1. Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, occurs when behavior changes as a result of observing others.
2. Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasized that observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement or punishment - by observing models and the consequences of their behavior, people can learn new behaviors.
3. Observational learning involves four processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. By observing models, consequences, and one's own abilities, people determine which behaviors to adopt and perform.
42. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Number of responses 1000 750 500 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80
70. Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences. (based on law of effect)
71.
72. - Anything that increase the behavior - is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition.