2. ACC - www.acc.org
Smith et al. 2005 AHA - www.americanheart.org
2 ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines SCAI - www.scai.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.5.2. Late Ischemia After CABG................................ 57
5.5.3. Early and Late Outcomes of Percutaneous
PREAMBLE.............................................................................. 3 Intervention........................................................ 58
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................. 3 5.5.4. General Considerations...................................... 58
5.6. Use of Adjunctive Technology (Intracoronary
2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND
Ultrasound Imaging, Flow Velocity, and Pressure)......58
BACKGROUND................................................................... 6
5.6.1. Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging......................58
3. OUTCOMES......................................................................... 7 5.6.2. Coronary Artery Pressure and Flow: Use of
3.1. Definitions of PCI Success.............................................7 Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary
3.1.1. Angiographic Success .......................................... 7 Vasodilatory Reserve..........................................60
3.1.2. Procedural Success...............................................7
3.1.3. Clinical Success................................................... 7 6. MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING PCI.... 61
3.2. Acute Outcome: Procedural Complications................... 7 6.1. Evolution of Technologies............................................61
3.3. Acute Outcome: Success Rates.................................... 11 6.1.1. Acute Results......................................................62
3.4. Long-Term Outcome and Restenosis........................... 11 6.1.2. Late-Term Results.............................................. 62
3.5. Predictors of Success/Complications .......................... 12 6.2. Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Adjunctive
3.5.1. Lesion Morphology and Classification.............. 12 Therapies For PCI........................................................ 62
3.5.1.1. Clinical Factors..................................... 13 6.2.1. Oral Antiplatelet Therapy................................... 62
3.5.1.2. Left Main CAD..................................... 15 6.2.2. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors......................... 66
3.5.2. Risk of Death..................................................... 18 6.2.2.1. Abciximab............................................. 67
3.5.3. Women................................................................18 6.2.2.2. Eptifibatide............................................ 69
3.5.4. The Elderly Patient.............................................20 6.2.2.3. Tirofiban................................................ 70
3.5.5. Diabetes Mellitus............................................... 20 6.2.3. Antithrombotic Therapy..................................... 70
3.5.6. PCI After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.......21 6.2.3.1. Unfractionated Heparin, Low-Molecular-
3.5.7. Specific Technical Considerations..................... 21 Weight Heparin, and Bivalirudin...........70
3.5.8. Issues of Hemodynamic Support in 6.2.3.2. Heparin Dosing Guidelines...................72
High-Risk PCI.................................................... 22 6.3. Post-PCI Management..................................................72
3.6. Comparison With Bypass Surgery................................22 6.3.1. Postprocedure Evaluation of Ischemia...............73
3.7. Comparison With Medicine......................................... 24 6.3.2. Risk Factor Modifications..................................74
4. INSTITUTIONAL AND OPERATOR COMPETENCY.... 29 6.3.3. Exercise Testing After PCI.................................74
4.1. Quality Assurance.........................................................29 6.3.4. Left Main CAD.................................................. 74
4.2. Operator and Institutional Volume............................... 31 7. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.......................................... 78
4.3. Role of Onsite Cardiac Surgical Back-up.................. 35 7.1. Ad Hoc Angioplasty—PCI at the Time of Initial
4.4. Primary PCI for STEMI Without Onsite Cardiac Cardiac Catheterization................................................ 78
Surgery..........................................................................37 7.2. PCI in Cardiac Transplant Patients.............................. 79
4.5. Elective PCI Without Onsite Surgery...........................39
7.3. Clinical Restenosis: Background and Management.....79
5. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS.......................................... 39 7.3.1. Background on Restenosis After PTCA............ 79
5.1. Patients With Asymptomatic Ischemia or CCS 7.3.2. Clinical and Angiographic Factors for Restenosis
Class I or II Angina...................................................... 40 After PTCA........................................................ 79
5.2. Patients With CCS Class III Angina............................ 41 7.3.3. Management Strategies for Restenosis After
5.3. Patients With UA/NSTEMI..........................................42 PTCA..................................................................81
5.4. Patients With STEMI................................................... 43 7.3.4. Background on Restenosis After BMS
5.4.1. General and Specific Considerations................. 43 Implantation....................................................... 81
5.4.2. PCI in Fibrinolytic-Ineligible Patients............... 51 7.3.5. Drug-Eluting Stents............................................82
5.4.3. Facilitated PCI....................................................51 7.3.6. Management Strategies for ISR......................... 87
5.4.4. PCI After Failed Fibrinolysis (Rescue PCI)...... 51 7.3.6.1. PTCA.....................................................87
