
  Tensor
                                                                                                               Pronator quadratus         Extensor digitorum (cut)                                                                                        Extensor carpi ulnaris
  fasciae latae
                                                                                                                                          Gluteus minimus                                                                                                Gluteus maximus

                                                                                                                                         Lateral rotators

                                                                                                                                           Adductor
               Adductor longus
                                                                                                                                           magnus
              Sartorius                                                                           Adductors                                                                                                                                     Gracilis
               Rectus femoris                                                                      Vastus lateralis                        Iliotibial band                                                                                       Semitendinosus
               Vastus lateralis                                                                    Vastus intermedius                       Semimembranosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Iliotibial band
               Vastus medialis                                                                    Gracilis                                  Biceps femoris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Biceps femoris



                                                                                                                                                    Gastrocnemius (cut)

                                                                                                                                                   Soleus (cut)
               Fibularis longus                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Gastrocnemius
                                                                                                  Gastrocnemius
                                                                                                                                                    Tibialis posterior
                                                                                                                                                    Flexor digitorum longus
               Tibialis anterior                                                                  Soleus                                                                                                                                        Soleus
                                                                                                                                                     Extensor hallucis longus
                                                                                                   Extensor digitorum                               Fibularis longus
                Extensor digitorum longus                                                         longus
                                                                                                                                                    Calcaneal tendon




Figure 10.5a                                             (a) Anterior view
                                                                                                                                   Figure 10.5b                                                      (b) Posterior view                                                    10-22
The Human Muscular System
Please view the photographs of the human muscular system in
the slides beyond this point. Look for muscles you have
identified in the cat. Compare the anatomy of the human with
the anatomy of the cat. Think about how they compare. How
are they the same? How are they different? What is the
reason for these differences?

You will not be tested on the photographs.
Masseter
            origin




           insertion
Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing
•   Hyoid muscles—suprahyoid group
•   Aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing
•   Eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone
•   Digastric—opens mouth widely
•   Geniohyoid—depresses mandible
•   Mylohyoid—elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
•   Stylohyoid—elevates hyoid
                                    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

                                                                     Superficial        Deep




                               Digastric:
                               Anterior belly
                               Posterior belly
                Suprahyoid
                group
                               Stylohyoid
                               Mylohyoid                                                                                     Hyoid bone
                                                                                                                              Common carotid artery
                 Levator scapulae                                                                                             Internal jugular vein

                                                                                                                             Thyrohyoid               Infrahyoid
                               Sternohyoid
                Infrahyoid     Omohyoid:                                                                                                              group
                                                                                                                             Sternothyroid
                group          Superior belly
                               Inferior belly
                Sternocleidomastoid                                                                                          Clavicle




                                                                                                                     Figure 10.11a
                                                                            (a) Anterior view

                                                                                                                                                                   10-25
Suprahyoid Group - Digastric




                                     Origin
                                  Anterior Belly




                    Origin
                Posterior Belly
Suprahyoid Group - Geniohyoid



                      origin



                          insertion
Suprahyoid Group - Mylohyoid




                     origin




                     insertion
Suprahyoid Group - Stylohyoid


                  origin




                           insertion
Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing
•   Hyoid muscles—infrahyoid group
•   Fix hyoid bone from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth
•   Omohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation
•   Sternohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation
•   Thyrohyoid—depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
•   Sternothyroid—depresses larynx after elevation
                  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




        Stylohyoid
                                                                                                     Digastric (posterior belly)
        Hyoglossus
                                                                                                     Splenius capitis
        Mylohyoid
         Digastric                                                                                  Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
         (anterior belly)                                                                            Sternocleidomastoid
        Hyoid bone
                                                                                                      Trapezius
        Thyrohyoid
                                                                                                     Levator scapulae
         Omohyoid
         (superior belly)                                                                            Scalenes
        Sternothyroid                                                                                Omohyoid (inferior belly)


                                                                                                                                   Figure 10.11b
        Sternohyoid

                                                 (b) Lateral view                                                                                  10-30
Infrahyoid Group - Omohyoid
Infrahyoid Group - Omohyoid
                    origin




                      insertion
Infrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid
Infrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid

                   origin - clavicle




                    insertion - hyoid
Infrahyoid Group -Thyrohyoid
Infrahyoid Group -Thyrohyoid




                   insertion
Infrahyoid Group - Sternothyroid
Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing
                                 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




                                                                                                  Styloid process
        Palatoglossus                                                                             Mastoid process

        Styloglossus                                                                               Posterior belly of digastric (cut)

                                                                                                   Superior pharyngeal constrictor (cut)
        Inferior longitudinal
        muscle of tongue
                                                                                     Stylohyoid
                                                                                      Middle pharyngeal constrictor
        Genioglossus
                                                                                     Hyoglossus

        Mylohyoid (cut)
                                                                                     Hyoid bone

        Geniohyoid

                                Larynx


                                                                                      Inferior pharyngeal constrictor


                                                                                     Esophagus

Figure 10.9
                                Trachea




• Pharynx: three pairs pharyngeal constrictors
   – Encircle pharynx forming a muscular funnel
   – During swallowing, drive food into the esophagus
                                                                                                                                           10-38
Muscles Acting on the Head
                                                      Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




