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National Aeronautics and Space Administration




    NASA’s Commitment to Limiting
    the Generation of Orbital Debris


                                 NASA Headquarters
                       Office of Safety and Mission Assurance
                               John W. Lyver, IV, Ph.D.
                           NASA MMOD Program Executive

                                   February 22, 2012
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                         What is Orbital Debris?

•   Orbital debris is any object in Earth orbit which no longer serves
    a useful function.




Non-operational Spacecraft                                       Fragmentation and
                                                                 Mission-related Debris


                                Derelict Launch Vehicle Stages




                                                    2
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                     Non-operational Spacecraft

•   More than 6800 spacecraft have been
    placed into Earth orbit since Sputnik 1
    in 1957.

•   Currently, >3200 spacecraft remain in
    Earth orbit.
      – ~1000 are operational; the rest are orbital
        debris                                            Cubesats: 1 kg

•   Small: Picosats and Microsats
      – Operational lifetimes typically months to a
        few years


•   Large: Geosynchronous spacecraft
      – Operational lifetimes typically a decade or
        more

                                                        TDRS 1: 2 metric tons
                                                    3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                          Launch Vehicle Stages

•   More than 5400 launch vehicle stages
    have been placed into Earth orbit since
    Sputnik 1 in 1957.

•   Currently, ~1700 launch vehicle stages
    remain in Earth orbit.

•   Sizes range from <100 kg to 8 metric tons



                                                Pegasus
                                                upper stage




                                                              Atlas V Centaur stage

                                                    4
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                          Mission-related Debris
•   During the launch and satellite
    deployment processes, some
    debris can be generated, e.g.,
    sensor and engine covers, straps,                   Ariane 5 SYLDA
    springs, and yo-yo despin weights.                      Payload
                                                           Dispenser
•   Most spacecraft and launch
    vehicles are now designed to
    eliminate or limit the generation of
    mission-related debris.

      – One exception is for
        multiple payload
        launches, e.g., Ariane
        and Delta 2




                                                    5
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                           Fragmentation Debris
•   The majority of debris in Earth orbit has originated from the fragmentation
    of spacecraft and rocket bodies.

•   Fragmentation events can generally be classified in one of three categories:

      – Anomalous events: Typically one or a few debris released at low velocities, often
        possessing higher than normal area-to-mass ratios. Many of these debris have short
        orbital lifetimes. More than 100 events identified with spacecraft and upper stages.

      – Explosions: Intentional or accidental, resulting in only a few to several hundreds of
        large debris and many more smaller debris. Ejection velocities range from very low to
        very high for a single event. 200 events identified.

      – Collisions: Also can be intentional or accidental. Debris distributions similar to
        explosions. Two major events since 2007.

             NASA, U.S., and international guidelines and standards seek to
         eliminate or limit the occurrence of satellite fragmentations of all kinds.

                                                    6
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                Why is Orbital Debris a
                 Concern at NASA?

                                                .
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1960




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


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National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1965




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


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National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1970




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


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National Aeronautics and Space Administration


  Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1975




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  11
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1980




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  12
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1985




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  13
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1990




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  14
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                1995




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  15
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                2000




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  16
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                2005




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  17
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


   Growth of the Earth Satellite Population
                                                2010




                       Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter


                                                  18
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                                  Spatial Density with No Mitigation
                                                                Non-Mitigation, objects ≥10 cm
                             1.E-07



                                                                                                           2108

                             8.E-08                                                                        2058

                                                                                                           2008
  Spatial Density (no/km3)




                             6.E-08
                                                            EOS                    Sun-Sync
                                                                                                     Semi-Sync
                             4.E-08




                             2.E-08
                                                    HST

                                            ISS
                             0.E+00
                                      200         400     600       800     1000       1200   1400      1600      1800   2000

                                                                            Altitude (km)


                                                                             19
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


        Orbital Debris Detectors and Damage Potential
               Potential Shuttle Damage                          6.5




                  Window Replacement                     Most robotic satellites are vulnerable
                                                             to debris as small as 5 mm.
                             EVA Suit Penetration                5.5




                                  Radiator Penetration

                                          RCC Penetration
                                                                 4.5




                                                  TPS Tile Penetration

                                                         Cabin Penetration
                                                                 3.5




                                                              Cargo Bay Damage

                                                  Goldstone Radars                      Space Surveillance Network
                                                                 2.5




                                                                       Haystack Auxiliary Radar
        Spacecraft
        Surface
                                                                 1.5




        Inspections
                                                                            Haystack Radar
                                                                 0.5




0.001                 0.01                0.1                     1                    10               100          1000
                                                Debris Diameter in Centimeters




                                                                       20
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                              Our Legacy . . .
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




                     Collision Avoidance,

            It’s NOT just a good idea . . .
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

           Collision Avoidance for Human Spaceflight

•   Space Shuttle Mission (STS-7) in 1983 was struck with a paint
    flake on Challenger’s front window (damage 3 mm wide).
•   A process to avoid collisions with tracked space objects
    (i.e., > 10 cm) was implemented with STS-26 in 1988.
      – The approach of another object within a box 4 km X 10 km X 4 km centered on the
        Space Shuttle represented a collision risk on the order of 1 in 100,000 and was
        grounds to execute a collision avoidance maneuver

•   With the launch of the first module of the International Space Station in
    1998, a new, higher fidelity, probability-based collision avoidance process
    was implemented.
      – If collision risk is > 1 in 100,000, a collision avoidance maneuver would be performed, if
        it did not compromise mission objectives (yellow threshold)
      – If collision risk is > 1 in 10,000, a collision avoidance maneuver would be performed
        (red threshold).
      – Historically, the rate of collision avoidance maneuvers has been less than one per year
        for both the Space Shuttle and the ISS.
      – However, there have been 4 close approaches where maneuvers were planned in
        past 6 months.
                                                    23
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

    ISS Collision Avoidance Maneuver in 2010
•   After a 14-year mission, NASA’s Upper
    Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) was
    decommissioned in late 2005 and maneuvered
    into a lower altitude disposal orbit and reentered
    in October 2011.

•   In September 2010, a small fragment
    unexpectedly separated from UARS.
                                                         UARS being deployed by Space
                                                           Shuttle Discovery in 1991.
•   Although the fragment remained in orbit only six
    weeks, the object was predicted to pass close by
    the International Space Station on 26 October,
    posing a collision threat of greater than 1 in
    10,000.

•   Using the Progress M-07M logistics vehicle,
    a small collision avoidance maneuver (+0.4 m/s)
    was conducted a little more than two hours
                                                            International Space Station
    before the predicted time of closest approach.
                                                    24
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

       Robotic Spacecraft Collision Avoidance
•   In 2004, in response to the growing debris risk, NASA GSFC implemented a
    process for providing routine collision avoidance operations to protect the
    Earth Science Constellations.
      – The missions are managed independently by several different NASA centers as well as
        International Partners, but the mission operators work together to ensure the health
        and safety of the constellations.
      – NASA JSC provided assistance in establishing the robotic process, which needed to be
        somewhat different from the manned process due to the different orbit regimes and
        different operations processes.


•   In August 2007, because of the increasing threat posed by orbital debris,
    NASA established a policy that requires routine collision avoidance
    operations for robotic assets that have maneuvering capability.

•   In April 2009, the policy was expanded to require routine conjunction
    analysis for non-maneuverable and non-operational NASA assets in
    addition to the maneuverable assets.
      – Therefore, the NASA Robotic Conjunction Assessment process has expanded and is
        currently being used to support ~80 spacecraft in a variety of orbit regimes.

                                                    25
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


       Robotic Collision Avoidance Maneuvers

•   Frequent conjunction assessments are required for all maneuverable NASA
    spacecraft in LEO and GEO. Collision avoidance maneuvers are conducted
    when established probability of collision thresholds are reached.


         NASA Robotic Satellite Collision Avoidance Maneuvers in 2010

               Spacecraft               Maneuver Date       Object Avoided

                  Terra                    22 January       Iridium 33 debris
                Cloudsat                  17/18 August     Unidentified debris
                Landsat 5                  24 August      Cosmos 2251 debris
                Cloudsat                   11 October    Zenit rocket body debris
                Cloudsat                   13 October     Cosmos 2251 debris
                   Aura                  22 November      Cosmos 2251 debris
                Landsat 7                21 December         USA 26 debris


                                                    26
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




             National and International
             Orbital Debris Mitigation
              Policies and Guidelines
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


      U.S. Government Policy and Strategy


  U.S. National
  Space Policy


 1988 - Present




                                                28
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


           U.S. Space Policy and Orbital Debris

•   Orbital debris has been included in all national space policies since 1988.

•   1988 National Space Policy (signed 5 January 1988 by President Reagan)
    stated:

      – “All space sectors will seek to minimize the creation of space debris. Design and
        operations of space tests, experiments, and systems will strive to minimize or reduce
        the accumulation of space debris consistent with mission requirements and cost
        effectiveness.”

•   Less than two years later on 16 November 1989 President G. H. W. Bush
    signed the 1989 National Space Policy, adding the following statement to
    the Reagan policy:

      – “The United States Government will encourage other spacefaring nations to adopt
        policies and practices aimed at debris minimization.”




                                                    29
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                     1996 National Space Policy

•   On 14 September 1996 President Clinton included a stronger statement on
    orbital debris in his National Space Policy:

      – “The United States will seek to minimize the creation of space debris. NASA, the
        Intelligence Community, and the DoD, in cooperation with the private sector, will
        develop design guidelines for future government procurements of spacecraft, launch
        vehicles, and services. The design and operation of space tests, experiments and
        systems, will minimize or reduce accumulation of space debris consistent with mission
        requirements and cost effectiveness.

      – “It is in the interest of the U.S. Government to ensure that space debris minimization
        practices are applied by other spacefaring nations and international organizations. The
        U.S. Government will take a leadership role in international fora to adopt policies and
        practices aimed at debris minimization and will cooperate internationally in the
        exchange of information on debris research and the identification of debris mitigation
        options.”




                                                    30
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                     2006 National Space Policy
•   The 2006 National Space Policy (signed 31 August 2006 by President G. W.
    Bush) states:
    “Orbital debris poses a risk to continued reliable use of space-based services and
    operations and to the safety of persons and property in space and on Earth. The
    United States shall seek to minimize the creation of orbital debris by government and
    non-government operations in space in order to preserve the space environment for
    future generations. Toward that end:

      •   Departments and agencies shall continue to follow the United States Government
          Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, consistent with mission requirements
          and cost effectiveness, in the procurement and operation of spacecraft, launch
          services, and the operation of tests and experiments in space;

      •   The Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation, in coordination with the Chairman of
          the Federal Communications Commission, shall continue to address orbital debris
          issues through their respective licensing procedures; and

      •   The United States shall take a leadership role in international fora to encourage foreign
          nations and international organizations to adopt policies and practices aimed at debris
          minimization and shall cooperate in the exchange of information on debris research
          and the identification of improved debris mitigation practices.”


                                                    31
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                 2010 National Space Policy

                                                Page 1:
                                                “The growth and evolution of the global
                                                economy has ushered in an ever-increasing
                                                number of nations and organizations using
                                                space. … decades of space activity have
                                                littered Earth’s orbit with debris; and as the
                                                world’s space-faring nations continue to
                                                increase activities in space, the chance for a
                                                collision increases correspondingly.

                                                Page 4:
                                                GOALS: (3) Strengthen Stability in Space
                                                … strengthening measures to mitigate orbital
                                                debris.

                                                Page 7:
                                                Preserve the Space Environment.
                                                the United States shall:
                                                - Lead … policies to minimize debris …
                                              32
        http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                 2010 National Space Policy
                                                 Page 7:
                                                 Preserve the Space Environment.
                                                 … the United States shall:
                                                 - Lead … policies to minimize debris, such as
                                                 the United Nations Space Debris Mitigation
                                                 Guidelines;

                                                 - Continue to follow the United States
                                                 Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard
                                                 Practices, consistent with mission requirements
                                                 and cost effectiveness, in the procurement and
                                                 operation of spacecraft, launch services, and the
                                                 conduct of tests and experiments in space;

                                                 - … to mitigate and remove on-orbit debris, …

                                                 - Require the head of the sponsoring department
                                                 or agency to approve exceptions to the United
                                                 States Government Orbital Debris Mitigation
                                                 Standard Practices and notify the Sec of State.
                                                33
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
       Evolution of U.S. and NASA Orbital Debris
         Mitigation Policies and Requirements
 U.S. Orbital Debris Mitigation                  NASA Debris Mitigation                      International
 Policy and Standard Practices                  Policy and Requirements                      Agreements




                                                                                              IADC, 1993
                                                                                              Formed




                                                                                              IADC, 2002
                                                                                              Guidelines

                                                                                              ISO WG 2003



                                                                                              UN, 2007
                                                                                              Guidelines
                                                            NHBK 8719.14 2008
                                                NPR 8715.6B 2012          NS 8719.14A 2011

                                                34
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                U.S. Government Orbital Debris
                 Mitigation Standard Practices
•    In response to the 1995 Interagency report on orbital debris, NASA and DoD
     developed draft orbital debris mitigation standard practices based upon
     NASA Safety Standard 1740.14.

•    The Standard Practices cover four major areas:
      –   Control of debris released during normal operations
      –   Minimization of debris generated by accidental explosions
      –   Selection of safe flight profile and operational configuration
      –   Post mission disposal of space structure

•    After coordination with the U.S. aerospace industry, the Standard Practices
     were approved Feb 2001 by all relevant U.S. Government agencies,
     departments, and organizations and have been used as a foundation for the
     development of international guidelines.

      – Cited in 2006 and 2010 U.S. National Space Policy

      – Each U.S. Government organization implements the Standard Practices according to
        established internal procedures

                                                    35
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices,
                Objective 1


                                                          OBJECTIVE
                     1. CONTROL OF DEBRIS RELEASED DURING NORMAL OPERATIONS
         _______________________________________________________________________________
         Programs and projects will assess and limit the amount of debris released in a planned manner during normal operations.
         _______________________________________________________________________________

                              MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES
         _______________________________________________________________________________

         1-1. In all operational orbit regimes: Spacecraft and upper stages should be designed to eliminate or minimize
              debris released during normal operations. Each instance of planned release of debris larger than 5 mm in
              any dimension that remains on orbit for more than 25 years should be evaluated and justified on the basis
              of cost effectiveness and mission requirements.




                                                                    36
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices,
                Objective 2

                                                          OBJECTIVE
                     2. MINIMIZING DEBRIS GENERATED BY ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSIONS
         _______________________________________________________________________________
         Programs and projects will assess and limit the probability of accidental explosion during and after completion of mission
         operations.
         _______________________________________________________________________________

                              MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES
         _______________________________________________________________________________

         2-1. Limiting the risk to other space systems from accidental explosions during mission operations: In
              developing the design of a spacecraft or upper stage, each program, via failure mode and effects analyses or
              equivalent analyses, should demonstrate either that there is no credible failure mode for accidental
              explosion, or, if such credible failure modes exist, design or operational procedures will limit the
              probability of the occurrence of such failure modes.

         2-2. Limiting the risk to other space systems from accidental explosions after completion of mission operations:
               All on-board sources of stored energy of a spacecraft or upper stage should be depleted or safed when they
               are no longer required for mission operations or postmission disposal. Depletion should occur as soon as
               such an operation does not pose an unacceptable risk to the payload. Propellant depletion burns and
               compressed gas releases should be designed to minimize the probability of subsequent accidental collision
               and to minimize the impact of a subsequent accidental explosion.




                                                                     37
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices,
                Objective 3

                                                           OBJECTIVE
             3. SELECTION OF SAFE FLIGHT PROFILE AND OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION
          _______________________________________________________________________________
          Programs and projects will assess and limit the probability of operating space systems becoming a source of debris by
          collisions with man-made objects or meteoroids.
          _______________________________________________________________________________

                               MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES
          _______________________________________________________________________________

          3-1. Collision with large objects during orbital lifetime: In developing the design and mission profile for a
               spacecraft or upper stage, a program will estimate and limit the probability of collision with known objects
               during orbital lifetime.

          3-2. Collision with small debris during mission operations: Spacecraft design will consider and, consistent with
               cost effectiveness, limit the probability that collisions with debris smaller than 1 cm diameter will cause
               loss of control to prevent post-mission disposal.

          3-3. Tether systems will be uniquely analyzed for both intact and severed conditions.




                                                                      38
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices,
                Objective 4
                                                             OBJECTIVE
                                     4. POSTMISSION DISPOSAL OF SPACE STRUCTURES
           _______________________________________________________________________________
           Programs and projects will plan for, consistent with mission requirements, cost effective disposal procedures for launch
           vehicle components, upper stages, spacecraft, and other payloads at the end of mission life to minimize impact on future
           space operations.
           _______________________________________________________________________________

                                  MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES
           _______________________________________________________________________________

           4-1.     Disposal for final mission orbits: A spacecraft or upper stage may be disposed of by one of three methods:
                    a.   Atmospheric reentry option: Leave the structure in an orbit in which, using conservative projections
                         for solar activity, atmospheric drag will limit the lifetime to no longer than 25 years after completion of
                         mission. If drag enhancement devices are to be used to reduce the orbit lifetime, it should be
                         demonstrated that such devices will significantly reduce the area-time product of the system or will not
                         cause spacecraft or large debris to fragment if a collision occurs while the system is decaying from
                         orbit. If a space structure is to be disposed of by reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere, the risk of human
                         casualty will be less than 1 in 10,000.
                    b.   Maneuvering to a storage orbit: At end of life the structure may be relocated to one of the following
                         storage regimes:
                              I. Between LEO and MEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 2000 km and
                                          apogee altitude below 19,700 km (500 km below semi-synchronous altitude
                              II. Between MEO and GEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 20,700 km and
                                          apogee altitude below 35,300 km (approximately 500 km above semi-synchronous
                                          altitude and 500 km below synchronous altitude.)
                              III. Above GEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 36,100 km (approximately
                                          300 km above synchronous altitude)
                              IV. Heliocentric, Earth-escape: Maneuver to remove the structure from Earth orbit, into a
                                          heliocentric orbit.
                         Because of fuel gauging uncertainties near the end of mission, a program should use a maneuver
                         strategy that reduces the risk of leaving the structure near an operational orbit regime.
                    c.   Direct retrieval: Retrieve the structure and remove it from orbit as soon as practical after completion of
                         mission.
           4-2.      Tether systems will be uniquely analyzed for both intact and severed conditions when performing trade-offs
                  between alternative disposal strategies.


                                                                    39
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


              DoD and other US Gov’t Agencies
•   The Department of Defense has established an overall Directive on orbital
    debris mitigation (DoD Directive 3100.10, 1999).
      – US Strategic Command, the former US Space Command, Air Force Space Command,
        and the National Reconnaissance Office have issued several policy directives and
        instructions to implement the DoD directive and National Space Policy.
      – US Air Force Instruction 91-217, first full OD procedures, 2010


•   The Department of Transportation/FAA has issued regulations promoting
    orbital debris mitigation for commercial launch vehicles.

•   The Federal Communications Commission has issued regulations
    promoting orbital debris mitigation for transmitting spacecraft.

•   The Department of Commerce/NOAA has issued regulations promoting
    orbital debris mitigation for remote sensing spacecraft.

          All of the above are consistent with and derived from
          the USG Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices
                                                    40
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                  Inter-Agency Space Debris
                Coordination Committee (IADC)
•   Established in 1993:

      – To exchange information on space debris research activities between member space
        agencies;
      – To facilitate opportunities for cooperation in space debris research;
      – To review progress of ongoing cooperative activities; and
      – To identify debris mitigation options

•   12 members include all the leading space agencies in the world from
    Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Ukraine,
    United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as ESA.
      – NASA delegation has included personnel from DoD, State, the FAA, and the FCC

•   More than 100 orbital debris specialists meet annually to exchange
    information and to work on specified Action Items.

•   IADC developed first consensus international orbital debris mitigation
    guidelines in October 2002; subsequently submitted to the United Nations.
                                   Website: www.iadc-online.org

                                                    41
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


     IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines

•   An Action Item (AI 17.2) to develop a consensus set of space debris
    mitigation guidelines was approved by the Steering Group of the IADC in
    October 1999.

•   The “IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines” (IADC-02-01) was adopted
    in October 2002 (slightly revised in 2007) and the complementary “Support
    to the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines” (IADC-04-06) was adopted
    in October 2004. An update is currently in work.

•   The IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines are quite similar to the U.S.
    Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices with four major
    mitigation categories:

      –   Limiting debris released during normal operations
      –   Minimizing the potential for on-orbit breakups
      –   Post mission disposal
      –   Prevention of on-orbit collisions


                                                    42
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


            Orbital Debris at the United Nations
•   Since 1994 the subject of orbital debris has been on the agenda of the
    Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (STSC) of the United Nations’
    Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).

•   A multi-year work plan culminated in the 1999 “Technical Report on Space
    Debris” (A/AC.105/720), summarizing the world state-of-knowledge
    concerning measurements and modeling of the environment as well as
    identified orbital debris mitigation measures.

•   At the 2001 meeting of the STSC a new multi-year work plan was adopted
    which anticipated the presentation of the IADC Space Debris Mitigation
    Guidelines to the STSC in 2003.

•   The IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines were reviewed and discussed
    at STSC in both 2003 and 2004.

•   STSC Member States adopted a similar set of space debris mitigation
    guidelines in Feb 2007, followed by adoption of the full COPUOS in June
    2007 and by the full General Assembly in late 2007.

                                                    43
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
              UN COPUOS STSC Space Debris
                  Mitigation Guidelines
•   The 2007 UN COPUOS STSC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines contains
    seven numbered guidelines:

      – Guideline 1: Limit debris released during normal operations

      – Guideline 2: Minimize the potential for break-ups during operational phases

      – Guideline 3: Limit the probability of accidental collision in orbit

      – Guideline 4: Avoid intentional destruction and other harmful activities

      – Guideline 5: Minimize potential for post-mission break-ups resulting from stored energy

      – Guideline 6: Limit the long-term presence of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital
        stages in the low-Earth orbit (LEO) region after the end of their mission

      – Guideline 7: Limit the long-term interference of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital
        stages with geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) region after the end of their mission

                                                    44
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
       National-Level Orbital Debris Mitigation
                     Guidelines
•   Since the establishment of the NASA policy and guidelines on orbital debris,
    an increasing number of countries have developed and adopted specific
    national guidelines promoting the mitigation of the growth of the orbital
    debris environment.

     – Japan: Space Debris Mitigation Standard (NASDA-STD-18A/JAXA-003), March 1996
     – France: CNES Space Debris – Safety Requirements (MPM-50-00-12), April 1999
     – Russia: General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population (Branch
               Standard), July 2000
     – China: Requirements for Space Debris Mitigation (QJ 3221 – 2005), July 2005


•   ESA issued a Space Debris Mitigation Handbook in February 1999, followed
    by a draft Space Debris Safety and Mitigation Standard in September 2000.

•   These guidelines are very similar in most of their recommendations with the
    U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices.


                                                    45
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                 European Code of Conduct for
                    Space Debris Mitigation
•   In June 2004 a draft European Code of Conduct for Space Debris
    Mitigation was completed by the five leading space agencies in Europe:
    ESA, ASI (Italy), BNSC (UK), CNES (France), and DLR (Germany).
      – In 2006 the final signature of the document was recorded.


•   This new European document is divided into three main categories:
      – Management Measures
      – Design Measures
      – Operational Measures


•   Following the precedent set by IADC, a “Support to Implementation of the
    European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation” has also been
    produced.

•   The European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation does add
    specificity, e.g., measures of effectiveness, similar to that of NASA’s
    NASA-STD 8719.14. (Currently being updated)

                                                    46
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                          Orbital Debris and ISO

•   The International Standards Organization (ISO) was founded under the
    auspices of the United Nations in 1946 to promote standardization
    development for the facilitation of international exchange of goods and
    services.

      – Members of ISO include government and industry representatives.
      – Compliance with ISO standards is voluntary.


•   The Orbital Debris Coordination Working Group was established under ISO
    Technical Committee 20, Subcommittee 14, in May 2003.

      – Using the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines as a foundation, the working group
        is developing a series of space debris mitigation standards.

      – ISO24113, Space Debris Mitigation Requirements, is the overarching ISO space debris
        mitigation standard. (There will be about 10 documents in the series when complete.)



                                                    47
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




             NASA Orbital Debris
      Policy, Procedural Requirements,
          Standards, and Handbook
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                          NASA Policies Containing
                         Orbital Debris Requirements
•   Program Management:
      – NPR 7120.5D (with NM 7120-97), NASA Space Flight Program and Project
        Management Requirements (** Sept 2011 update **)
      – NPR 7123.1, NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements


•   Mission Management
      – NPD 8010.3, Notification of Intent to Decommission or Terminate Operating Space
        Systems and Terminate Missions
      – NPD 8700.1, NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success
      – NPR 8621.1, NASA Procedural Requirements for Mishap and Close Call Reporting,
        Investigating, and Recordkeeping


•   Orbital Debris:
      – NPR 8715.6A, NASA Procedural Requirements for Limiting Orbital Debris (Rev B soon)
      – NASA-STD 8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris


•   The process to decommission and dispose of space and ground assets
    begins with the acquisition Planning  “Design for Demise”.

                                                    49
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


NASA Policy for Limiting Orbital Debris Generation

•   The first NASA HQ guidance on orbital debris mitigation was issued as
    NASA Management Instruction (NMI) 1700.8 (5 Apr 1993).

•   NASA Policy Directive (NPD) 8710.3 superseded NMI 1700.8 in May 1997.

•   NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8715.6 superseded NPD 8710.3 in
    August 2007; current version is NPR 8715.6A with Change 1 (14 May 2009)
    and it requires each program/project to:

      – Prepare formal orbital debris mitigation assessments and end-of-mission plans at
        specified milestones

      – Design for safe disposal of spacecraft and launch vehicles at end of mission

      – Promote the adoption of international policies, standards, and practices to minimize OD
        and its associated risks, and the exchange of information on OD research, modeling,
        and mitigation techniques in the international community


                                                    50
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                   NASA Implementation of
            Limiting Orbital Debris Requirements




                                                51
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

      NASA Orbital Debris Requirements Documents
•   NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8715.6, and NASA-Standard 8719.14
      – Baselined and in full compliance with US & UN OD Std Mitigation Practices
      – Requires:
         • End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP)
         • Spacecraft passivation
         • De-orbit/re-orbit the spacecraft
         • Risk acceptance of the disposal method
      – Currently being upgraded to better address:
         • Small secondary payload satellites (aka: CubeSats)
         • NEPA compliance for reentries
                   1:10,000 Reentry human casualty risk being defined as from all reentry hazards, not just
                    striking with falling debris, include chemical, biological, explosive, radiological, … risks
                   ODAR & EOMP requiring an added table to estimate quantity of hazmat onboard at
                    launch, initial operations, planned end of operations, post passivation, & ground impact.
            • Adding OD assessment PRIOR to “Acquisition Strategy Meeting” to identify OD
              problems inherent in the acquisition. i.e.; reuse of old bus, won‟t pay for controlled
              reentry, tethers, …
            • NSP 2010 notifications
            • Better defining what to passivate and how much passivation required
            • Increasing super-GEO disposal orbit to >GEO+300km
                                                     52
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


              NASA Orbital Debris Assessments
•   Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR)
     – A full assessment of the spacecraft and launch vehicle with regards to the Orbital Debris
       requirements as contained in NASA-Standard 8719.14 (Appendix A)
     – Schedule:
         • (Pending Requirement) Preliminary questionnaire with acquisition decision review
         • Initial draft due at Preliminary Design Review
         • Updated >45 days prior to Critical Design Review
         • Formally reviewed and approved ~30 days prior to launch
     – Nonconformances must either have waivers or compliance plans prior to completing
       current program phase
     – Active prior to launch then used as a reference
     – Abbreviated-ODAR used to exchange instrument OD data with spacecraft integrator

•   End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP)
     – Designed to aid mission management in determining when to retire spacecraft (passivation
       and disposal options) (NASA-Standard 8719.14 Appendix B)
     – Schedule:
         • Initial draft acceptance/approval ~30 days prior to launch
         • Living document throughout operations, periodically updated
         • Formally reviewed and accepted prior to decommissioning of spacecraft

                                                     53
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                                 NASA ODAR and EOMP

                                                                                        Pre-EOM       Passivation
                                                                                       Notification   & Disposal




     SRR         PDR         CDR              SMSR Launch                    In-flight               EOM
                                                                             Reviews
                            -45 days
                                                      -30 to -60 days


      ODAR
PreAcquisition   Initial Updated  NC Approved
                                                                        Reference Document
Questionnaire    Draft Draft     Review Final


      EOMP
                                             Initialed                  Periodic Updates Approved Final
                                             Launch                                    at Disposal
                                             Draft
                                                            54
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                       Noncompliance with
                  NASA Orbital Debris Requirements
•   Prior to Acquisition:             (updated requirements pending approval)
      – Must perform an Orbital Debris Assessment to identify potential nonconformances
      – Submit Deviation requests PRIOR to the Acquisition Strategy Meeting per NPR 8715.3
        para 1.13 and NASA-STD 8709.20
          • Must be approved by Chief/Safety and Mission Assurance and Chief Engineer
          • Risk is accepted by Mission Directorate Associate Administrator or higher
      – Noncompliances which exceed the requirements in the National Space Policy of 2010
        or the US Government Orbital Debris Standard Mitigation Practices will require the
        NASA Administrator to notify the Secretary of State
•   Prior to Launch:
      –   All noncompliances are documented in each ODAR Update
      –   Waivers require approval PRIOR to completing next Key Decision Point [KDP] Review
      –   Waivers are submitted for all noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13
      –   All waivers required to be approved by the SMSR (Safety & Mission Success Review)
•   After Launch
      – All nonconformances are documented in the EOMP
      – Waivers are submitted for all EOM noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13
      – All waivers required to be approved by the DRR (Decommissioning Review)

                                                    55
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                     End of Mission Passivation

•   Documentation of the EOM sources or potential sources of stored energy
    that require passivation, and a plan for passivation these sources at EOM is
    included in the ODAR.
•   Passivation procedures to be implemented are suggested to include;
      –   Burning residual propellants to depletion;
      –   Venting propellant lines and tanks;
      –   Venting pressurized systems;
      –   Discharging batteries, other energy storage systems, and preventing recharging;
      –   Depressurizing/discharging pressurized gas filled batteries;
      –   Deactivating range safety systems; and
      –   De-energizing control moment gyroscopes.
            (Note: Controlled reentry is considered as an effective means of passivation)