5.4.5. PCI After Successful Fibrinolysis or for 7.3.6.2. Drug-Eluting Stents...............................87
Patients Not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion. 53 7.3.6.3. Radiation............................................... 88
5.4.6. PCI for Cardiogenic Shock................................ 54 7.3.6.4. Medical Therapy....................................88
5.4.7. PCI in Selected Patient Subgroups.................... 55 7.3.7. Subacute Stent Thrombosis................................90
5.4.7.1. Young and Elderly Postinfarct Patients.55 7.3.8. Drug-Eluting Stents: Areas Requiring Further
5.4.7.2. Patients With Prior MI.......................... 56 Investigation....................................................... 90
5.5. Percutaneous Intervention in Patients With Prior
7.4. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for PCI............................ 90
Coronary Bypass Surgery.............................................56
5.5.1. Early Ischemia After CABG...............................57 8. FUTURE DIRECTIONS..................................................... 91
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AHA - www.americanheart.org Smith et al. 2005
SCAI - www.scai.org ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines 3
Appendix 1. Relationships With Industry: Writing nosis, management, or prevention of specific diseases or
Committee............................................................92 conditions. These guidelines attempt to define practices that
Appendix 2. Relationships With Industry: Peer meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances. These
Reviewers............................................................ 93 guideline recommendations reflect a consensus of expert
opinion after a thorough review of the available, current sci-
References................................................................................94
entific evidence and are intended to improve patient care. If
these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory/payer
decisions, the ultimate goal is quality of care and serving the
PREAMBLE
patient’s best interests. The ultimate judgment regarding care
It is important that the medical profession play a significant of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare
role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures provider and patient in light of all of the circumstances pre-
and therapies as they are introduced and tested in the detec- sented by that patient.
tion, management, or prevention of disease states. Rigorous These guidelines were approved for publication by the gov-
and expert analysis of the available data documenting rela- erning bodies of the ACCF, AHA, and SCAI. The guidelines
tive benefits and risks of those procedures and therapies can will be reviewed annually by the ACC/AHA Task Force on
produce helpful guidelines that improve the effectiveness of Practice Guidelines and will be considered current unless
care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect the they are revised or withdrawn from distribution. The sum-
overall cost of care by focusing resources on the most effec- mary article and recommendations are published in the
tive strategies. January 3, 2006 issue of the Journal of the American College
The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the of Cardiology, the January 3, 2006 issue of Circulation, and
American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly engaged in the January 2006 issue of Catheterization and Cardio-
the production of such guidelines in the area of cardiovascu- vascular Interventions. The full-text guideline is posted on
lar disease since 1980. This effort is directed by the the World Wide Web sites of the ACC (www.acc.org), the
ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines, whose charge AHA (www.americanheart.org), and the SCAI
is to develop and revise practice guidelines for important car- (www.scai.org). Copies of the full text and the executive
diovascular diseases and procedures. The Task Force is summary are available from the ACC, AHA, and the SCAI.
pleased to have this guideline cosponsored by the Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI). Elliott M. Antman, MD, FACC, FAHA
Experts in the subject under consideration have been select- Chair, ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines
ed from all three organizations to examine subject-specific
data and write guidelines. The process includes additional
representatives from other medical practitioner and specialty 1. INTRODUCTION
groups where appropriate. Writing groups are specifically
charged to perform a formal literature review, weigh the The ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines was
strength of evidence for or against a particular treatment or formed to gather information and make recommendations
procedure, and include estimates of expected health out- about appropriate use of technology for the diagnosis and
comes where data exist. Patient-specific modifiers, comor- treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.
bidities, and issues of patient preference that might influence Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are an important
the choice of particular tests or therapies are considered, as group of technologies in this regard. Although initially limit-
well as frequency of follow-up and cost-effectiveness. When ed to balloon angioplasty and termed percutaneous translu-
available, information from studies on cost will be consid- minal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), PCI now includes other
ered; however, review of data on efficacy and clinical out- new techniques capable of relieving coronary narrowing.
comes will be the primary basis for preparing recommenda- Accordingly, in this document, implantation of intracoronary
tions in these guidelines. stents and other catheter-based interventions for treating
The ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines makes coronary atherosclerosis are considered components of PCI.