• Neck flexors
   – Sternocleidomastoid
   – Scalenes          Superior nuchal line


                               Semispinalis capitis


• Neck extensors               Sternocleidomastoid



   – Trapezius            Longissimus capitis
                         Longissimus cervicis

   – Splenius capitis     Trapezius


   – Semispinalis capitis

                                                             Figure 10.12

                                                                                                                                                     10-39
Neck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid
Neck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid

                       insertion




                           origin
Neck Extensor - Trapezius
Neck Extensor - Trapezius
Trapezius


                  origins




            insertions
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
External Intercostals
origins          insertions
Internal Intercostals
Lateral Abdominal Muscles
External abdominal   Internal abdominal   Transverse abdominis
      oblique              oblique
External Abdominal Oblique




                 inguinal ring
Internal Abdominal Oblique &
   Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis
 Tendinous
intersections       Linea alba   insertions
Superficial Back Muscles –
         Trapezius
Superficial Back Muscles –
         Trapezius
                   insertion




                          origins
Superficial Back Muscles –
    Latissimus Dorsi
Superficial Back Muscles –
    Latissimus Dorsi
                             insertion




                origins
Superficial Back Muscles –
    Levator Scapulae
Superficial Back Muscles –
    Levator Scapulae
               origin


                        insertion
Superficial Back Muscles –
  Rhomboideous Major
Superficial Back Muscles –
         Rhomboideous Major
                               origin




insertion
Superficial Back Muscles –
  Rhomboideous Minor
Superficial Back Muscles –
  Rhomboideous Minor
                         origin




 insertion
Intermediate Back Muscle
Serratus Posterior Superior & Inferior
Deep Back Muscles –
Iliocostalis of Erector Spinae
Deep Back Muscles –
Longissimus of Erector Spinae
                        origin   insertion
Deep Back Muscles –
Spinalis of Erector Spinae
                       origin   insertion
Deep Back Muscles –
Semispinalis Thoracis
Deep Back Muscles –
 Semispinalis Capitis
Deep Back Muscles –
 Semispinalis Capitis
           origin




                        insertion
Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and
         the Upper Limb
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
     Pectoralis Minor
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
         Pectoralis Minor
                            origins
insertion
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
     Serratus Anterior
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
        Serratus Anterior
insertion
                             origins
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
        Trapezius
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
           Trapezius

insertions



                        origins
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
     Levator Scapulae
Levator Scapulae
  origin




           insertion
Muscles Acting on Scapula –
Rhomboideus Major & Minor
Muscles acting on Scapula –
Rhomboideus Major & Minor
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
      Pectoralis Major
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
      Pectoralis Major   insertion



origins
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
      Latissimus Dorsi
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
         Latissimus Dorsi
insertion



                         origins
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
          Deltoid
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
             Deltoid
insertion



                         origins
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
        Teres Major
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
        Teres Major
 insertion




                              origin
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
      Coracobrachialis
                     origin




                              insertion
Anterior View of Cadaver Chest
                     Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




Deltoid
Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii:
 Long head
 Short head

Serratus anterior


External
abdominal
oblique

 (a) Anterior view
                                     © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections




                                    Figure 10.24a
                                                                                                                             10-92
Back Muscles of Cadaver
                     Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




Levator scapulae

Rhomboideus
minor
Rhomboideus
major

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Medial border
of scapula



Teres major




Triceps brachii:
Lateral head

Long head



Latissimus dorsi




(b) Posterior view
                      © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections



              Figure 10.24b                                                                                         10-93
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
        Rotator Cuff - Supraspinatus
                 origin




insertion
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
        Rotator Cuff - Infraspinatus

            origin



insertion
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
             Rotator Cuff –Teres Minor


insertion
                   origin
Muscles Acting on Humerus –
Rotator Cuff - Subscapularis
                            insertion




                   origin
Muscles Acting on Forearm
Bellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii


                                       Long Head



       Principal
        Flexor




                                       Short Head
Muscles Acting on Forearm
Bellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii
                  origin      origin
                long head   short head




                                         insertion
Muscles Acting on Forearm
 Bellies in Brachium - Brachialis




                           insertion




                  origin
Muscles Acting on Forearm
          Bellies in Brachium – Triceps Brachii




                            insertion
          origin
           long
          head
                   origin
                   medial
                    head




 origin
lateral
 head
Muscles Acting on Forearm
Bellies in Antebrachium – Brachioradialis




                  origin


                              insertion
Muscles Acting on Forearm
Bellies in Antebrachium – Pronators
  Pronator teres         Pronator quadratus
Pronator Teres



                             origins




insertion
Pronator Quadratus




                                 origin
insertion
Muscles Acting on Forearm
  Bellies in Antebrachium – Supinator



origin

                           insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
 Anterior Compartment      – Flexor Carpi Radialis




               insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
 Anterior Compartment   – Flexor Carpi Ulnaris




                                           origin



          insertion




                                   posterior
                                     view
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
          Anterior Compartment
     Flexor Digitorum Superficialis




          insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
   Anterior Compartment   Palmaris Longus