                                                    56
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                        End of Mission Disposal
•   At end of mission, NASA endeavors to dispose of spacecraft either by a
    controlled reentry or by putting the satellite in a disposal orbit (aka;
    graveyard).
•   MANY NASA spacecraft predate the current Orbital Debris Requirements.
      – NASA‟s satellites were launched or their designs were established in the 1980‟s and
        1990‟s (GP-B was first designed in the early-1970‟s and launched in 2009)
      – Spacecraft in those times were built to last and not “designed for demise”.
      – As a result, NASA has done its best to limit the risk at end-of-mission to:
          • Passivate as much as possible (e.g.; TOPAZ)
          • Minimize time on orbit with remaining fuel (e.g.: UARS 50 year orbit to 5 year
            orbit)
          • Warn the public of de-orbiting spacecraft risk
•   Recent successful missions include:
      – (2010) TDRS-1 spacecraft (GEO) was placed in GE 0+350 km orbit and was fully
        passivated.
      – (2011) Currently, TDRS-4 spacecraft is being readied for GEO+350 km disposal.
      – (1990‟s) NASA worked with RSA in the disposal of MIR space Station.
•   NASA also is diligent in where it disposes of spacecraft at the Moon,
    MARS, and other planets.
                                                    57
DRAFT
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                  Decommissioning Process
Draft proposed draft of NPR 7120.5”E” and NASA-Handbook 7120:




                                                 DRAFT

                                                   58
DRAFT
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


          DRAFT Decommissioning Process
 Phase D                     Phase E                                              Phase F

           KDP-E                                    KDP-F
                                                                    Turn off
                                                                    Science
                                                                                         Re-orbit/
                                                                                        De-orbit &
   SMSR                                     DR                             DRR         Passivation


                                                        At least 90 days                            Transfer to
  ODAR                                                                                                 Post-
  B/L                                                                                                Mission
                                                 Notice to                                          Monitoring
                                                 Decom                                                  Org


                                        Decom                                                     Archive Data
                                         Plan                                                     & Close-out
                                                                                                     Project
  EOMP
  B/L
                        EOMP             EOMP
                       Updates           Final                             DR - Decommissioning Rev iew
                                                                           DRR - Disposal Readiness Rev iew
                                                                           EOMP - End of Mission Plan
 Mishap                                                                    KDP - Key Decision Point
 Cont                                                                      MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
 Plan                                                                      ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
                        MCP              MCP                               SMSR - Saf ety and Mission Success Rev iew
                       Updates           Final
                                                   59
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




                Initial Orbital Debris
             Assessment (Initial-ODAR)

              [aka: Pre-Acquisition ODAR]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                                       Initial-ODAR
•   Being required in updates to NPR 7120.5”E” and NPR 8715.6”B” which are
    currently in NODIS review.

•   Report is (from NASA-STD 8719.14A Appendix A para A.4):
     – Intended to identify barriers to full compliance with US Gov‟t OD Std Mitigation Practices
       early enough in the process where overt decisions/changes can reasonably be made
     – Developed by “Project Manager” and presented at ASM
     – Used as a mandatory review point in Acquisition Strategy Meeting(ASM)
     – Two „formats‟:
            •   (para A.4.6.1) Full spacecraft development use full report
            •   (para A.4.6.2) Component/Instrument development use Abbreviated report
     – About 3-6 pages long
     – From NPR 8715.6”B” Paragraph 2.2.2, Table 2.
                                                       Waiver/
                                                      Deviation                                Risk
                   Name        Delivery to OSMA     Requests Must   Mandatory Concurrences   Accepted
                                                     Be Approved                                by
                                                        Before

                                                                          Chief/SMA,
                                 30 days prior to   Project KDP A                            Program
                Initial ODAR                                          NASA Chief Engineer,
                                  Project ASM                                                 MDAA
                                                                        and ASM Chair



                                                        61
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                        Initial-ODAR: Full Report Format
                          (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.1)

   Initial ODAR Cover and Front Matter

• Cover showing the mission name, document
  version, and date of delivery

• Inside cover showing the signatures:                     Initial ODAR Section 1: Mission Overview
  – Submitted by: Document preparer(s),
     program management                                    •   Brief description of the mission
  – Concurrence by: NASA HQ program/project
     management and the NASA HQ OSMA                       •   Identification potential launch vehicle, and
     Orbital Debris Manager                                    launch site
  – Approval and Risk Accepted by: sponsoring              •   Brief description of the spacecraft and
     MDAA.                                                     estimated spacecraft mass/size
                                                           •   Description of all propulsion systems
• Statement of any restrictions on the data in the
  Initial ODAR such as proprietary, ITAR, or export        •   Identification of any radioactive materials or
  controls.                                                    other non-propulsion system hazardous
                                                               materials on board
                                                           •   Description of operational orbital maintenance
                                                               requirements (i.e., Sun-sync, ground track,
                                                               altitude, formation flying)



                                                      62
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                            Initial-ODAR: Full Report Format
                              (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.1)
                        Initial ODAR Section 2: Orbital Debris Limitation Summary
1. Can spacecraft propellant and pressurant tanks be              7. Will all launch vehicle orbital stages and mission-
   emptied at end of mission?                                        related debris be left in low Earth orbits with orbital
   (Should be vented, used, and/or emptied – paragraph 4.4           lifetimes of less than 25 years or left in compliant
   & 4.4.4.1.2)                                                      disposal orbits above 2,000 km (~1,240 mi)?
                                                                     (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.1)
2. Can the spacecraft battery be disconnected from the
   charging circuit at end of mission?                            8. If an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry is anticipated
   (Yes – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2)                                 after EOM, does the spacecraft bus or the payload
3. If the answer to either of questions 1 and/or 2 is                contain any objects which might survive reentry, e.g.,
   negative, what alternatives are available (different              tanks, structural components, or other items made of
   bus) and at what additional, if any, cost?                        high melting temperature materials such as titanium,
                                                                     beryllium, or stainless steel?
4. Have all mission-related debris generation been                   (If applicable, no objects should survive which will strike
   eliminated to the greatest extent possible?                       the Earth with greater than 15 Joules of energy, list all
   (Yes – paragraph 4.2, et al)                                      expected objects over 1 kg– paragraph 4.7 & 4.7.2)

5. For spacecraft operating in low Earth orbit (less than         9. If a disposal maneuver is planned for a mission not
   2000 km), will the spacecraft reenter the atmosphere              utilizing a controlled reentry, will the spacecraft
   within 25 years after end of mission (and no more                 propulsion system have a designed reliability of at
   than 30 years after launch) or will the spacecraft be             least 0.9 at EOM?
   moved to a disposal orbit above 2000 km?                          (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.4)
   (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.1)
                                                                  10.Does the spacecraft have any critical components,
6. For spacecraft operating in GEO, will the spacecraft              other than sensors and solar cells, which are
   be moved to a compliant disposal orbit, i.e., one                 exposed to the environment without MMOD
   which will remain at least 200 km (~125 mi)                       protection? (No)
   above/below GEO for at least 100 years?
   (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.2)
                                                             63
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                Initial-ODAR: Abbreviated Report Format
                          (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.2)

          Initial Abbreviated-ODAR                               Initial Abbreviated-ODAR Section 2:
           Cover and Front Matter                                Orbital Debris Limitation Summary
                                                           1. Can instrument/component propellant and pressurant
    (same information as in Full Initial ODAR)                tanks be emptied at end of mission? (N/A or should be
                                                              vented, used, and/or emptied – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2)

                                                           2. Can the instrument/component battery be
                                                              disconnected from the charging circuit at end of
                                                              mission? (N/A or Yes – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2)
    Initial Abbreviated-ODAR Section 1:
                                                           3. Have all mission-related debris generation been
              Mission Overview                                eliminated to the greatest extent possible?
                                                              (Yes – paragraph 4.2, et al.)
•   Brief description of the instrument(s) and             4. If an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry is anticipated
    component(s) including a description of all               after EOM, are there any objects in the
    propellants, pressurized tanks, any radioactive           instrument/component which might survive reentry;
    materials, or other non-propulsion system                 e.g., tanks, structural components, or other items
    hazardous materials on board                              made of high melting temperature materials such as
                                                              titanium, beryllium, or stainless steel? (If applicable,
                                                              no objects should survive which will strike the Earth with
                                                              greater than 15 Joules of energy, list all expected objects
                                                              over 1 kg– paragraph 4.7 & 4.7.2)

                                                           5. Does the instrument/component have any critical
                                                              components, other than sensors and solar cells,
                                                              which are exposed to the environment without
                                                              MMOD protection? (No)

                                                      64                      Note: Full Report format questions 1, 2, 4, 8, & 10
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


                    Initial-ODAR Noncompliances
    (Per updates to NPR 7120.5”E” and NPR 8715.6”B” currently in NODIS review.)

• A noncompliance is:
    Where the answer on the Initial-ODAR does not match the NS 8719.14 desired answer.


• ASM has 3 choices for identified OD Non-compliances:
    1. Re-design to bring the spacecraft/instrument/component into compliance at the ASM.
       (ASM essentially updates the Initial-ODAR)

    2. ASM decides that the risk would be acceptable and generates a Waiver (per NS 8709.20)

    3. ASM assigns an action to study the non-compliance and re-present the non-compliance
       in further detail at KDP A. Per draft NPR 7120.5”E”, a decision must be made on this
       non-compliance before the KDP A can be declared complete. The KDP A can either:
         •   Bring the item into compliance through redesign OR
         •   Develop a waiver to accept the risk.


•    The Initial-ODAR becomes a part of the minutes/record of the ASM.


                                                    65
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




                 NASA’s
     Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris
                Program
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


         Primary Program Responsibilities
                              •   Characterize the orbital debris environment to
                                  support risk assessments for all NASA projects and
                                  programs.
                                    – Ground-based and space-based measurements
                                    – Breakup and population modeling
                                    – Hypervelocity impact phenomenology and effects


                              •   Provide technical and policy level assistance to
                                  NASA HQ, other US Government agencies and the
                                  commercial sector.

                              •   Represent the US in international fora, including the
                                  United Nations and the Inter-Agency Space Debris
                                  Coordination Committee (IADC).

                              •   Evaluate risk of human casualties from satellite
                                  reentries.