every effort to avoid any actual, potential, or perceived con- In this context, PTCA will be used to refer to those studies
flicts of interest that might arise as a result of an outside rela- using only balloon angioplasty, whereas PCI will refer to the
tionship or personal interest of a member of the writing broader group of percutaneous techniques. These new tech-
panel. Specifically, all members of the writing panel are nologies have impacted the effectiveness and safety profile
asked to provide disclosure statements of all such relation- initially established for balloon angioplasty. Moreover, addi-
ships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of tional experience has been gained in the use of adjunctive
interest. These statements are reviewed by the parent task pharmacological treatment with glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa
force, reported orally to all members of the writing panel at receptor antagonists and the use of bivalirudin, thienopy-
each meeting, and updated and reviewed by the writing com- ridines, and drug-eluting stents (DES). In addition, since
mittee as changes occur. publication of the guidelines in 2001, greater experience in
The practice guidelines produced are intended to assist the performance of PCI in patients with acute coronary syn-
healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describ- dromes and in community hospital settings has been gained.
ing a range of generally acceptable approaches for the diag- In view of these developments, an update of these guidelines
4. ACC - www.acc.org
Smith et al. 2005 AHA - www.americanheart.org
4 ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines SCAI - www.scai.org
is warranted. This document reflects the opinion of the are not available, there may be a very clear clinical consen-
ACC/AHA/SCAI writing committee charged with updating sus that a particular test or therapy is useful and effective.
the 2001 guidelines for PCI (1). In instances where recommendations of class III, level of
Several issues relevant to the Writing Committee’s process evidence C, occur, it is recognized that the bases of these rec-
and the interpretation of the guidelines have been noted pre- ommendations are opinion and the consensus of the writing
viously and are worthy of restatement. First, PCI is a tech- group. In this setting, it is not unreasonable for clinical trials
nique that has been continually refined and modified; hence, to be conducted to further investigate the validity of this con-
continued, periodic guideline revision is anticipated. Second, sensus opinion. The schema for classification of recommen-
these guidelines are to be viewed as broad recommendations dations and level of evidence is summarized in Table 1,
to aid in the appropriate application of PCI. Under unique which also illustrates how the grading system provides an
circumstances, exceptions may exist. These guidelines are estimate of the size of the treatment effect and an estimate of
intended to complement, not replace, sound medical judg- the certainty of the treatment effect.
ment and knowledge. They are intended for operators who The committee conducted comprehensive searching of the
possess the cognitive and technical skills for performing PCI scientific and medical literature on PCI, with special empha-
and assume that facilities and resources required to properly sis on randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses pub-
perform PCI are available. As in the past, the indications are lished since 2001. In addition to broad-based searching on
categorized as class I, II, or III on the basis of a multifactor- PCI, specific targeted searches were performed on the fol-
ial assessment of risk and expected efficacy viewed in the lowing subtopics: catheter-based intervention, stents (drug-
context of current knowledge and the relative strength of this eluting and bare-metal), cardiac biomarkers (e.g., creatine
knowledge. kinase and troponins), pharmacological therapy (aspirin,
These classes summarize the recommendations for proce- thienopyridines, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, heparin, and direct
dures or treatments as follows: thrombin inhibitors), special populations (women, patients
with diabetes, elderly), coronary artery bypass grafting
Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence for (CABG), high-risk PCI, quality, outcomes, volume, left main
and/or general agreement that a given proce- PCI (protected and unprotected), distal embolic protection,
dure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), fractional flow reserve
effective. (FFR), vascular closure, and secondary prevention/risk fac-
tor modification. The complete list of keywords is beyond
Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evi-
the scope of this section. The committee reviewed all com-
dence and/or a divergence of opinion about
piled reports from computerized searches and conducted
the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or
additional searching by hand. Literature citations were gen-
treatment.
erally restricted to published manuscripts appearing in jour-
Class IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in nals listed in Index Medicus. Because of the scope and
favor of usefulness/efficacy. importance of certain ongoing clinical trials and other emerg-
ing information, published abstracts were cited when they
Class IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well were the only published information available. Additionally,
established by evidence/opinion. the Committee reviewed and incorporated recommendations
Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or and/or text from published ACC/AHA or SCAI documents to
general agreement that a procedure/treat- maintain consistency, as appropriate.
ment is not useful/effective and in some cases Initially, this document describes the background informa-
may be harmful. tion that forms the foundation for specific recommendations.
Topics fundamental to coronary intervention are reviewed,
In addition, the weight of evidence in support of the rec- followed by separate discussions relating to unique technical
ommendation is listed as follows: and operational issues. This format is designed to enhance
the usefulness of this document for the assessment and care
• Level of Evidence A: Data derived from multiple random- of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Formal rec-
ized clinical trials or meta-analyses. ommendations for the use of PCI according to clinical pres-
entation are included in Section 5. A clear distinction is
• Level of Evidence B: Data derived from a single random- drawn between the emergency use of PCI for patients with
ized trial or nonrandomized studies.
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI),
• Level of Evidence C: Only consensus opinion of experts, termed “primary PCI,” and all other procedures, which are
case studies, or standard-of-care. included under the term “elective PCI” (see Section 4.2 for
further discussion).
A recommendation with level of evidence B or C does not This committee includes cardiologists with and without
imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important involvement in interventional procedures, and a cardiac sur-
clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend geon. This document was reviewed by 2 official reviewers
themselves to clinical trials. Even though randomized trials nominated by ACC; 2 official reviewers nominated by AHA;
5. Table 1. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence
“Size of Treatment Effect”
ACC - www.acc.org
SCAI - www.scai.org
AHA - www.americanheart.org
*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different sub-populations, such as gender, age, history of diabetes, history of prior MI, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use. A recommendation
with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Even though randomized trials are not available,
there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective.
Smith et al. 2005
ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines
†In 2003, the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed a list of suggested phrases to use when writing recommendations. All recommendations in this guideline have been written in full sentences that express a complete
thought, such that a recommendation, even if separated and presented apart from the rest of the document (including headings above sets of recommendations), would still convey the full intent of the recommendation. It is hoped that
this will increase readers’ comprehension of the guidelines and will allow queries at the individual recommendation level.
5
6. ACC - www.acc.org
Smith et al. 2005 AHA - www.americanheart.org
6 ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines SCAI - www.scai.org
2 official reviewers nominated by SCAI; 1 official reviewer The value of coronary angioplasty was further defined by
from the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines; and comparing its results to those of alternative methods of treat-
8 content reviewers, including members from the AHA ment. Randomized clinical trials have assessed the outcomes
Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac of patients treated by a strategy of initial angioplasty to one
Catheterization and the ACCF Cardiac Catheterization and of medical therapy alone or to coronary artery bypass surgery
Intervention Committee. (10-14). The results of these trials have clarified the utility of
angioplasty in terms of effectiveness, complications, and
2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND patient selection. The technique of coronary angioplasty has
BACKGROUND also been expanded by the development of devices that
Coronary angioplasty was first introduced by Andreas replace or serve as adjuncts to the balloon catheter. These
Gruentzig in 1977 (2) as a nonsurgical method for coronary “new devices” have been evaluated and have had a variable
arterial revascularization. Fundamentally, the technique impact in enhancing the immediate- and long-term efficacy
involved advancing a balloon-tipped catheter to an area of and safety of coronary angioplasty. The following section of
coronary narrowing, inflating the balloon, and then removing this report expands on this background and describes the
the catheter after deflation. Early reports demonstrated that practice of PCI as it is applied today.
balloon angioplasty could reduce the severity of coronary Advances in coronary-based interventions, especially the
stenosis and diminish or eliminate objective and subjective use of bare-metal stents (BMS) and drug-eluting stents
manifestations of ischemia (3-5). Although angioplasty was (DES), have improved the efficacy and safety profile of per-
clearly feasible and effective, the scope of coronary disease cutaneous revascularization observed for patients undergo-
to be treated was quite narrow. Also, because angioplasty ing PTCA. For example, stents reduce both the acute risk of
could result in sudden arterial occlusion and subsequent major complications and late-term restenosis. The success of
myocardial infarction (MI), immediate access to coronary new coronary devices in meeting these goals is reflected in
bypass surgery was essential (6). With experience and time, part by the rapid transition from the use of PTCA alone (less
however, the cognitive and technical aspects as much as the than 30%) to the high use of PCI with stenting, which was
equipment used to perform angioplasty became more greater than 70% by the late 1990s (Figure 1) (15).
refined. Observational reports of large numbers of patients Atherectomy devices and stenting, associated with improved
confirmed that coronary angioplasty could be applied to acute angiographic and clinical outcomes compared with
broad groups of coronary patients with higher rates of suc- PTCA alone in specific subsets, continue to be applied to a
cess and lower rates of complications than seen in initial wider patient domain that includes multivessel disease and
experiences (7,8). More than 1 000 000 PCI procedures are complex coronary anatomy. However, strong evidence (level
performed yearly in the United States (9), and it has been A data from multiple randomized clinical trials) is primarily
estimated that nearly 2 000 000 procedures are performed available for stenting over PTCA in selected patients under-
annually worldwide. going single-vessel PCI.
Figure 1. Frequency of device use in the SCAI registry. Source data from Laskey et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;49:19-22
(15).
7. ACC - www.acc.org
AHA - www.americanheart.org Smith et al. 2005
SCAI - www.scai.org ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines 7
The range of non-balloon revascularization technology Although the occurrence of emergency coronary artery
approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bypass surgery and death are easily identified end points, the
use in native and/or graft coronary arteries includes balloon definition of procedure-related MI has been debated. The
expandable stents, DES, extraction atherectomy, directional development of Q waves in addition to a threshold value of
coronary atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, rheolytic creatine kinase (CK) elevation has been commonly used.
thrombectomy catheter, proximal and distal embolic protec- Most agree that the definition of MI as put forth by the
tion devices, excimer laser coronary atherectomy, and local ACC/European Society of Cardiology document on the rede-
radiation devices to reduce in-stent restenosis (ISR) (16,17). finition of MI (21) should be the accepted standard.
A variety of devices are under investigation, including new However, the clinical significance and definition of cardiac
designs of balloon or self-expanding stents and mechanical biomarker elevations in the absence of Q waves remains the
thrombectomy devices. This guideline update will focus on subject of investigation and debate (21a). Several reports
the FDA-approved balloon-related and non-balloon coronary have identified non–Q-wave MIs with CK-MB elevations 3
revascularization devices.
to 5 times the upper limit of normal as having clinical sig-
nificance (22,23). One report suggests that a greater than 5
3. OUTCOMES
times increase in CK-MB is associated with worsened out-
The outcomes of PCI are measured in terms of success and come (24). Thus, this degree of increase in CK-MB without
complications and are related to the mechanisms of the Q waves is considered by most to qualify as an associated
employed devices, as well as the clinical and anatomic complication of PCI. Troponin T or I elevation occurs fre-
patient-related factors. Complications can be divided into 2 quently after PCI. The timing of the peak elevation after PCI
categories: (a) those common to all arterial catheterization is unclear (25). Minor elevations do not appear to have prog-
procedures and (b) those related to the specific technology nostic value, whereas marked (greater than 5 times) eleva-
used for the coronary procedure. Specific definitions of suc- tions are associated with worsened 1-year outcome (Table 2)
cess and complications exist, and where appropriate, the def- (26-40). Troponin T or I elevation occurs more frequently
initions used herein are consistent with the ACC-National than CK-MB increase after PCI (34).
Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR®) Catheterization
Laboratory Module version 3.0 (18). The committee recom- 3.1.3. Clinical Success
mends such standards whenever feasible in order to accom-
modate the common database for the assessment of out- In the short term, a clinically successful PCI includes
comes. With increased operator experience, new technology, anatomic and procedural success with relief of signs and/or
and adjunctive pharmacotherapy, the overall success and symptoms of myocardial ischemia after the patient recovers
complication rates of angioplasty have improved. from the procedure. The long-term clinical success requires
that the short-term clinical success remain durable and that
3.1. Definitions of PCI Success the patient have persistent relief of signs and symptoms of
The success of a PCI procedure may be defined by angio- myocardial ischemia for more than 6 months after the proce-
graphic, procedural, and clinical criteria. dure. Restenosis is the principal cause of lack of long-term
clinical success when a short-term clinical success has been
3.1.1. Angiographic Success achieved. Restenosis is not considered a complication but
rather an associated response to vascular injury. The inci-
A successful PCI produces substantial enlargement of the dence of clinically important restenosis may be judged by the
lumen at the target site. The consensus definition before the frequency with which subsequent revascularization proce-
widespread use of stents was the achievement of a minimum
dures are performed on target vessels after the index proce-
stenosis diameter reduction to less than 50% in the presence
dure.
of grade 3 Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)
flow (assessed by angiography) (1). However, with the
advent of advanced adjunct technology, including coronary 3.2. Acute Outcome: Procedural Complications
stents, a minimum stenosis diameter reduction to less than Class I
20% has been the clinical benchmark of an optimal angio- All patients who have signs or symptoms suggestive of
graphic result. Frequently, there is a disparity between the MI during or after PCI and those with complicated
visual assessment and computer-aided quantitative stenosis procedures should have CK-MB and troponin I or T
measurement (19,20), and, thus, the determination of success measured after the procedure. (Level of Evidence: B)
may be problematic when success rates are self-reported.