                                 Palmaris longus tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
                   Anterior Compartment
               Flexor Digitorum Profundus




         tendons

                                          origin




insertions
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
              Anterior Compartment
            Flexor Pollicus Longus




insertion                            origins
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
          Posterior Compartment
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
                Posterior Compartment
          Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus




                              insertion
 origin                                    tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
         Posterior Compartment
    Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis




                                 insertion
                 tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
          Posterior Compartment
         Extensor Carpi Ulnaris




                              insertion
origin
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
         Posterior Compartment
        Extensor Digitorum




                tendon           insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
         Posterior Compartment
       Extensor Digiti Minimi




                 tendon          insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
       Posterior Compartment -deep
      Abductor Pollicus Longus




          origin                     insertion
                         tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
       Posterior Compartment -deep
           Extensor Indicis




              tendon
                             origin   insertion
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
       Posterior Compartment -deep
      Extensor Pollicis Longus




                          origin     insertion
            tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
       Posterior Compartment -deep
       Extensor Pollicis Brevis




                                     insertion
                            origin
           tendon
Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand
          Posterior Compartment
    Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus




              tendon
                             origin   insertion
Flexor & Extensor Retinaculum



      flexor        extensor
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

                                                                                                      Repetitive motions cause
  Tendon of flexor
  digitorum
  superficialis
                                                                                                         inflammation and
  Lumbrical
                                                                                                        pressure on median
                                                                                                                nerve
  Opponens
  digiti minimi
                                                                                               Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

                                                                Adductor
  Flexor digiti                                                 pollicis
  minimi brevis                                                                                   Tendon sheath                                                First dorsal
                                                                Flexor pollicis                                                                                interosseous
                                                                brevis
                                                                                                  Tendon of flexor                                             Adductor
  Abductor digiti
                                                                                                  digitorum profundus                                          pollicis
  minimi
                                                                                                  Tendon of flexor
                                                                Abductor pollicis                 digitorum superficialis                                      Tendon of flexor
                                                                brevis
                                                                                                  Lumbricals                                                   pollicis longus
  Pisiform bone                                                 Tendon of extensor                 Opponens
                                                                pollicis brevis                    digiti minimi                                               Flexor pollicis
                                                                                                                                                               brevis
                                                                                                   Flexor digiti
  Flexor digitorum                                                                                 minimi brevis                                               Abductor pollicis
  superficialis                                                 Tendon of flexor                                                                               brevis
                                                                                                  Abductor digiti
                                                                carpi radialis                    minimi                                                       Opponens pollicis
                                                                                                 Flexor retinaculum
                                                                                                                                                                Tendons of:
                      (b) Palmar dissection, superficial                                          Tendons of:                                                   Abductor pollicis
                                                                                                  Flexor carpi ulnaris                                          longus
                                                                                                                                                                Flexor carpi
                                                                                                   Flexor digitorum

                                   Figure 10.31b
                                                                                                                                                                radialis
                                                                                                   superficialis
                                                                                                                                                                Flexor pollicis
                                                                                                   Palmaris longus                                              longus

                                                                                                                         (a) Palmar aspect, superficial



                                                                                                               Figure 10.31a                                                        10-125
Thenar Group
         Adductor pollicis
origin                       insertion




                10-126
Thenar Group
         Abductor pollicis brevis
origin                              insertion




                   10-127
Thenar Group
         Flexor pollicis brevis
origin                            insertion




                  10-128
Thenar Group
         Opponens pollicis
origin                       insertion




                10-129
Hypothenar Group
         Abductor digiti minimi
origin                            insertio
                                     n




                                  posterior
                  10-130
                                    view
Hypothenar Group
   Flexor digiti minimi brevis
origin                      insertion




                          posterior view
               10-131
Hypothenar Group
     Opponens digiti minimi

origin                        insertion




              10-132
Midpalmar Group
  Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles
   origin                 insertion




four muscles
                10-133
Midpalmar Group
Palmar interosseous (3) Muscles
     origin            insertion




              10-134
Midpalmar Group
Lumbricals (4) muscles




                  insertion
         10-135
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
               – Iliopsoas


insertion
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
             – Iliacus

  origin



                               insertion
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
         – Psoas Major



                              insertion




             origins
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
     – Tensor Fasciae Latae
  origin
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
     – Deep Gluteal Muscles
                             medius




             maximus




                            minimus
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
       – Gluteus Maximus



                          insertion




  origin
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
        – Gluteus Medius

  origin                           insertion




                   sciatic nerve
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
       – Gluteus Minimus

  origin                           insertion




                   sciatic nerve
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur –
          Deep Muscles
            Gemelius
            Superior &
             Inferior




                     Obturator
                     Externus




             Piriformis




                     Quadratus
                      Femoris
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
        – Adductor Brevis



    insertion

                          origin
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
       – Adductor Longus




                           origin
     insertion
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
       – Adductor Magnus




                           origin




      insertions
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
            – Gracilis

                          insertion




  origin
Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur
          – Pectineus



     insertion

                           origin
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment

                      Quadriceps
                      femoris
                      group
                       rectus femoris
                       vastus lateralis
                       vastus medialis
                       vastus intermedius
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment


                        Rectus
                        femoris
  origin
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment


                         Vastus
 origin
    origins             lateralis
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment


                      Vastus
  origins
                      medialis
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment


                          Vastus
                       intermedius
   origin
Muscles Acting on the Knee
  Anterior (extensor) Compartment


                           insertion



     origin




Sartorius
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Anterior (extensor) Compartment



                         Tensor
                       fascia lata
   origin
Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles
   Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

                                     Lateral        Medial




     Tensor fasciae latae

                                                                    Femoral vein
      Iliopsoas
                                                                    Femoral artery
      Sartorius                                                     Pectineus


                                                                    Adductor longus
     Iliotibial band


      Quadriceps femoris:                                           Gracilis
       Rectus femoris
       Vastus lateralis
       Vastus medialis




     Quadriceps tendon


       Patella


    © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections



                               Figure 10.34                                                       10-157
Muscles Acting on the
       Knee
  Posterior (flexor)
                        Hamstring
   Compartment           Group
   Long head of         Semimembranosus
 Biceps femoris m.      m.




 Semitendinosus m.      Short head of Biceps
                            femoris m.
Muscles Acting on the Knee
 Posterior (flexor) Compartment

                                       Biceps
Semitendinosus   Semimembranosus
                                      femoris



                                   short   long
                                   head    head
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Posterior (flexor) Compartment

                         Biceps
           insertion
                        femoris


  origin                          long
                       short
                       head       head
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Posterior (flexor) Compartment


             Semimembranosus   insertion




    origin
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Posterior (flexor) Compartment


              Semitendinosus   insertion


     origin
Muscles Acting on the Knee
Posterior (flexor) Compartment
                           insertion
   Popliteus
Muscles Acting on the Foot
      Anterior Compartment
            origin




Extensor
digitorum
 longus




                         insertion
Muscles Acting on the Foot
      Anterior Compartment
           origin


Extensor
hallicus               insertion

 longus
Muscles Acting on the Foot
          Anterior Compartment
                                tendon
                    origin




Tibialis anterior




                             insertion
Muscles Acting on the Foot
   Posterior Compartment – sup.


Gastrocnemius




                                      origins
                             medial             lateral
                             head                head
                  Achilles
                   tendon

     insertion
Muscles Acting on the Foot
      Posterior Compartment – sup.
                                origin

Soleus



             Achilles
             tendon




insertion
Muscles Acting on the Foot
Posterior Compartment – sup.




 Plantaris



    insertion
   Calcaneus          origin
Muscles Acting on the Foot
   Posterior Compartment – deep
           Flexor                  origin
         digitorum
          longus
                       insertion
              tendon

tendon
Muscles Acting on the Foot
Posterior Compartment – deep
                         origin


             Tibialis
insertion
            posterior




                tendon
Muscles Acting on the Foot
  Lateral (fibular) Compartment
             origin
 Fibularis
(peroneus)
 longus &              tendon
                                insertion
   brevis
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
        Dorsal Aspect
  Extensor digitorum brevis




                      origin   insertion
             10-173
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial
     Flexor digitorum brevis




                        origin   insertion
               10-174
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial
      Abductor digiti minimi




                        origin   insertion
               10-175
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial
        Abductor hallucis




                         origin   insertion
                10-176
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
       Ventral Layer 2
      Quadratus plantae




                      origin   insertion
             10-177
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
       Ventral Layer 2
          Lumbricals




             10-178
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
       Ventral Layer 3
      Adductor hallucis




                      origin   insertion
             10-179
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
       Ventral Layer 3
  Flexor digiti minimi brevis




     origin   10-180
                       insertion
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
        Ventral Layer 3
     Flexor hallucis brevis




      origin   10-181
                        insertion
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
   Ventral Layer 4 - Deepest
Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles




       origin   10-182
                         insertion
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
   Ventral Layer 4 - Deepest
Plantar interosseous (3) muscles




        origin   10-183
                          insertion
Common Athletic Injuries
• Muscles and tendons are vulnerable to
  sudden and intense stress
• Proper conditioning and warm-up needed
• Common injuries include:
   –   Compartment syndrome
   –   Shinsplints
   –   Pulled hamstrings
   –   Tennis elbow
   –   Pulled groin
   –   Rotator cuff injury
• Treat with rest, ice, compression, and elevation
• “No pain, no gain” is a dangerous misconception
                                                     10-184