                                                67
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

             Orbital Debris Program Overview

                                                                                                                                                                                                     Debris
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Software
                                                                                                                                                                                                          Normal Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Accidental Explosions
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Intenational Breakups
                                                                                          60000
                                                                                                            S ta nd a rd E V O L V E R un (N o M itig a tio n)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          On-Orbit Collisions
                                 E F F E C T IV E NUM B E R O F O B J E C T S > 1 0 C M

                                                                                          50000
                                                                                                            E xp lo s . S up p re s s io n a fte r ye a r 1 0                                           Postmission Disposal
                                                                                                            5 0 yr D e -o rb it, E S

                                                                                                            2 5 yr D e -o rb it, E S
                                                                                                                                                                                                           Reentry Survival
                                                                                          40000

                                                                                                            1 0 yr D e -o rb it, E S


                                                                                          30000
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Satellite Breakup
                                                                                          20000




                                                                                          10000
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Risk Assessment
                                                                                              0
                                                                                                  0    10             20               30           40          50    60        70   80   90   100
                                                                                                                                                                                                             Model
                                                                                                                                              P RO J E C T IO N Y E AR [y r ]




Measurements                                                                                          Modeling                                                                                       Risk Assessment
Ground-based and in-                                                                                  Develop near-term                                                                              Develop software tools to
situ measurements of                                                                                  engineering, long-term                                                                         permit risk assessments
debris smaller than 10-                                                                               evolutionary, and special                                                                      for all NASA space
cm diameter                                                                                           purpose models                                                                                 projects: human space
                                                                                                                                                                                                     flight and robotic

                                                                                                                                                                      68
National Aeronautics and Space Administration


              Orbital Debris Program Interfaces

•   NASA Orbital Debris Program
    established at JSC in 1979.                                       US Government                                          NASA/DoD WG
                                                                       Nat./Int. Strategy                                    Partnership Council
                                                                       Interagency WG
                                                                                               OSTP             DoD
                                                                                                                             MOUs / MOAs

•   Currently funded directly                                         LV License Assmts                                       United Nations
                                                                                              DOT/FAA           State
    from HQ OSMA.                                                     OD Economics                                            IADC, Special


                                                                      S/C License Assmts        FCC            NOAA           S/C Disposal

                                         Commercial
•   Recognized as world                    Risk Assmts
                                                                                                                                                   International
                                                         S/C Owner/                                                                                              STSC Agenda
                                                                                                                                                       UN
    leader in environment                  Mitigation
                                           Anomalies
                                                         Operators
                                                                                                Orbital Debris                                       COPUOS      UN Guidelines



    definition and modeling                 Design                                             Program Office
                                                                                                                                                                 Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                 Modeling
                                            Operations
                                                          S/C & LV                                                                                     IADC
                                                                                                                                                                 Mitigation
    and in mitigation policy                Anomalies     Vendors
                                                                                                                                                                 Col. Avoidance
                                                                                                                             United Nations           Space
                                                                       NASA
                                                                                                                                                                 Anomalies
    development.                                                                            Advisory
                                                                                                               External
                                                                                                               Relations
                                                                                                                             Int. Strategy           Agencies    Reentries

                                                                       ASAP, NRC,           Committee
                                                                                                                                  Space Shuttle,                 IAF
                                                                                             Reviews            Space
                                                                                                                Operations        ISS, ELVs          Int. Orgs   IAA


•
                                                                                                                                                                 COSPAR
    Close cooperation with                                                  Cooperative
                                                                                              Centers           Programs
                                                                                                                                On-orbit and
                                                                                                                                reentry risk
                                                                                                                                assessments
                                                                            Projects

    DoD in a variety of
                                                                                                      OSMA
    space situational                                                                          Core Orbital Debris Program

    awareness areas.                                                                           NPR 8715.6
                                                                                               NS 8719.14
                                                                                               Satellite Reentries




                                                             69
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
       For more information – see our website at:
            http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/




                                                70
National Aeronautics and Space Administration




     Thank You for inviting me to your
      conference. Please let me know
    how I can help you limit the growth
             of Orbital Debris.

                        JLyver@NASA.GOV

          http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/

                                Questions?