Class IIa
3.1.2. Procedural Success Routine measurement of cardiac biomarkers (CK-
A successful PCI should achieve angiographic success with- MB and/or troponin I or T) in all patients undergoing
out major clinical complications (e.g., death, MI, emergency PCI is reasonable 8 to 12 hours after the procedure.
coronary artery bypass surgery) during hospitalization (1,3). (Level of Evidence: C)
8. Table 2. Incidence of Troponin Elevations After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Published Literature
First Author of % Positive Prognostic
Study (Reference) n Marker Positive Definition Information 8
Hunt (29) 22 Troponin I 0 Greater than N/A
6 ng per mL
Ravkilde (30) 23 Troponin T 13 Greater than N/A
0.12 ng per mL
Karim (31) 25 Troponin T 44 Greater than N/A
0.2 ng per mL
Smith et al. 2005
La Vecchia (32) 19 (Stent) Troponin T 37 cTnI; N/A N/A
25 (balloon PCI) and 21 cTnT
troponin I 14 cTnI;
0 cTnT
Johansen (33) 75 Troponin T 28 Greater than N/A
0.1 ng per mL
ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines
Shyu (34) 59 (Stent) Troponin T 29 Greater than Significantly higher incidence of elevated cTnT in patients
61 (balloon PCI) 13 0.1 ng per mL undergoing stenting than angioplasty alone.
Bertinchant (35) 105 Troponin I 22 Greater than No difference in incidence of recurrent angina, MI, cardiac death,
0.1 ng per mL or RR after 12 months between patients positive or negative
for cTnI. Stenting not associated with more minor
myocardial damage than angioplasty.
Garbarz (36) 109 Troponin I 27 Greater than No association between post-PCI cTnI and adverse ischemic events.
0.3 ng per mL
Fuchs (37) 1129 Troponin I 31 Greater than cTnT levels greater than 3× normal limit associated
0.15 ng per mL with increased risk of major in-hospital complications,
but no association with adverse intermediate-term (8 months) clinical
outcomes.
Cantor (26) 481 Troponin I 48 overall; Greater than Significantly higher 90-day rates of MI and the composite of MI
26 after 1.5 ng per mL or death in patients with positive cTnI.
excluding
positive or
unknown
pre-PCI cTnI
Wu (38) 98 Troponin T 26 Greater than At a mean of 77 months follow-up, no increase in risk of major adverse
0.1 ng per mL events detected in relation to post-PCI cTnT elevation.
Kizer (27) 212 Troponin T 40 positive prior Greater than or Pre-PCI cTnT elevation was significantly related to event-free survival
to PCI; 18 equal to during 6-year follow-up; in baseline negative patients, positive cTnT
of baseline 0.1 ng per mL was the only independent predictor of major adverse events at 1 year;
negative post-PCI elevations of cTnT greater than or equal to 5× normal was the
were positive strongest long-term predictor of major adverse events at 6 years.
post-PCI
Ricciardi (39) 286 Troponin I 13.6 Greater than cTnI elevations greater than 3-fold care predictive of future major
2.3 ng per mL adverse cardiac events (MACE). Increased incidence of MACE
is accounted for by higher rate of early RR and not late cardiac events.
Kini (40) 2873 Troponin I 38.9 Greater than Neither cTnI peak elevations nor any subgroup predicted mid-term
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2 ng per mL mortality in low- to medium-risk patients.
cTnI indicates cardiac troponin I; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; N/A, not applicable; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and RR, repeat revascularization.