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Ch 10 The Muscular System

  • 1. Chapter 10 *Lecture Animation PowerPoint The Muscular System To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the background before you can advance to the next slide. *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 2. The Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles • About 600 human skeletal muscles • Constitute about half of our body weight • Three kinds of muscle tissue – Skeletal, cardiac, smooth • Specialized for one major purpose – Converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion • Myology—the study of the muscular system 10-2
  • 3. The Functions of Muscles • Movement – Move from place to place, movement of body parts and body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth – Role in communication: speech, writing, nonverbal communications • Stability – Maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements – Antigravity muscles: resist pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over – Stabilize joints 10-3
  • 4. The Functions of Muscles • Control of openings and passageways – Sphincters: internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body • Heat production by skeletal muscles – As much as 85% of our body heat • Glycemic control – Regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal range 10-4
  • 5. Connective Tissues of a Muscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tendon Fascia Skeletal muscle Muscle fascicle Nerve Blood vessels Epimysium Perimysium Figure 10.1a Endomysium Muscle fiber Muscle fascicle Perimysium Muscle fiber (a) 10-5
  • 6. Connective Tissues and Fascicles • Endomysium – Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber – Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber – Provides extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending • Perimysium – Slightly thicker layer of connective tissue – Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium – Carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors 10-6
  • 7. Connective Tissues and Fascicles • Epimysium – Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle – Outer surface grades into the fascia – Inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium • Fascia – Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue 10-7
  • 8. Fascicles and Muscle Shapes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Unipennate T riangular Bipennate Parallel Multipennate Fusiform Tendon Circular Belly Pectoralis major Palmar interosseous Tendon Rectus femoris Rectus abdominis Deltoid Biceps brachii Orbicularis oculi Figure 10.2 • Strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles 10-8
  • 9. Muscle Compartments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior Lateral Medial Tibia Fibula Posterior Interosseous membrane Artery, veins, and nerve Intermuscular septa Fasciae Key Subcutaneous Anterior compartment fat Lateral compartment Posterior compartment, deep layer Posterior compartment, Figure 10.3 superficial layer • A group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia • Contains nerves, blood vessels that supply the muscle group – Thoracic, abdominal walls, pelvic floor, limbs • Intermuscular septa separate one compartment from another 10-9
  • 10. Muscle Attachments • Indirect attachment to bone – Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment • Collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon • From there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone • Very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone • Biceps brachii, Achilles tendon • Aponeurosis—tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar aponeurosis) • Retinaculum—connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under 10-10
  • 12. Muscle Origins and Insertions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Origin – Bony attachment at stationary end of muscle Origins Origins Humerus Scapula • Belly Bellies – Thicker, middle region of Extensors: Flexors: muscle between origin Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Long head Brachialis Lateral head and insertion • Insertion Insertion Radius – Bony attachment to Insertion Ulna mobile end of muscle Figure 10.4 10-12
  • 13. Muscle Origin and Insertions • Also can be determined by proximal or distal or superior and inferior attachments, especially on limbs (nontraditional) • Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis – Distal tendon of the biceps brachii inserts on the fascia of the forearm – Facial muscles insert in the skin 10-13
  • 14. Functional Groups of Muscles • Action—the effects produced by a muscle – To produce or prevent movement • Four categories depending on action – Prime mover (agonist) • Muscle that produces most of force during a joint action – Synergist: muscle that aids the prime mover • Stabilizes the nearby joint • Modifies the direction of movement 10-14
  • 15. Functional Groups of Muscles Cont. – Antagonist: opposes the prime mover • Relaxes to give prime mover control over an action • Preventing excessive movement and injury • Antagonistic pairs—muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint – Fixator: muscle that prevents movement of bone 10-15
  • 16. Functional Groups of Muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Prime mover—brachialis Origins Origins Scapula Humerus • Synergist—biceps brachii Bellies Extensors: Flexors: • Antagonist—triceps brachii Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Long head Brachialis Lateral head • Fixator—muscle that holds scapula firmly in place Insertion Insertion Radius – Rhomboids Ulna Figure 10.4 10-16
  • 17. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Intrinsic muscles— entirely contained Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Common flexor within a region, such Tendon sheath First dorsal interosseous as the hand Tendon of flexor tendon digitorum profundus Adductor pollicis Tendon of flexor – Both its origin and digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor Lumbricals pollicis longus Flexor insertion there Opponens digiti minimi Flexor pollicis digitorum brevis Flexor digiti superficialis Abductor pollicis brevis Abductor digiti Flexor minimi Opponens pollicis pollicis longus • Extrinsic muscles— Flexor retinaculum T endons of: Tendons of: Abductor pollicis Flexor carpi ulnaris longus act on a designated Flexor carpi Flexor digitorum radialis superficialis Flexor pollicis region, but has its Palmaris longus longus Flexor digitorum (a) Palmar aspect, superficial superficialis tendons origin elsewhere Figure 10.31a Flexor digitorum – Fingers: extrinsic profundus tendons muscles in the forearm (b) Intermediate flexor Figure 10.28b 10-17
