As resources have become ever more complicated in a digital world, it is evident that cataloging practices and the metadata standards we use to guide these practices are becoming more constrained. Nowhere is this more apparent than with the cataloging of serial publications. For librarians, serial publications have been a constant challenge due to issues such as the multiple version problem, frequent changes in title or issuing body and complex publication histories. For users, serial publications are challenging due to the fact that a boundary has been established in the library profession where serial publications are described by librarians while the articles contained within those publications are handled by indexing and abstracting services. Although web-scale discovery systems have attempted to bridge the gap by providing a single point of discovery, user access is far from seamless. Recent changes within the library community can have a significant impact on serials cataloging and may help improve information retrieval for the end user. The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) holds great promise for alleviating some of the problems related to serials cataloging. While FRBR provides a useful mechanism for re-examining many of the problems with serials cataloging, the principles of Linked Data may further transform the way in which resources and the relationships between them are captured and presented to our users. By taking description out of our current record constraints, serials librarians will better be able to express how a particular journal has changed over time and the relationships between multiple versions of the same publication. The Linked Data model also opens up many opportunities for the provision of value-added content to bibliographic descriptions. Shifting description to a Linked Data model may not only help to alleviate many of the issues related to serials cataloging, it can also help users better understand and use bibliographic data effectively. Presenters: Marlene van Ballegooie and Juliya Borie University of Toronto Libraries

1. From Record-Bound to Boundless:
FRBR, Linked Data and New Possibilities
for Serials Cataloging
Marlene van Ballegooie and Juliya Borie
University of Toronto Libraries
NASIG 2013

2. A patron asks…
…We recently spent considerable time
trying to locate the English translation of
an Einstein paper. After much sleuthing
it came to light that UTM had it. This is
definitely not clear in the shared
catalogue record. Perhaps something
could be done to aid future seekers…
(Note from a reference librarian)

3. What are the
relationships?
Eine Theorie der
Grundlagen der
Thermodynamik (Work)
Albert Einstein
(Creator)
English Translation (E)
Annalen der Physik
11 (1903): 170-187 (M) Copy in the U of T Libraries’
Gerstein periodical collection (I)
The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
(Princeton University
Press, 1989)(M) Copy in the U of T Libraries’
UTM monographs collection (I)
Text in original German
(E)
Electronic version (M) Copy in the Wiley Online
Library
(I )
Copy in the European Cultural
Heritage Online collection (I)The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
(Princeton University Press, 1989)
(M)
Copy in the U of T Libraries’
Gerstein monographs collection
(I)
Electronic version (M)
Copy in Google Books (I)

4. What makes serial titles and
articles difficult to find?
• Two tiers of metadata (serial
and article) handled by two
different parties
• Frequent title changes/
complex publication histories
• Multiple versions
• Changing cataloging
practices over time leads to
an inconsistent search
environment

5. Limitations of MARC
• Not designed for direct comprehension by
a computer
• Cannot adequately represent relationships
between records
o Horizontal relationships (i.e. title changes)
o Vertical relationships (i.e. journal to article)
• MARC is static and inflexible
• Semantic meaning can only be derived
from the entire bibliographic record

7. Work
Manifestation
Person
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Item
Item
Concept
Corporate body
Person
Source: www.rda-jsc.org/docs/Georgia-FRBR-review-12august2011.ppt
• Focus on
relationships
between entities,
elements and
attributes
• Separation of the
intellectual from the
physical
FRBR: Rethinking the bibliographic
universe
• Disaggregation of the components of the
bibliographic record

8. FRBR and Serials
Fitting a Square Peg in a Round Hole?
• Recognition that FRBR model works well for
monographs, but not so well for continuing
resources
• Serials are composed of smaller independent works
that are intellectual works in their own right
• What are the boundaries of a
serial work?
• The need to differentiate
expressions rarely arises with
serials
• No one item exemplifies a
manifestation

9. FRBR for Serial Publications
• Adams, Santamauro & Blythe (2008) suggest that the four
Group 1 entities be collapsed into three
o Superworkspression
o Manifestation
o Item
C
Bibliographic model: “Best of all possible worlds”.
Successive Entry, Latest Entry, or None of the Above? How the MARC21 Format, FRBR and the
Concept of a Work Could Revitalize Serials Management. Katherine Adams, Britta Santamauro
& Kurt Blythe, The Serials Librarian, 54:3-4, 193-197.

10. What about the articles…aren’t
they works too?
Krier (2012) – Serials , FRBR and Library Linked Data: A
Way Forward
• Split between library catalogues and journal
databases is not intuitive to users.
• FRBR can be applied at the journal level as well as
the article level.
• Linked data model can be used to bring two work-
level resources together.
• Users can begin search at either level – journal or
article – and shift between works depending on
user needs.

11. • Serials are the shape-shifters of the library world
o Fluid, ever-changing
o Many inter-relationships (journal to article, earlier titles, later
titles, translations)
o Often available in multiple formats
Serials, FRBR and Linked Data:
A Better Fit?
• FRBR generally accepted by
library community, but not
widely implemented due to
MARC limitations.
• Linked data is a perfect vehicle
for realizing the potential of FRBR

12. • RDF is the primary data model for Linked Data
• Concept of triples is used to describe a relationship
between two things (subject – predicate – object)
• Statement: The „Journal of Ethology‟ is about animal
behavior.
o Each triple is a statement about a resource.
o URIs are used to make statements “machine actionable”.
(subject) (predicate) (object)
Journal of Ethology
isAbout
Animal behaviorhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11244761 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85005162
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject
Goodbye MARC…Hello RDF!

13. From Strings…

14. …to Things…
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878 schema:name “Rheumatology” .
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878 rdf:type schema:CreativeWork/Periodical .
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878 schema:contributor <http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990> .
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878 schema:about <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85113643> .
http://utoronto.ca/cat/2612878 owl:sameAs <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40922029> .
contributor
name
http://viaf.org/viaf/156979589
British Society for Rheumatology
about
Rheumatism
name
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85113643
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40922029
sameAs
name
Rheumatology
type
schema:Periodical

15. Library of Congress
Bibliographic Framework Initiative
• The Bibliographic Framework Initiative will re-
imagine and implement a bibliographic
environment for a post-MARC world.
• BIBFRAME Requirements
o Content model agnostic
o Description and management of all types of
library holdings, traditional and born-digital
o Provision for all library data:
bibliographic, authority, holdings, classificatio
n
o Replace MARC

16. BIBFRAME Model

17. BIBFRAME Model

18. BIBFRAME Model
Journal
Print Electronic
contributor

19. Problems that linked data can
potentially solve for serials

20. The Journal/Article Divide
the Journal/Article Divide
Age and
Aging
Mortality in
older home
care residents
in England and
Wales
Serial “Work”
Article “Work”
containscontainedIn
Works can relate to other works reflecting part/whole relationships

21. Complex Publication Histories
CAnnals of
Physical
Medicine
Rheumatology
and Physical
Medicine
Rheumatology
and
Rehabilitation
continuedBy continuedBy
supercedes supercedes
Rheumatology
and
Rehabilitation
British Journal
of
Rheumatology
Rheumatology
“Preceding” and “succeeding” relationships can be applied to journal “works”.

22. Multiple Versions
C
Print
Rheumatology
hasInstance hasInstance hasInstance
Electronic Microfilm
Multiple formats are treated as “instances” of a creative “work”

23. C
Mortality in older
care home
residents in
England and
Wales
The mortality
experience of
people admitted
to nursing
homes
Residential care
for elderly
people: A
decade of
change
cites
citedBy
Citation Linking
cites
citedBy
Article “works” can be linked together through citations

24. Linked Einstein

25. Original
Paper
Publisher
Creator
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783
http://viaf.org/viaf/75121530
English
translation
TranslationOf
Thermo-
dynamics
tp://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783
Creator Concept
Journal
article
German
Type
Metadata
1903
Bibliogra
-phic
citation
Relationships
Thermo-
dynamics
J.A. Barth
Princeton
University
Press
Chapter
English
Type
1989
Bibliogra
-phic
citation
Relationships
Metadata
Publisher
Concept
Publisher
hasTranslation
URI URI

26. Original
Paper
Thermo-
dynamics
Creator
http://viaf.org/viaf/75121530
Concept
English
translation
Journal
v.2.2 Thermo-
dynamics
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783
Creator Concept
Monograph
1903:11
v.2:part
1.2
Monograph
is part of has part
Print
has instance is instance of
Electronic
Wiley
is available as
Print
is available asis available as
Electronic
ECHO
Translationof
hasTranslation
is part of has part
is part of has part
is part of has part
is part of has part
is part of has part
Translationof
hasTranslation
has instance is instance of has instance is instance of has instance is instanc
is available as

27. Linked Data: Gateway to
New Opportunities
Major works
Archival
information
Linking
within
Linking
out
Article
Biographical
information

28. New User Expectations
Information
Web-based
Linked
Interactive
Mobile
Global
Disintermediated

29. Let’s add value!
• Connecting works with
creators (link to ORCID
profiles)
• Semantic enhancements at
both journal and article levels
• Seamless linking to
supplementary materials
(statistics, questionnaires, tabl
es, images, etc.)
• Linking articles to research
datasets
• Linking to multi-media content associated with journals and
articles
• Integrating citation analysis into displays

30. Enriched Content of a
Journal Article
Royal Society of Chemistry - Project Prospect
Retrieved from
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/cc/b709121b#!divCompound