9. ACC - www.acc.org
AHA - www.americanheart.org Smith et al. 2005
SCAI - www.scai.org ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines 9
Complications associated with PCI are similar to those Another study indicated that more extensive stent expan-
resulting from diagnostic cardiac catheterization, but their sion resulted in CK release but did not increase adverse car-
prevalence is more frequent. Complications have been cate- diac events (59). Accordingly, it is important to acknowledge
gorized as major (death, MI, and stroke) or minor (transient that the significance of mild biomarker rises after clinically
ischemic attack, access site complications, renal insufficien- successful PCI should be distinguished from situations
cy, or adverse reactions to radiographic contrast). Additional wherein patients experience an unequivocal “clinical” infarc-
specific complications include intracoronary thrombosis, tion manifested by chest pain and diagnostic ECG findings
coronary perforation, tamponade, and arrhythmias. (60).
Reported rates for death after diagnostic catheterization Routine measurement of CK-MB is advocated by some
range from 0.08% to 0.14%, whereas analyses of large reg- (21) and actually mandated by certain healthcare systems. In
istries indicate overall unadjusted in-hospital rates for PCI of this regard, the current Committee supports the recommen-
0.4% to 1.9% (Table 3) (41-52). This range is greatly influ- dations of the 2001 Guidelines and recommends that all
enced by the clinical indication for which PCI is performed, patients who have signs or symptoms suggestive of MI dur-
with the highest mortality rates occurring among patients ing or after PCI and those with complicated procedures
with STEMI and cardiogenic shock. Death in such patients should have CK-MB and troponin I or T measured after the
may not be a direct result of the PCI procedure but rather a procedure. In addition, the Committee recommends that rou-
consequence of the patient’s underlying illness. For example, tine measurement of cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB and/or tro-
in a combined analysis of PCI as primary reperfusion thera- ponin I or T) in every patient undergoing PCI is reasonable 8
py for STEMI, the short-term mortality rate was 7% (53). to 12 h after the procedure. In such patients, a new CK-MB
Even after exclusion of patients with cardiogenic shock, in- or troponin I or T rise greater than 5 times the upper limit of
hospital mortality was 5%. normal would constitute a clinically significant periproce-
Myocardial infarction can be a direct result of PCI, most dural MI.
commonly due to abrupt coronary occlusion or intracoronary The need to perform emergency coronary artery bypass
embolization of obstructive debris. Determining and com- surgery (CABG) has been considered as a potential compli-
paring the incidence of MI after PCI is difficult because the cation of PCI. Typically, CABG is performed as a rescue
definition of MI as a result of PCI is controversial. The con-
revascularization procedure to treat acute ischemia or infarc-
ventional definition requires 2 of the following: a) prolonged
tion resulting from PCI-induced acute coronary occlusion. In
chest discomfort or its equivalent; b) development of patho-
the era of balloon angioplasty, the rate of emergency CABG
logic Q waves; and c) rise in serum cardiac biomarkers above
was 3.7% (49). In a more contemporary time period, with the
a critical level. Rates of periprocedural MI using this defini-
availability of stents, the reported rate was 0.4% among a
tion have ranged from 0.4% to 4.9%. Using a consistent def-
similar cohort of patients.
inition for MI, the incidence of this complication has
declined approximately 50% with the routine use of intra- Various definitions have been proposed for stroke. A com-
coronary stents (21,21a,50). mon feature to definitions has been a loss of neurologic func-
More recently, an isolated rise and fall in either CK-MB or tion of vascular cause that lasts more than 24 h. More recent-
troponin is considered to be a marker of myocardial necrosis ly, attention has been directed to refining the definition of
(21). The relationship between cardiac biomarker elevation transient ischemic attack (TIA), which indirectly broadens
and myocardial cell death and evidence of subendocardial that of stroke (61). The time-based definition of a TIA is a
infarction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) support sudden, focal neurologic deficit that lasts less than 24 h that
this position (54,55). Furthermore, large rises in cardiac bio- is of presumed vascular origin and confined to an area of the
markers are associated with an increased risk for late death brain or eye perfused by a specific artery. The new definition
(26,56,57). Whether death in such patients is a consequence of TIA is a brief episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by
of the myonecrosis or a marker of patients who are at brain or retinal ischemia, with clinical symptoms typically
increased risk for death because of more advanced coronary lasting less than 1 hour and without evidence of infarction.
disease is unclear. Complicating our understanding of the Presence of cerebral infarction by imaging techniques con-
implications of this definition is the very frequently observed stitutes evidence of stroke regardless of the duration of
mild to modest elevation of serum CK-MB among patients symptoms.