  • 18. Muscle Innervation • Innervation of a muscle—refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it – Enables the diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem injuries from their effects on muscle function • Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord – Emerge through intervertebral foramina – Immediately branch into a posterior and anterior ramus – Innervate muscles below the neck – Plexus: weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to the vertebral column 10-18
  • 19. Neuromuscular Junction High Magnification Skeletal muscle fiber Axon of motor nerve Motor end plate
  • 20. Muscle Innervation • Cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain – Emerge through skull foramina – Innervate the muscles of the head and neck – Numbered CN I to CN XII 10-20
  • 21. Blood Supply • Muscular system receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest (one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart) • During heavy exercise total cardiac output rises and the muscular system’s share is more than three- quarters (11.6 L/min) • Capillaries branch extensively through the endomysium to reach every muscle fiber 10-21
  • 22. The Muscular System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superficial Deep Deep Superficial Frontalis Orbicularis oculi Occipitalis Masseter Zygomaticus major Semispinalis capitis Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis Trapezius Platysma Trapezius Levator scapulae Pectoralis minor Supraspinatus Rhomboideus minor Deltoid Coracobrachialis Rhomboideus major Pectoralis major Infraspinatus Serratus anterior Deltoid (cut) Teres minor Brachialis Infraspinatus Teres major Biceps brachii Serratus anterior Rectus abdominis Triceps brachii Triceps brachii (cut) Supinator Serratus posterior inferior Latissimus dorsi Flexor digitorum Extensor carpi profundus External abdominal oblique Brachioradialis radialis longus Flexor pollicis longus Internal abdominal oblique and brevis Flexor carpi radialis External abdominal Transverse abdominal Erector spinae oblique External abdominal Internal abdominal Extensor digitorum oblique Flexor carpi ulnaris Gluteus medius oblique Tensor Pronator quadratus Extensor digitorum (cut) Extensor carpi ulnaris fasciae latae Gluteus minimus Gluteus maximus Lateral rotators Adductor Adductor longus magnus Sartorius Adductors Gracilis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Iliotibial band Semitendinosus Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Semimembranosus Iliotibial band Vastus medialis Gracilis Biceps femoris Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius (cut) Soleus (cut) Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Gastrocnemius Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Soleus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus longus Calcaneal tendon Figure 10.5a (a) Anterior view Figure 10.5b (b) Posterior view 10-22
  • 23. The Human Muscular System Please view the photographs of the human muscular system in the slides beyond this point. Look for muscles you have identified in the cat. Compare the anatomy of the human with the anatomy of the cat. Think about how they compare. How are they the same? How are they different? What is the reason for these differences? You will not be tested on the photographs.
  • 24. Masseter origin insertion
  • 25. Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing • Hyoid muscles—suprahyoid group • Aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing • Eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone • Digastric—opens mouth widely • Geniohyoid—depresses mandible • Mylohyoid—elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing • Stylohyoid—elevates hyoid Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superficial Deep Digastric: Anterior belly Posterior belly Suprahyoid group Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Hyoid bone Common carotid artery Levator scapulae Internal jugular vein Thyrohyoid Infrahyoid Sternohyoid Infrahyoid Omohyoid: group Sternothyroid group Superior belly Inferior belly Sternocleidomastoid Clavicle Figure 10.11a (a) Anterior view 10-25
  • 26. Suprahyoid Group - Digastric Origin Anterior Belly Origin Posterior Belly
  • 27. Suprahyoid Group - Geniohyoid origin insertion
  • 28. Suprahyoid Group - Mylohyoid origin insertion
  • 29. Suprahyoid Group - Stylohyoid origin insertion
  • 30. Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing • Hyoid muscles—infrahyoid group • Fix hyoid bone from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth • Omohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation • Sternohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation • Thyrohyoid—depresses hyoid and elevates larynx • Sternothyroid—depresses larynx after elevation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stylohyoid Digastric (posterior belly) Hyoglossus Splenius capitis Mylohyoid Digastric Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (anterior belly) Sternocleidomastoid Hyoid bone Trapezius Thyrohyoid Levator scapulae Omohyoid (superior belly) Scalenes Sternothyroid Omohyoid (inferior belly) Figure 10.11b Sternohyoid (b) Lateral view 10-30
  • 31. Infrahyoid Group - Omohyoid
  • 32. Infrahyoid Group - Omohyoid origin insertion
  • 33. Infrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid
  • 34. Infrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid origin - clavicle insertion - hyoid
  • 37. Infrahyoid Group - Sternothyroid
  • 38. Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Styloid process Palatoglossus Mastoid process Styloglossus Posterior belly of digastric (cut) Superior pharyngeal constrictor (cut) Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue Stylohyoid Middle pharyngeal constrictor Genioglossus Hyoglossus Mylohyoid (cut) Hyoid bone Geniohyoid Larynx Inferior pharyngeal constrictor Esophagus Figure 10.9 Trachea • Pharynx: three pairs pharyngeal constrictors – Encircle pharynx forming a muscular funnel – During swallowing, drive food into the esophagus 10-38
  • 39. Muscles Acting on the Head Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Neck flexors – Sternocleidomastoid – Scalenes Superior nuchal line Semispinalis capitis • Neck extensors Sternocleidomastoid – Trapezius Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervicis – Splenius capitis Trapezius – Semispinalis capitis Figure 10.12 10-39
  • 40. Neck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid
  • 41. Neck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid insertion origin
  • 42. Neck Extensor - Trapezius
  • 43. Neck Extensor - Trapezius
  • 44. Trapezius origins insertions
  • 50. Lateral Abdominal Muscles External abdominal Internal abdominal Transverse abdominis oblique oblique
  • 51. External Abdominal Oblique inguinal ring
  • 52. Internal Abdominal Oblique & Transversus Abdominis
  • 55. Superficial Back Muscles – Trapezius
  • 56. Superficial Back Muscles – Trapezius insertion origins
  • 57. Superficial Back Muscles – Latissimus Dorsi
  • 58. Superficial Back Muscles – Latissimus Dorsi insertion origins
  • 59. Superficial Back Muscles – Levator Scapulae
