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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of Animals
     January 16th, 2007
Characteristics of Life
1. Living things are organized.
2. Living things are made up of cells.
3. Living things metabolize.
4. Living things maintain an internal
  environment.
5. Living things grow.
6. Living things respond.
7. Living things reproduce.
8. Living things evolve.
Seven Levels     Kingdom

of Taxonomic     Phylum
Classification   Class

                 Order

                 Family

                 Genus

                 Species
Kingdom Animalia
  All animals are multicellular,
mitochondrial heterotrophs—they
have multiple cells with
mitochondria and they rely on other
organisms for their nourishment.
  Most animals ingest their food and
then digest it in some kind of
internal cavity.
Animal Species
  Somewhere around 9 or 10
million species of animals
inhabit the earth.
  About 800,000 species have
been identified.
Animal Phyla
 Biologists recognize about 36
separate phyla within the
Kingdom Animalia.
 Animal Phyla Web Page
Major Animal Phyla
                             Mollusca
                               5%




                             Chordata
Arthropoda      Other
                               2%
    87%         12%
                                Cnidaria
                                  1%

                                Platyhelminthes
                                      1%

                                Nematoda
                                  1%

                                Annelida
                                  1%

                                Porifera
                                  1%

                                Echinodermata
                                     1%
Animal Movement
 Most animals are capable of
complex and relatively rapid
movement compared to plants
and other organisms.
Animal Reproduction
  Most animals reproduce sexually,
by means of differentiated haploid
cells (eggs and sperm).
  Most animals are diploid, meaning
that the cells of adults contain two
copies of the genetic material.
Animal Sizes
 Animals range in size from no
more than a few cells (like the
mesozoans) to organisms
weighing many tons (like the
blue whale).



    a mesozoan        blue whale
Animal Habitats
 Most animals inhabit the seas,
with fewer in fresh water and
even fewer on land.
Animal Cells
 Animal cells, like all eukaryotic
cells, have internal structures
called organelles that serve
specific functions for the cell.
 Animal cells lack the rigid cell
walls that characterize plant
cells.
Animal Cell Diagram
Animal Bodies
  The bodies of most animals
(all except sponges) are made
up of cells organized into
tissues.
  Each tissue is specialized to
perform specific functions.
  In most animals, tissues are
organized into even more
specialized organs.
Animal Symmetry
 The most primitive animals are
asymmetrical.
 Cnidarians and echinoderms
are radially symmetrical.
 Most animals are bilaterally
symmetrical.
Radial Symmetry
 …applies to forms that can be
divided into similar halves by
more than two planes passing
through it.
 Animals with radial symmetry
are usually sessile, free-floating,
or weakly swimming.
Bilateral Symmetry
 Animals with bilateral
symmetery are most well-suited
for directional movement.
Radial vs. Bilateral
   Symmetry
Cephalization
  Bilateral Symmetry usually has
led to cephalization—the
process by which sensory
organs and appendages became
localized in the head end of
animals.
Evolutionary Trends
If we analyze the basic body plans
of animals, we find that they
illustrate evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances” (in order):
 1.   Multicellular body plan
 2.   Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
 3.   “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan
 4.   Coelomate body plan
3 Major Bilateral Body Plans

 Acoelomates
 Pseudocoelomates
 Coelomates
  Each plan consists of 3 cell
  layers: endoderm, mesoderm,
  ectoderm
Kingdomanimalia 1208971088135192-8
Acoelomates
 These animals
have no other
cavity than the
gut.
 They are often
called the “solid
worms.”
Pseudocoelomates
  These animals have a
body cavity (the
pseudocoelom) which
is not completely
lined with mesoderm.
  The “tube within a
tube” body plan.
  This category is also
composed of mostly
worms.
Coelomates
  These animals have
a “true coelom”
lined with
mesodermal
peritoneum.
  Most animals are
coelomate.

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Kingdomanimalia 1208971088135192-8

  • 1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of Animals January 16th, 2007
  • 2. Characteristics of Life 1. Living things are organized. 2. Living things are made up of cells. 3. Living things metabolize. 4. Living things maintain an internal environment. 5. Living things grow. 6. Living things respond. 7. Living things reproduce. 8. Living things evolve.
  • 3. Seven Levels Kingdom of Taxonomic Phylum Classification Class Order Family Genus Species
  • 4. Kingdom Animalia All animals are multicellular, mitochondrial heterotrophs—they have multiple cells with mitochondria and they rely on other organisms for their nourishment. Most animals ingest their food and then digest it in some kind of internal cavity.
  • 5. Animal Species Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth. About 800,000 species have been identified.
  • 6. Animal Phyla Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia. Animal Phyla Web Page
  • 7. Major Animal Phyla Mollusca 5% Chordata Arthropoda Other 2% 87% 12% Cnidaria 1% Platyhelminthes 1% Nematoda 1% Annelida 1% Porifera 1% Echinodermata 1%
  • 8. Animal Movement Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms.
  • 9. Animal Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated haploid cells (eggs and sperm). Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material.
  • 10. Animal Sizes Animals range in size from no more than a few cells (like the mesozoans) to organisms weighing many tons (like the blue whale). a mesozoan blue whale
  • 11. Animal Habitats Most animals inhabit the seas, with fewer in fresh water and even fewer on land.
  • 12. Animal Cells Animal cells, like all eukaryotic cells, have internal structures called organelles that serve specific functions for the cell. Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells.
  • 14. Animal Bodies The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues. Each tissue is specialized to perform specific functions. In most animals, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs.
  • 15. Animal Symmetry The most primitive animals are asymmetrical. Cnidarians and echinoderms are radially symmetrical. Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical.
  • 16. Radial Symmetry …applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it. Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile, free-floating, or weakly swimming.
  • 17. Bilateral Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetery are most well-suited for directional movement.
  • 19. Cephalization Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to cephalization—the process by which sensory organs and appendages became localized in the head end of animals.
  • 20. Evolutionary Trends If we analyze the basic body plans of animals, we find that they illustrate evolutionary trends. Four major “advances” (in order): 1. Multicellular body plan 2. Bilaterally symmetrical body plan 3. “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan 4. Coelomate body plan
  • 21. 3 Major Bilateral Body Plans  Acoelomates  Pseudocoelomates  Coelomates Each plan consists of 3 cell layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
  • 23. Acoelomates These animals have no other cavity than the gut. They are often called the “solid worms.”
  • 24. Pseudocoelomates These animals have a body cavity (the pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with mesoderm. The “tube within a tube” body plan. This category is also composed of mostly worms.
  • 25. Coelomates These animals have a “true coelom” lined with mesodermal peritoneum. Most animals are coelomate.