31. Semantic Publishing
Pensoft journals
http://www.pensoft.net/journal_home_page.php?journal_id=3&page=article&SESID=ecdb090945a027a8ed975f11a231cb56&type=show&article_
id=1602&issue_id=153&subm=da&C_ALL=da&C_BOOKS=da&C_E_BOOKS=da&C_JOURNALS=da&sor=SANTITLE&search=pteridophyte&I
mage179_x=14&Image179_y=5&AVTOR2=&AVALUE=&NTITLE=&YEAR=&ISBN=&SERIES=&txtSearch1=search%20in%20list&txtSearch2=sea
rch%20in%20list&txtSearch3=search%20in%20list&txtSearch4=search%20in%20list&

33. Multimedia at an
Article Level
New England Journal of Medicine
Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1301689

34. Multimedia at a
Journal Level
The Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE)
Retrieved from: http://www.jove.com/video/1869/hi-c-a-method-to-study-the-
three-dimensional-architecture-of-genomes

35. Data Management
• Access to research data as
part of the scientific discovery
• Creating data management
infrastructure to
• Identifiers for datasets
(DataCite DOIs)
• New Library role in facilitating
data management for
researchers
Dryad Repository
Retrieved from http://datadryad.org/pages/repository

36. Bibliographic Description
as Linked Data
data.nature.com
Retrieved from http://data.nature.com/ns/articles/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.187

37. “The Semantic Web will likely profoundly
change the very nature of how scientific
knowledge is produced and shared, in ways
that we can now barely imagine”.
(Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James (April 26, 2001). “Scientific publishing
on the „semantic web‟”. Nature)

38. Linking Researchers to Their
Research
http://focus.library.utoronto.ca/

39. Light the path to our resources
Light the path to our resources
Libraries as
Knowledge HubsDiscovery
Interfaces
Promotion
of
Collections
Promotion
of
Researcher’
s Profile
Authority
Control

40. “We are moving from
cataloging to catalinking”
Eric Miller, ALA Midwinter 2013

41. Resources
• Katherine Adams, Britta Santamauro & Kurt Blythe. Successive
Entry, Latest Entry, or None of the Above? How the MARC21
Format, FRBR and the Concept of a Work Could Revitalize Serials
Management, The Serials Librarian, 54:3-4, 193-197.
• Laura Krier. “Serials , FRBR and Library Linked Data: A Way
Forward”, Journal of Library Metadata, 12(2-3), 177-187.
• Riva, Pat. “Defining the Boundaries: FRBR, AACR and the Serial”, The
Serials Librarian, 45(3), 15-21.
• Philip Evan Schreur. “The Academy Unbound: Linked Data as
Revolution”, Library Resources & Technical Services, 56(4), 227-237.
• Library of Congress. “Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data:
Linked Data Model and Supporting Services”
http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/marcld-report-11-21-2012.pdf
• Ed Jones. “The FRBR Model as Applied to Continuing Resources”
”, Library Resources & Technical Services, 49(4), 227-241.
• Kevin Ford. “LC‟s Biblographic Framework Initiative: An Update”
http://3windmills.com/kefo-swib12-bfi/

42. Resources
• Karen Calhoun. “Being a librarian: metadata and metadata specialists in
the twenty-first century.” Library Hi Tech 25 (2), 174-187.
• Eric Miller. “Linked Data for Holdings and Cataloging: The first step is the
hardest!” ALA Midwinter 2013.
• David Shotton. “Five stars of online journal articles.” D-Lib Magazine 18
(1/2), 1-17.
• David Shotton. “Semantic publishing: the coming revolution in scientific
journal publishing.” Learned Publishing 22 (2), 85-94.
• Sharon Dyas-Correia. “New Serials, New Roles, New Issues?” IFLA Annual
Conference 2012 http://conerence.ifla.org/ifla78
• Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler. “Scientific publishing on the „semantic
web‟”. Nature
• Alexander Street Press. Alexander Street Press. http://alexanderstreet.com
(accessed May 27, 2013).
• Dryad Digital Repository. Dryad.
http://datadryad.org/pages/repository(accessed May 20, 2013).
• Nature. Nature Linked Data. www.data.nature.com (accessed May
20, 2013).
• JoVE. JoVE. www.Jove.com (accessed April 20, 2013).

43. Resources
• University of Toronto Libraries. Focus on Research.
http://focus.library.utoronto.ca/ (accessed May 30, 2013)
• Veritasium. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiyMuHuCFo4
(accessed April 20, 2013)
• Bibliothèque nationale de France. http://data.bnf.fr/ (accessed May
20, 2013)
• New England Journal of Medicine.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1301689 (accessed April
12, 2013)
• Pensoft. PhytoKeys. http://www.pensoft.net/journals/phytokeys
(accessed May 12, 2013)
• Royal Society of Chemistry. Project Prospect
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/cc/b709121b#!divCo
mpound (accessed April 12, 2013)