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John.lyver

  • 1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’s Commitment to Limiting the Generation of Orbital Debris NASA Headquarters Office of Safety and Mission Assurance John W. Lyver, IV, Ph.D. NASA MMOD Program Executive February 22, 2012
  • 2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration What is Orbital Debris? • Orbital debris is any object in Earth orbit which no longer serves a useful function. Non-operational Spacecraft Fragmentation and Mission-related Debris Derelict Launch Vehicle Stages 2
  • 3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Non-operational Spacecraft • More than 6800 spacecraft have been placed into Earth orbit since Sputnik 1 in 1957. • Currently, >3200 spacecraft remain in Earth orbit. – ~1000 are operational; the rest are orbital debris Cubesats: 1 kg • Small: Picosats and Microsats – Operational lifetimes typically months to a few years • Large: Geosynchronous spacecraft – Operational lifetimes typically a decade or more TDRS 1: 2 metric tons 3
  • 4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Launch Vehicle Stages • More than 5400 launch vehicle stages have been placed into Earth orbit since Sputnik 1 in 1957. • Currently, ~1700 launch vehicle stages remain in Earth orbit. • Sizes range from <100 kg to 8 metric tons Pegasus upper stage Atlas V Centaur stage 4
  • 5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Mission-related Debris • During the launch and satellite deployment processes, some debris can be generated, e.g., sensor and engine covers, straps, Ariane 5 SYLDA springs, and yo-yo despin weights. Payload Dispenser • Most spacecraft and launch vehicles are now designed to eliminate or limit the generation of mission-related debris. – One exception is for multiple payload launches, e.g., Ariane and Delta 2 5
  • 6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Fragmentation Debris • The majority of debris in Earth orbit has originated from the fragmentation of spacecraft and rocket bodies. • Fragmentation events can generally be classified in one of three categories: – Anomalous events: Typically one or a few debris released at low velocities, often possessing higher than normal area-to-mass ratios. Many of these debris have short orbital lifetimes. More than 100 events identified with spacecraft and upper stages. – Explosions: Intentional or accidental, resulting in only a few to several hundreds of large debris and many more smaller debris. Ejection velocities range from very low to very high for a single event. 200 events identified. – Collisions: Also can be intentional or accidental. Debris distributions similar to explosions. Two major events since 2007. NASA, U.S., and international guidelines and standards seek to eliminate or limit the occurrence of satellite fragmentations of all kinds. 6
  • 7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Why is Orbital Debris a Concern at NASA? .
  • 8. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1960 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 8
  • 9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1965 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 9
  • 10. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1970 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 10
  • 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1975 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 11
  • 12. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1980 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 12
  • 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1985 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 13
  • 14. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1990 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 14
  • 15. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 1995 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 15
  • 16. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 2000 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 16
  • 17. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 2005 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 17
  • 18. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of the Earth Satellite Population 2010 Cataloged objects >10 cm diameter 18
  • 19. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Spatial Density with No Mitigation Non-Mitigation, objects ≥10 cm 1.E-07 2108 8.E-08 2058 2008 Spatial Density (no/km3) 6.E-08 EOS Sun-Sync Semi-Sync 4.E-08 2.E-08 HST ISS 0.E+00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Altitude (km) 19
  • 20. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Detectors and Damage Potential Potential Shuttle Damage 6.5 Window Replacement Most robotic satellites are vulnerable to debris as small as 5 mm. EVA Suit Penetration 5.5 Radiator Penetration RCC Penetration 4.5 TPS Tile Penetration Cabin Penetration 3.5 Cargo Bay Damage Goldstone Radars Space Surveillance Network 2.5 Haystack Auxiliary Radar Spacecraft Surface 1.5 Inspections Haystack Radar 0.5 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Debris Diameter in Centimeters 20
  • 21. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Our Legacy . . .
  • 22. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Collision Avoidance, It’s NOT just a good idea . . .
  • 23. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Collision Avoidance for Human Spaceflight • Space Shuttle Mission (STS-7) in 1983 was struck with a paint flake on Challenger’s front window (damage 3 mm wide). • A process to avoid collisions with tracked space objects (i.e., > 10 cm) was implemented with STS-26 in 1988. – The approach of another object within a box 4 km X 10 km X 4 km centered on the Space Shuttle represented a collision risk on the order of 1 in 100,000 and was grounds to execute a collision avoidance maneuver • With the launch of the first module of the International Space Station in 1998, a new, higher fidelity, probability-based collision avoidance process was implemented. – If collision risk is > 1 in 100,000, a collision avoidance maneuver would be performed, if it did not compromise mission objectives (yellow threshold) – If collision risk is > 1 in 10,000, a collision avoidance maneuver would be performed (red threshold). – Historically, the rate of collision avoidance maneuvers has been less than one per year for both the Space Shuttle and the ISS. – However, there have been 4 close approaches where maneuvers were planned in past 6 months. 23
  • 24. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ISS Collision Avoidance Maneuver in 2010 • After a 14-year mission, NASA’s Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) was decommissioned in late 2005 and maneuvered into a lower altitude disposal orbit and reentered in October 2011. • In September 2010, a small fragment unexpectedly separated from UARS. UARS being deployed by Space Shuttle Discovery in 1991. • Although the fragment remained in orbit only six weeks, the object was predicted to pass close by the International Space Station on 26 October, posing a collision threat of greater than 1 in 10,000. • Using the Progress M-07M logistics vehicle, a small collision avoidance maneuver (+0.4 m/s) was conducted a little more than two hours International Space Station before the predicted time of closest approach. 24
  • 25. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Robotic Spacecraft Collision Avoidance • In 2004, in response to the growing debris risk, NASA GSFC implemented a process for providing routine collision avoidance operations to protect the Earth Science Constellations. – The missions are managed independently by several different NASA centers as well as International Partners, but the mission operators work together to ensure the health and safety of the constellations. – NASA JSC provided assistance in establishing the robotic process, which needed to be somewhat different from the manned process due to the different orbit regimes and different operations processes. • In August 2007, because of the increasing threat posed by orbital debris, NASA established a policy that requires routine collision avoidance operations for robotic assets that have maneuvering capability. • In April 2009, the policy was expanded to require routine conjunction analysis for non-maneuverable and non-operational NASA assets in addition to the maneuverable assets. – Therefore, the NASA Robotic Conjunction Assessment process has expanded and is currently being used to support ~80 spacecraft in a variety of orbit regimes. 25
  • 26. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Robotic Collision Avoidance Maneuvers • Frequent conjunction assessments are required for all maneuverable NASA spacecraft in LEO and GEO. Collision avoidance maneuvers are conducted when established probability of collision thresholds are reached. NASA Robotic Satellite Collision Avoidance Maneuvers in 2010 Spacecraft Maneuver Date Object Avoided Terra 22 January Iridium 33 debris Cloudsat 17/18 August Unidentified debris Landsat 5 24 August Cosmos 2251 debris Cloudsat 11 October Zenit rocket body debris Cloudsat 13 October Cosmos 2251 debris Aura 22 November Cosmos 2251 debris Landsat 7 21 December USA 26 debris 26
  • 27. National Aeronautics and Space Administration National and International Orbital Debris Mitigation Policies and Guidelines
  • 28. National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S. Government Policy and Strategy U.S. National Space Policy 1988 - Present 28
  • 29. National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S. Space Policy and Orbital Debris • Orbital debris has been included in all national space policies since 1988. • 1988 National Space Policy (signed 5 January 1988 by President Reagan) stated: – “All space sectors will seek to minimize the creation of space debris. Design and operations of space tests, experiments, and systems will strive to minimize or reduce the accumulation of space debris consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness.” • Less than two years later on 16 November 1989 President G. H. W. Bush signed the 1989 National Space Policy, adding the following statement to the Reagan policy: – “The United States Government will encourage other spacefaring nations to adopt policies and practices aimed at debris minimization.” 29
  • 30. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1996 National Space Policy • On 14 September 1996 President Clinton included a stronger statement on orbital debris in his National Space Policy: – “The United States will seek to minimize the creation of space debris. NASA, the Intelligence Community, and the DoD, in cooperation with the private sector, will develop design guidelines for future government procurements of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and services. The design and operation of space tests, experiments and systems, will minimize or reduce accumulation of space debris consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness. – “It is in the interest of the U.S. Government to ensure that space debris minimization practices are applied by other spacefaring nations and international organizations. The U.S. Government will take a leadership role in international fora to adopt policies and practices aimed at debris minimization and will cooperate internationally in the exchange of information on debris research and the identification of debris mitigation options.” 30
  • 31. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2006 National Space Policy • The 2006 National Space Policy (signed 31 August 2006 by President G. W. Bush) states: “Orbital debris poses a risk to continued reliable use of space-based services and operations and to the safety of persons and property in space and on Earth. The United States shall seek to minimize the creation of orbital debris by government and non-government operations in space in order to preserve the space environment for future generations. Toward that end: • Departments and agencies shall continue to follow the United States Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness, in the procurement and operation of spacecraft, launch services, and the operation of tests and experiments in space; • The Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation, in coordination with the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, shall continue to address orbital debris issues through their respective licensing procedures; and • The United States shall take a leadership role in international fora to encourage foreign nations and international organizations to adopt policies and practices aimed at debris minimization and shall cooperate in the exchange of information on debris research and the identification of improved debris mitigation practices.” 31
  • 32. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2010 National Space Policy Page 1: “The growth and evolution of the global economy has ushered in an ever-increasing number of nations and organizations using space. … decades of space activity have littered Earth’s orbit with debris; and as the world’s space-faring nations continue to increase activities in space, the chance for a collision increases correspondingly. Page 4: GOALS: (3) Strengthen Stability in Space … strengthening measures to mitigate orbital debris. Page 7: Preserve the Space Environment. the United States shall: - Lead … policies to minimize debris … 32 http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf
  • 33. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2010 National Space Policy Page 7: Preserve the Space Environment. … the United States shall: - Lead … policies to minimize debris, such as the United Nations Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines; - Continue to follow the United States Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness, in the procurement and operation of spacecraft, launch services, and the conduct of tests and experiments in space; - … to mitigate and remove on-orbit debris, … - Require the head of the sponsoring department or agency to approve exceptions to the United States Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices and notify the Sec of State. 33
  • 34. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Evolution of U.S. and NASA Orbital Debris Mitigation Policies and Requirements U.S. Orbital Debris Mitigation NASA Debris Mitigation International Policy and Standard Practices Policy and Requirements Agreements IADC, 1993 Formed IADC, 2002 Guidelines ISO WG 2003 UN, 2007 Guidelines NHBK 8719.14 2008 NPR 8715.6B 2012 NS 8719.14A 2011 34
  • 35. National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices • In response to the 1995 Interagency report on orbital debris, NASA and DoD developed draft orbital debris mitigation standard practices based upon NASA Safety Standard 1740.14. • The Standard Practices cover four major areas: – Control of debris released during normal operations – Minimization of debris generated by accidental explosions – Selection of safe flight profile and operational configuration – Post mission disposal of space structure • After coordination with the U.S. aerospace industry, the Standard Practices were approved Feb 2001 by all relevant U.S. Government agencies, departments, and organizations and have been used as a foundation for the development of international guidelines. – Cited in 2006 and 2010 U.S. National Space Policy – Each U.S. Government organization implements the Standard Practices according to established internal procedures 35
  • 36. National Aeronautics and Space Administration USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices, Objective 1 OBJECTIVE 1. CONTROL OF DEBRIS RELEASED DURING NORMAL OPERATIONS _______________________________________________________________________________ Programs and projects will assess and limit the amount of debris released in a planned manner during normal operations. _______________________________________________________________________________ MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES _______________________________________________________________________________ 1-1. In all operational orbit regimes: Spacecraft and upper stages should be designed to eliminate or minimize debris released during normal operations. Each instance of planned release of debris larger than 5 mm in any dimension that remains on orbit for more than 25 years should be evaluated and justified on the basis of cost effectiveness and mission requirements. 36