  • 60. Superficial Back Muscles – Levator Scapulae origin insertion
  • 61. Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous Major
  • 62. Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous Major origin insertion
  • 63. Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous Minor
  • 64. Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous Minor origin insertion
  • 65. Intermediate Back Muscle Serratus Posterior Superior & Inferior
  • 66. Deep Back Muscles – Iliocostalis of Erector Spinae
  • 67. Deep Back Muscles – Longissimus of Erector Spinae origin insertion
  • 68. Deep Back Muscles – Spinalis of Erector Spinae origin insertion
  • 69. Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis Thoracis
  • 70. Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis Capitis
  • 71. Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis Capitis origin insertion
  • 72. Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and the Upper Limb
  • 73. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Pectoralis Minor
  • 74. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Pectoralis Minor origins insertion
  • 75. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Serratus Anterior
  • 76. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Serratus Anterior insertion origins
  • 77. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Trapezius
  • 78. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Trapezius insertions origins
  • 79. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Levator Scapulae
  • 80. Levator Scapulae origin insertion
  • 81. Muscles Acting on Scapula – Rhomboideus Major & Minor
  • 82. Muscles acting on Scapula – Rhomboideus Major & Minor
  • 83. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Pectoralis Major
  • 84. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Pectoralis Major insertion origins
  • 85. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Latissimus Dorsi
  • 86. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Latissimus Dorsi insertion origins
  • 87. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Deltoid
  • 88. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Deltoid insertion origins
  • 89. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Teres Major
  • 90. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Teres Major insertion origin
  • 91. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Coracobrachialis origin insertion
  • 92. Anterior View of Cadaver Chest Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachii: Long head Short head Serratus anterior External abdominal oblique (a) Anterior view © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections Figure 10.24a 10-92
  • 93. Back Muscles of Cadaver Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Levator scapulae Rhomboideus minor Rhomboideus major Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Medial border of scapula Teres major Triceps brachii: Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi (b) Posterior view © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections Figure 10.24b 10-93
  • 94. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - Supraspinatus origin insertion
  • 95. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - Infraspinatus origin insertion
  • 96. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff –Teres Minor insertion origin
  • 97. Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - Subscapularis insertion origin
  • 98. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii Long Head Principal Flexor Short Head
  • 99. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii origin origin long head short head insertion
  • 100. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Brachium - Brachialis insertion origin
  • 101. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Brachium – Triceps Brachii insertion origin long head origin medial head origin lateral head
  • 102. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Antebrachium – Brachioradialis origin insertion
  • 103. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Antebrachium – Pronators Pronator teres Pronator quadratus
  • 104. Pronator Teres origins insertion
  • 105. Pronator Quadratus origin insertion
  • 106. Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in Antebrachium – Supinator origin insertion
  • 107. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment – Flexor Carpi Radialis insertion
  • 108. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment – Flexor Carpi Ulnaris origin insertion posterior view
  • 109. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment Flexor Digitorum Superficialis insertion
  • 110. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment Palmaris Longus Palmaris longus tendon
  • 111. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment Flexor Digitorum Profundus tendons origin insertions
  • 112. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Anterior Compartment Flexor Pollicus Longus insertion origins
  • 113. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis
  • 114. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus insertion origin tendon
  • 115. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis insertion tendon
  • 116. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Carpi Ulnaris insertion origin
  • 117. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Digitorum tendon insertion
  • 118. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Digiti Minimi tendon insertion
  • 119. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment -deep Abductor Pollicus Longus origin insertion tendon
  • 120. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment -deep Extensor Indicis tendon origin insertion
  • 121. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment -deep Extensor Pollicis Longus origin insertion tendon
  • 122. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment -deep Extensor Pollicis Brevis insertion origin tendon
  • 123. Muscles Acting on Wrist and Hand Posterior Compartment Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus tendon origin insertion
  • 124. Flexor & Extensor Retinaculum flexor extensor
  • 125. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Repetitive motions cause Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis inflammation and Lumbrical pressure on median nerve Opponens digiti minimi Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adductor Flexor digiti pollicis minimi brevis Tendon sheath First dorsal Flexor pollicis interosseous brevis Tendon of flexor Adductor Abductor digiti digitorum profundus pollicis minimi Tendon of flexor Abductor pollicis digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor brevis Lumbricals pollicis longus Pisiform bone Tendon of extensor Opponens pollicis brevis digiti minimi Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti Flexor digitorum minimi brevis Abductor pollicis superficialis Tendon of flexor brevis Abductor digiti carpi radialis minimi Opponens pollicis Flexor retinaculum Tendons of: (b) Palmar dissection, superficial Tendons of: Abductor pollicis Flexor carpi ulnaris longus Flexor carpi Flexor digitorum Figure 10.31b radialis superficialis Flexor pollicis Palmaris longus longus (a) Palmar aspect, superficial Figure 10.31a 10-125
  • 126. Thenar Group Adductor pollicis origin insertion 10-126
  • 127. Thenar Group Abductor pollicis brevis origin insertion 10-127
  • 128. Thenar Group Flexor pollicis brevis origin insertion 10-128
  • 129. Thenar Group Opponens pollicis origin insertion 10-129
  • 130. Hypothenar Group Abductor digiti minimi origin insertio n posterior 10-130 view
  • 131. Hypothenar Group Flexor digiti minimi brevis origin insertion posterior view 10-131
  • 132. Hypothenar Group Opponens digiti minimi origin insertion 10-132
  • 133. Midpalmar Group Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles origin insertion four muscles 10-133
  • 134. Midpalmar Group Palmar interosseous (3) Muscles origin insertion 10-134
  • 135. Midpalmar Group Lumbricals (4) muscles insertion 10-135
  • 136. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Iliopsoas insertion
  • 137. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Iliacus origin insertion
  • 138. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Psoas Major insertion origins
  • 139. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Tensor Fasciae Latae origin
  • 140. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Deep Gluteal Muscles medius maximus minimus
  • 141. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Maximus insertion origin
  • 142. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Medius origin insertion sciatic nerve
  • 143. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Minimus origin insertion sciatic nerve
  • 144. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Deep Muscles Gemelius Superior & Inferior Obturator Externus Piriformis Quadratus Femoris
  • 145. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Brevis insertion origin
  • 146. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Longus origin insertion
  • 147. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Magnus origin insertions
  • 148. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gracilis insertion origin
  • 149. Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Pectineus insertion origin
  • 150. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Quadriceps femoris group rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius
  • 151. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Rectus femoris origin
  • 152. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Vastus origin origins lateralis
  • 153. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Vastus origins medialis
  • 154. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Vastus intermedius origin
  • 155. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment insertion origin Sartorius
  • 156. Muscles Acting on the Knee Anterior (extensor) Compartment Tensor fascia lata origin
  • 157. Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral Medial Tensor fasciae latae Femoral vein Iliopsoas Femoral artery Sartorius Pectineus Adductor longus Iliotibial band Quadriceps femoris: Gracilis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections Figure 10.34 10-157
  • 158. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Hamstring Compartment Group Long head of Semimembranosus Biceps femoris m. m. Semitendinosus m. Short head of Biceps femoris m.
  • 159. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Compartment Biceps Semitendinosus Semimembranosus femoris short long head head
  • 160. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Compartment Biceps insertion femoris origin long short head head
  • 161. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Compartment Semimembranosus insertion origin
  • 162. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Compartment Semitendinosus insertion origin
  • 163. Muscles Acting on the Knee Posterior (flexor) Compartment insertion Popliteus
  • 164. Muscles Acting on the Foot Anterior Compartment origin Extensor digitorum longus insertion
  • 165. Muscles Acting on the Foot Anterior Compartment origin Extensor hallicus insertion longus
  • 166. Muscles Acting on the Foot Anterior Compartment tendon origin Tibialis anterior insertion
  • 167. Muscles Acting on the Foot Posterior Compartment – sup. Gastrocnemius origins medial lateral head head Achilles tendon insertion
  • 168. Muscles Acting on the Foot Posterior Compartment – sup. origin Soleus Achilles tendon insertion
  • 169. Muscles Acting on the Foot Posterior Compartment – sup. Plantaris insertion Calcaneus origin
  • 170. Muscles Acting on the Foot Posterior Compartment – deep Flexor origin digitorum longus insertion tendon tendon
  • 171. Muscles Acting on the Foot Posterior Compartment – deep origin Tibialis insertion posterior tendon
  • 172. Muscles Acting on the Foot Lateral (fibular) Compartment origin Fibularis (peroneus) longus & tendon insertion brevis
  • 173. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Dorsal Aspect Extensor digitorum brevis origin insertion 10-173
  • 174. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial Flexor digitorum brevis origin insertion 10-174
  • 175. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial Abductor digiti minimi origin insertion 10-175
  • 176. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 1 – most superficial Abductor hallucis origin insertion 10-176
  • 177. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 2 Quadratus plantae origin insertion 10-177
  • 178. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 2 Lumbricals 10-178
  • 179. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 3 Adductor hallucis origin insertion 10-179
  • 180. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 3 Flexor digiti minimi brevis origin 10-180 insertion
  • 181. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 3 Flexor hallucis brevis origin 10-181 insertion
  • 182. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 4 - Deepest Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles origin 10-182 insertion
  • 183. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Ventral Layer 4 - Deepest Plantar interosseous (3) muscles origin 10-183 insertion
  • 184. Common Athletic Injuries • Muscles and tendons are vulnerable to sudden and intense stress • Proper conditioning and warm-up needed • Common injuries include: – Compartment syndrome – Shinsplints – Pulled hamstrings – Tennis elbow – Pulled groin – Rotator cuff injury • Treat with rest, ice, compression, and elevation • “No pain, no gain” is a dangerous misconception 10-184

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Figure 10.1 a
  2. Split this slide 10-8 and 10-9 figure 10.1a
  3. Split this slide 10-8 and 10-9 figure 10.1a