  • 37. National Aeronautics and Space Administration USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices, Objective 2 OBJECTIVE 2. MINIMIZING DEBRIS GENERATED BY ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSIONS _______________________________________________________________________________ Programs and projects will assess and limit the probability of accidental explosion during and after completion of mission operations. _______________________________________________________________________________ MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES _______________________________________________________________________________ 2-1. Limiting the risk to other space systems from accidental explosions during mission operations: In developing the design of a spacecraft or upper stage, each program, via failure mode and effects analyses or equivalent analyses, should demonstrate either that there is no credible failure mode for accidental explosion, or, if such credible failure modes exist, design or operational procedures will limit the probability of the occurrence of such failure modes. 2-2. Limiting the risk to other space systems from accidental explosions after completion of mission operations: All on-board sources of stored energy of a spacecraft or upper stage should be depleted or safed when they are no longer required for mission operations or postmission disposal. Depletion should occur as soon as such an operation does not pose an unacceptable risk to the payload. Propellant depletion burns and compressed gas releases should be designed to minimize the probability of subsequent accidental collision and to minimize the impact of a subsequent accidental explosion. 37
  • 38. National Aeronautics and Space Administration USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices, Objective 3 OBJECTIVE 3. SELECTION OF SAFE FLIGHT PROFILE AND OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION _______________________________________________________________________________ Programs and projects will assess and limit the probability of operating space systems becoming a source of debris by collisions with man-made objects or meteoroids. _______________________________________________________________________________ MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES _______________________________________________________________________________ 3-1. Collision with large objects during orbital lifetime: In developing the design and mission profile for a spacecraft or upper stage, a program will estimate and limit the probability of collision with known objects during orbital lifetime. 3-2. Collision with small debris during mission operations: Spacecraft design will consider and, consistent with cost effectiveness, limit the probability that collisions with debris smaller than 1 cm diameter will cause loss of control to prevent post-mission disposal. 3-3. Tether systems will be uniquely analyzed for both intact and severed conditions. 38
  • 39. National Aeronautics and Space Administration USG OD Mitigation Standard Practices, Objective 4 OBJECTIVE 4. POSTMISSION DISPOSAL OF SPACE STRUCTURES _______________________________________________________________________________ Programs and projects will plan for, consistent with mission requirements, cost effective disposal procedures for launch vehicle components, upper stages, spacecraft, and other payloads at the end of mission life to minimize impact on future space operations. _______________________________________________________________________________ MITIGATION STANDARD PRACTICES _______________________________________________________________________________ 4-1. Disposal for final mission orbits: A spacecraft or upper stage may be disposed of by one of three methods: a. Atmospheric reentry option: Leave the structure in an orbit in which, using conservative projections for solar activity, atmospheric drag will limit the lifetime to no longer than 25 years after completion of mission. If drag enhancement devices are to be used to reduce the orbit lifetime, it should be demonstrated that such devices will significantly reduce the area-time product of the system or will not cause spacecraft or large debris to fragment if a collision occurs while the system is decaying from orbit. If a space structure is to be disposed of by reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere, the risk of human casualty will be less than 1 in 10,000. b. Maneuvering to a storage orbit: At end of life the structure may be relocated to one of the following storage regimes: I. Between LEO and MEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 2000 km and apogee altitude below 19,700 km (500 km below semi-synchronous altitude II. Between MEO and GEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 20,700 km and apogee altitude below 35,300 km (approximately 500 km above semi-synchronous altitude and 500 km below synchronous altitude.) III. Above GEO: Maneuver to an orbit with perigee altitude above 36,100 km (approximately 300 km above synchronous altitude) IV. Heliocentric, Earth-escape: Maneuver to remove the structure from Earth orbit, into a heliocentric orbit. Because of fuel gauging uncertainties near the end of mission, a program should use a maneuver strategy that reduces the risk of leaving the structure near an operational orbit regime. c. Direct retrieval: Retrieve the structure and remove it from orbit as soon as practical after completion of mission. 4-2. Tether systems will be uniquely analyzed for both intact and severed conditions when performing trade-offs between alternative disposal strategies. 39
  • 40. National Aeronautics and Space Administration DoD and other US Gov’t Agencies • The Department of Defense has established an overall Directive on orbital debris mitigation (DoD Directive 3100.10, 1999). – US Strategic Command, the former US Space Command, Air Force Space Command, and the National Reconnaissance Office have issued several policy directives and instructions to implement the DoD directive and National Space Policy. – US Air Force Instruction 91-217, first full OD procedures, 2010 • The Department of Transportation/FAA has issued regulations promoting orbital debris mitigation for commercial launch vehicles. • The Federal Communications Commission has issued regulations promoting orbital debris mitigation for transmitting spacecraft. • The Department of Commerce/NOAA has issued regulations promoting orbital debris mitigation for remote sensing spacecraft. All of the above are consistent with and derived from the USG Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices 40
  • 41. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) • Established in 1993: – To exchange information on space debris research activities between member space agencies; – To facilitate opportunities for cooperation in space debris research; – To review progress of ongoing cooperative activities; and – To identify debris mitigation options • 12 members include all the leading space agencies in the world from Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as ESA. – NASA delegation has included personnel from DoD, State, the FAA, and the FCC • More than 100 orbital debris specialists meet annually to exchange information and to work on specified Action Items. • IADC developed first consensus international orbital debris mitigation guidelines in October 2002; subsequently submitted to the United Nations. Website: www.iadc-online.org 41
  • 42. National Aeronautics and Space Administration IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines • An Action Item (AI 17.2) to develop a consensus set of space debris mitigation guidelines was approved by the Steering Group of the IADC in October 1999. • The “IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines” (IADC-02-01) was adopted in October 2002 (slightly revised in 2007) and the complementary “Support to the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines” (IADC-04-06) was adopted in October 2004. An update is currently in work. • The IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines are quite similar to the U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices with four major mitigation categories: – Limiting debris released during normal operations – Minimizing the potential for on-orbit breakups – Post mission disposal – Prevention of on-orbit collisions 42
  • 43. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris at the United Nations • Since 1994 the subject of orbital debris has been on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (STSC) of the United Nations’ Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). • A multi-year work plan culminated in the 1999 “Technical Report on Space Debris” (A/AC.105/720), summarizing the world state-of-knowledge concerning measurements and modeling of the environment as well as identified orbital debris mitigation measures. • At the 2001 meeting of the STSC a new multi-year work plan was adopted which anticipated the presentation of the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines to the STSC in 2003. • The IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines were reviewed and discussed at STSC in both 2003 and 2004. • STSC Member States adopted a similar set of space debris mitigation guidelines in Feb 2007, followed by adoption of the full COPUOS in June 2007 and by the full General Assembly in late 2007. 43
  • 44. National Aeronautics and Space Administration UN COPUOS STSC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines • The 2007 UN COPUOS STSC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines contains seven numbered guidelines: – Guideline 1: Limit debris released during normal operations – Guideline 2: Minimize the potential for break-ups during operational phases – Guideline 3: Limit the probability of accidental collision in orbit – Guideline 4: Avoid intentional destruction and other harmful activities – Guideline 5: Minimize potential for post-mission break-ups resulting from stored energy – Guideline 6: Limit the long-term presence of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages in the low-Earth orbit (LEO) region after the end of their mission – Guideline 7: Limit the long-term interference of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages with geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) region after the end of their mission 44
  • 45. National Aeronautics and Space Administration National-Level Orbital Debris Mitigation Guidelines • Since the establishment of the NASA policy and guidelines on orbital debris, an increasing number of countries have developed and adopted specific national guidelines promoting the mitigation of the growth of the orbital debris environment. – Japan: Space Debris Mitigation Standard (NASDA-STD-18A/JAXA-003), March 1996 – France: CNES Space Debris – Safety Requirements (MPM-50-00-12), April 1999 – Russia: General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population (Branch Standard), July 2000 – China: Requirements for Space Debris Mitigation (QJ 3221 – 2005), July 2005 • ESA issued a Space Debris Mitigation Handbook in February 1999, followed by a draft Space Debris Safety and Mitigation Standard in September 2000. • These guidelines are very similar in most of their recommendations with the U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices. 45
  • 46. National Aeronautics and Space Administration European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation • In June 2004 a draft European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation was completed by the five leading space agencies in Europe: ESA, ASI (Italy), BNSC (UK), CNES (France), and DLR (Germany). – In 2006 the final signature of the document was recorded. • This new European document is divided into three main categories: – Management Measures – Design Measures – Operational Measures • Following the precedent set by IADC, a “Support to Implementation of the European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation” has also been produced. • The European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation does add specificity, e.g., measures of effectiveness, similar to that of NASA’s NASA-STD 8719.14. (Currently being updated) 46
  • 47. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris and ISO • The International Standards Organization (ISO) was founded under the auspices of the United Nations in 1946 to promote standardization development for the facilitation of international exchange of goods and services. – Members of ISO include government and industry representatives. – Compliance with ISO standards is voluntary. • The Orbital Debris Coordination Working Group was established under ISO Technical Committee 20, Subcommittee 14, in May 2003. – Using the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines as a foundation, the working group is developing a series of space debris mitigation standards. – ISO24113, Space Debris Mitigation Requirements, is the overarching ISO space debris mitigation standard. (There will be about 10 documents in the series when complete.) 47
  • 48. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Orbital Debris Policy, Procedural Requirements, Standards, and Handbook
  • 49. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Policies Containing Orbital Debris Requirements • Program Management: – NPR 7120.5D (with NM 7120-97), NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements (** Sept 2011 update **) – NPR 7123.1, NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements • Mission Management – NPD 8010.3, Notification of Intent to Decommission or Terminate Operating Space Systems and Terminate Missions – NPD 8700.1, NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success – NPR 8621.1, NASA Procedural Requirements for Mishap and Close Call Reporting, Investigating, and Recordkeeping • Orbital Debris: – NPR 8715.6A, NASA Procedural Requirements for Limiting Orbital Debris (Rev B soon) – NASA-STD 8719.14A, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris • The process to decommission and dispose of space and ground assets begins with the acquisition Planning  “Design for Demise”. 49
  • 50. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Policy for Limiting Orbital Debris Generation • The first NASA HQ guidance on orbital debris mitigation was issued as NASA Management Instruction (NMI) 1700.8 (5 Apr 1993). • NASA Policy Directive (NPD) 8710.3 superseded NMI 1700.8 in May 1997. • NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8715.6 superseded NPD 8710.3 in August 2007; current version is NPR 8715.6A with Change 1 (14 May 2009) and it requires each program/project to: – Prepare formal orbital debris mitigation assessments and end-of-mission plans at specified milestones – Design for safe disposal of spacecraft and launch vehicles at end of mission – Promote the adoption of international policies, standards, and practices to minimize OD and its associated risks, and the exchange of information on OD research, modeling, and mitigation techniques in the international community 50
  • 51. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Implementation of Limiting Orbital Debris Requirements 51
  • 52. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Orbital Debris Requirements Documents • NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8715.6, and NASA-Standard 8719.14 – Baselined and in full compliance with US & UN OD Std Mitigation Practices – Requires: • End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP) • Spacecraft passivation • De-orbit/re-orbit the spacecraft • Risk acceptance of the disposal method – Currently being upgraded to better address: • Small secondary payload satellites (aka: CubeSats) • NEPA compliance for reentries  1:10,000 Reentry human casualty risk being defined as from all reentry hazards, not just striking with falling debris, include chemical, biological, explosive, radiological, … risks  ODAR & EOMP requiring an added table to estimate quantity of hazmat onboard at launch, initial operations, planned end of operations, post passivation, & ground impact. • Adding OD assessment PRIOR to “Acquisition Strategy Meeting” to identify OD problems inherent in the acquisition. i.e.; reuse of old bus, won‟t pay for controlled reentry, tethers, … • NSP 2010 notifications • Better defining what to passivate and how much passivation required • Increasing super-GEO disposal orbit to >GEO+300km 52
  • 53. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Orbital Debris Assessments • Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) – A full assessment of the spacecraft and launch vehicle with regards to the Orbital Debris requirements as contained in NASA-Standard 8719.14 (Appendix A) – Schedule: • (Pending Requirement) Preliminary questionnaire with acquisition decision review • Initial draft due at Preliminary Design Review • Updated >45 days prior to Critical Design Review • Formally reviewed and approved ~30 days prior to launch – Nonconformances must either have waivers or compliance plans prior to completing current program phase – Active prior to launch then used as a reference – Abbreviated-ODAR used to exchange instrument OD data with spacecraft integrator • End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP) – Designed to aid mission management in determining when to retire spacecraft (passivation and disposal options) (NASA-Standard 8719.14 Appendix B) – Schedule: • Initial draft acceptance/approval ~30 days prior to launch • Living document throughout operations, periodically updated • Formally reviewed and accepted prior to decommissioning of spacecraft 53
  • 54. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA ODAR and EOMP Pre-EOM Passivation Notification & Disposal SRR PDR CDR SMSR Launch In-flight EOM Reviews -45 days -30 to -60 days ODAR PreAcquisition Initial Updated NC Approved Reference Document Questionnaire Draft Draft Review Final EOMP Initialed Periodic Updates Approved Final Launch at Disposal Draft 54
  • 55. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Noncompliance with NASA Orbital Debris Requirements • Prior to Acquisition: (updated requirements pending approval) – Must perform an Orbital Debris Assessment to identify potential nonconformances – Submit Deviation requests PRIOR to the Acquisition Strategy Meeting per NPR 8715.3 para 1.13 and NASA-STD 8709.20 • Must be approved by Chief/Safety and Mission Assurance and Chief Engineer • Risk is accepted by Mission Directorate Associate Administrator or higher – Noncompliances which exceed the requirements in the National Space Policy of 2010 or the US Government Orbital Debris Standard Mitigation Practices will require the NASA Administrator to notify the Secretary of State • Prior to Launch: – All noncompliances are documented in each ODAR Update – Waivers require approval PRIOR to completing next Key Decision Point [KDP] Review – Waivers are submitted for all noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13 – All waivers required to be approved by the SMSR (Safety & Mission Success Review) • After Launch – All nonconformances are documented in the EOMP – Waivers are submitted for all EOM noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13 – All waivers required to be approved by the DRR (Decommissioning Review) 55
  • 56. National Aeronautics and Space Administration End of Mission Passivation • Documentation of the EOM sources or potential sources of stored energy that require passivation, and a plan for passivation these sources at EOM is included in the ODAR. • Passivation procedures to be implemented are suggested to include; – Burning residual propellants to depletion; – Venting propellant lines and tanks; – Venting pressurized systems; – Discharging batteries, other energy storage systems, and preventing recharging; – Depressurizing/discharging pressurized gas filled batteries; – Deactivating range safety systems; and – De-energizing control moment gyroscopes. (Note: Controlled reentry is considered as an effective means of passivation) 56
  • 57. National Aeronautics and Space Administration End of Mission Disposal • At end of mission, NASA endeavors to dispose of spacecraft either by a controlled reentry or by putting the satellite in a disposal orbit (aka; graveyard). • MANY NASA spacecraft predate the current Orbital Debris Requirements. – NASA‟s satellites were launched or their designs were established in the 1980‟s and 1990‟s (GP-B was first designed in the early-1970‟s and launched in 2009) – Spacecraft in those times were built to last and not “designed for demise”. – As a result, NASA has done its best to limit the risk at end-of-mission to: • Passivate as much as possible (e.g.; TOPAZ) • Minimize time on orbit with remaining fuel (e.g.: UARS 50 year orbit to 5 year orbit) • Warn the public of de-orbiting spacecraft risk • Recent successful missions include: – (2010) TDRS-1 spacecraft (GEO) was placed in GE 0+350 km orbit and was fully passivated. – (2011) Currently, TDRS-4 spacecraft is being readied for GEO+350 km disposal. – (1990‟s) NASA worked with RSA in the disposal of MIR space Station. • NASA also is diligent in where it disposes of spacecraft at the Moon, MARS, and other planets. 57
  • 58. DRAFT National Aeronautics and Space Administration Decommissioning Process Draft proposed draft of NPR 7120.5”E” and NASA-Handbook 7120: DRAFT 58
  • 59. DRAFT National Aeronautics and Space Administration DRAFT Decommissioning Process Phase D Phase E Phase F KDP-E KDP-F Turn off Science Re-orbit/ De-orbit & SMSR DR DRR Passivation At least 90 days Transfer to ODAR Post- B/L Mission Notice to Monitoring Decom Org Decom Archive Data Plan & Close-out Project EOMP B/L EOMP EOMP Updates Final DR - Decommissioning Rev iew DRR - Disposal Readiness Rev iew EOMP - End of Mission Plan Mishap KDP - Key Decision Point Cont MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan Plan ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report MCP MCP SMSR - Saf ety and Mission Success Rev iew Updates Final 59
  • 60. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial Orbital Debris Assessment (Initial-ODAR) [aka: Pre-Acquisition ODAR]
  • 61. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial-ODAR • Being required in updates to NPR 7120.5”E” and NPR 8715.6”B” which are currently in NODIS review. • Report is (from NASA-STD 8719.14A Appendix A para A.4): – Intended to identify barriers to full compliance with US Gov‟t OD Std Mitigation Practices early enough in the process where overt decisions/changes can reasonably be made – Developed by “Project Manager” and presented at ASM – Used as a mandatory review point in Acquisition Strategy Meeting(ASM) – Two „formats‟: • (para A.4.6.1) Full spacecraft development use full report • (para A.4.6.2) Component/Instrument development use Abbreviated report – About 3-6 pages long – From NPR 8715.6”B” Paragraph 2.2.2, Table 2. Waiver/ Deviation Risk Name Delivery to OSMA Requests Must Mandatory Concurrences Accepted Be Approved by Before Chief/SMA, 30 days prior to Project KDP A Program Initial ODAR NASA Chief Engineer, Project ASM MDAA and ASM Chair 61
  • 62. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial-ODAR: Full Report Format (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.1) Initial ODAR Cover and Front Matter • Cover showing the mission name, document version, and date of delivery • Inside cover showing the signatures: Initial ODAR Section 1: Mission Overview – Submitted by: Document preparer(s), program management • Brief description of the mission – Concurrence by: NASA HQ program/project management and the NASA HQ OSMA • Identification potential launch vehicle, and Orbital Debris Manager launch site – Approval and Risk Accepted by: sponsoring • Brief description of the spacecraft and MDAA. estimated spacecraft mass/size • Description of all propulsion systems • Statement of any restrictions on the data in the Initial ODAR such as proprietary, ITAR, or export • Identification of any radioactive materials or controls. other non-propulsion system hazardous materials on board • Description of operational orbital maintenance requirements (i.e., Sun-sync, ground track, altitude, formation flying) 62
  • 63. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial-ODAR: Full Report Format (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.1) Initial ODAR Section 2: Orbital Debris Limitation Summary 1. Can spacecraft propellant and pressurant tanks be 7. Will all launch vehicle orbital stages and mission- emptied at end of mission? related debris be left in low Earth orbits with orbital (Should be vented, used, and/or emptied – paragraph 4.4 lifetimes of less than 25 years or left in compliant & 4.4.4.1.2) disposal orbits above 2,000 km (~1,240 mi)? (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.1) 2. Can the spacecraft battery be disconnected from the charging circuit at end of mission? 8. If an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry is anticipated (Yes – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2) after EOM, does the spacecraft bus or the payload 3. If the answer to either of questions 1 and/or 2 is contain any objects which might survive reentry, e.g., negative, what alternatives are available (different tanks, structural components, or other items made of bus) and at what additional, if any, cost? high melting temperature materials such as titanium, beryllium, or stainless steel? 4. Have all mission-related debris generation been (If applicable, no objects should survive which will strike eliminated to the greatest extent possible? the Earth with greater than 15 Joules of energy, list all (Yes – paragraph 4.2, et al) expected objects over 1 kg– paragraph 4.7 & 4.7.2) 5. For spacecraft operating in low Earth orbit (less than 9. If a disposal maneuver is planned for a mission not 2000 km), will the spacecraft reenter the atmosphere utilizing a controlled reentry, will the spacecraft within 25 years after end of mission (and no more propulsion system have a designed reliability of at than 30 years after launch) or will the spacecraft be least 0.9 at EOM? moved to a disposal orbit above 2000 km? (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.4) (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.1) 10.Does the spacecraft have any critical components, 6. For spacecraft operating in GEO, will the spacecraft other than sensors and solar cells, which are be moved to a compliant disposal orbit, i.e., one exposed to the environment without MMOD which will remain at least 200 km (~125 mi) protection? (No) above/below GEO for at least 100 years? (Yes if applicable – paragraph 4.6 & 4.6.2.2) 63
  • 64. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial-ODAR: Abbreviated Report Format (NASA-STD 8719.14A App A, para A.4.6.2) Initial Abbreviated-ODAR Initial Abbreviated-ODAR Section 2: Cover and Front Matter Orbital Debris Limitation Summary 1. Can instrument/component propellant and pressurant (same information as in Full Initial ODAR) tanks be emptied at end of mission? (N/A or should be vented, used, and/or emptied – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2) 2. Can the instrument/component battery be disconnected from the charging circuit at end of mission? (N/A or Yes – paragraph 4.4 & 4.4.4.1.2) Initial Abbreviated-ODAR Section 1: 3. Have all mission-related debris generation been Mission Overview eliminated to the greatest extent possible? (Yes – paragraph 4.2, et al.) • Brief description of the instrument(s) and 4. If an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry is anticipated component(s) including a description of all after EOM, are there any objects in the propellants, pressurized tanks, any radioactive instrument/component which might survive reentry; materials, or other non-propulsion system e.g., tanks, structural components, or other items hazardous materials on board made of high melting temperature materials such as titanium, beryllium, or stainless steel? (If applicable, no objects should survive which will strike the Earth with greater than 15 Joules of energy, list all expected objects over 1 kg– paragraph 4.7 & 4.7.2) 5. Does the instrument/component have any critical components, other than sensors and solar cells, which are exposed to the environment without MMOD protection? (No) 64 Note: Full Report format questions 1, 2, 4, 8, & 10
  • 65. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Initial-ODAR Noncompliances (Per updates to NPR 7120.5”E” and NPR 8715.6”B” currently in NODIS review.) • A noncompliance is: Where the answer on the Initial-ODAR does not match the NS 8719.14 desired answer. • ASM has 3 choices for identified OD Non-compliances: 1. Re-design to bring the spacecraft/instrument/component into compliance at the ASM. (ASM essentially updates the Initial-ODAR) 2. ASM decides that the risk would be acceptable and generates a Waiver (per NS 8709.20) 3. ASM assigns an action to study the non-compliance and re-present the non-compliance in further detail at KDP A. Per draft NPR 7120.5”E”, a decision must be made on this non-compliance before the KDP A can be declared complete. The KDP A can either: • Bring the item into compliance through redesign OR • Develop a waiver to accept the risk. • The Initial-ODAR becomes a part of the minutes/record of the ASM. 65
  • 66. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’s Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Program
  • 67. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Primary Program Responsibilities • Characterize the orbital debris environment to support risk assessments for all NASA projects and programs. – Ground-based and space-based measurements – Breakup and population modeling – Hypervelocity impact phenomenology and effects • Provide technical and policy level assistance to NASA HQ, other US Government agencies and the commercial sector. • Represent the US in international fora, including the United Nations and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). • Evaluate risk of human casualties from satellite reentries. 67
  • 68. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Overview Debris Assessment Software Normal Operations Accidental Explosions Intenational Breakups 60000 S ta nd a rd E V O L V E R un (N o M itig a tio n) On-Orbit Collisions E F F E C T IV E NUM B E R O F O B J E C T S > 1 0 C M 50000 E xp lo s . S up p re s s io n a fte r ye a r 1 0 Postmission Disposal 5 0 yr D e -o rb it, E S 2 5 yr D e -o rb it, E S Reentry Survival 40000 1 0 yr D e -o rb it, E S 30000 Satellite Breakup 20000 10000 Risk Assessment 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Model P RO J E C T IO N Y E AR [y r ] Measurements Modeling Risk Assessment Ground-based and in- Develop near-term Develop software tools to situ measurements of engineering, long-term permit risk assessments debris smaller than 10- evolutionary, and special for all NASA space cm diameter purpose models projects: human space flight and robotic 68
  • 69. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Interfaces • NASA Orbital Debris Program established at JSC in 1979. US Government NASA/DoD WG Nat./Int. Strategy Partnership Council Interagency WG OSTP DoD MOUs / MOAs • Currently funded directly LV License Assmts United Nations DOT/FAA State from HQ OSMA. OD Economics IADC, Special S/C License Assmts FCC NOAA S/C Disposal Commercial • Recognized as world Risk Assmts International S/C Owner/ STSC Agenda UN leader in environment Mitigation Anomalies Operators Orbital Debris COPUOS UN Guidelines definition and modeling Design Program Office Measurements Modeling Operations S/C & LV IADC Mitigation and in mitigation policy Anomalies Vendors Col. Avoidance United Nations Space NASA Anomalies development. Advisory External Relations Int. Strategy Agencies Reentries ASAP, NRC, Committee Space Shuttle, IAF Reviews Space Operations ISS, ELVs Int. Orgs IAA • COSPAR Close cooperation with Cooperative Centers Programs On-orbit and reentry risk assessments Projects DoD in a variety of OSMA space situational Core Orbital Debris Program awareness areas. NPR 8715.6 NS 8719.14 Satellite Reentries 69
  • 70. National Aeronautics and Space Administration For more information – see our website at: http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/ 70
  • 71. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thank You for inviting me to your conference. Please let me know how I can help you limit the growth of Orbital Debris. JLyver@NASA.GOV http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/ Questions?