with apparently uncomplicated PCI. When troponin is meas- Bleeding is a complication of increasing concern with the
ured after PCI, more than 70% of patients exhibit elevated more frequent use of potent antithrombin and antiplatelet
values after an otherwise successful intervention (58). Such agents. A frequently used definition for bleeding developed
patients may have no symptoms or electrocardiographic by the TIMI group includes classification as major, moder-
(ECG) abnormalities to suggest ischemia yet are “enzyme ate, or minor. Major bleeding is defined as intracranial,
positive.” One study has suggested a postprocedural increase intraocular, or retroperitoneal hemorrhage or any hemor-
in troponin T of 5 times normal is predictive for adverse rhage requiring a transfusion or surgical intervention or that
events at 6 years. The long-term prognostic significance of results in a hematocrit decrease of greater than 15% or hemo-
smaller postprocedural troponin T elevations awaits further globin decrease of greater than 5 g per dL (62). Episodes of
investigation (27) (Table 2) (26-40). hemorrhage of lesser magnitude would fall into the moder-
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Smith et al. 2005
Table 3. Unadjusted In-Hospital Outcome Trends After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Clinical Success, In-Hospital Q-Wave Emergency
Registry Years Reference n % Mortality, % MI, % CABG, %
NHLBI (I)‡ 1977-1981 (41) 3079* 61 1.2 NR 5.8
ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines
NHLBI (II)§ 1985-1986 (41) 2311* 78 1.0 4.8 5.8
BARI Registry|| 1988-1991 (42) 1189* NR 0.7 2.8 4.1
Northern New England¶ 1990-1993 (43) 13 014† 88.8 1.0 2.4 2.2
SCAI# 1990-1994 (44) 4366† 91.5 2.5 NR 3.4
NACI** 1990-1994 (45) 4079* NR 1.6 1.6 1.9
NY State Database 1991-1994 (46,47) 62 670* NR 0.9 NR 3.4
Northern New England¶ 1994-1995 (43) 7248† 89.2 1.1 2.1 2.3
NCN 1994-1997 (48) 76 904† NR 1.3 NR 1.7
Northern New England¶ 1995-1997 (43) 14 490† 91.5 1.2 2.0 1.3
NHLBI Dynamic Registry‡‡ 1997-1998 (49) 1559* 92 1.9 2.8 0.4
NHLBI Dynamic 1997-1999 (50) 857 91 0.9 0.8 1.9
ACC-NCDR 1998-2000 (51) 100 292 96.5 1.4 0.4 1.9
NY State Database 1997-2000 (52) 22 102 NR 0.68 NR NR
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft surgery; MI, myocardial infarction; NACI, New Approaches in Coronary Interventions; NCN, National Cardiovascular Network; and NR, not reported.
*N indicates number of patients.
†N indicates number of procedures.
‡In NHLBI (I), emergency CABG was defined as in-hospital CABG.
§In NHLBI (II), MI was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the 3 criteria: clinical symptoms, Q waves on ECG (Minnesota code), or elevated cardiac enzyme level (double the normal levels for CK or its MB fraction
without Q waves). Emergency CABG was defined as in-hospital CABG.
||In BARI, MI was defined as the appearance of ECG changes (new pathologic Q waves) supported by abnormal CK-MB elevations.
¶In Northern New England, a new MI was defined as a clinical event, ECG changes, and a creatinine phosphokinase rise at least 2 times normal levels with positive isozymes. Emergency CABG was defined as surgery per-
formed to treat acute closure, unstable angina, or congestive heart failure requiring intravenous nitroglycerin or ABP, or tamponade resulting from the intervention.
#In SCAI, a new MI was defined as any significant infarction (greater than 3 times normal rise in MB fraction).
**In NACI, MI was defined as a Q-wave MI.
††MI was defined as 2 or more of the following: 1) typical chest pain greater than 20 min not relieved by nitroglycerin; 2) serial ECG recordings showing changes from baseline or serially in ST-T and/or Q waves in at least
2 contiguous leads; or 3) serum enzyme elevation of CK-MB greater than 5% of total CK (total CK more than 2 times normal; lactate dehydrogenase subtype 1 greater than lactate dehydrogenase subtype 2).
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ate/minor categories. A listing of other bleeding classifica- In addition to multivessel disease, other clinical factors
tions has been developed for use by the ACC-NCDR® (18). adversely impact late mortality. In randomized patients with
treated diabetes undergoing PTCA in BARI, the 5-year sur-
3.3. Acute Outcome: Success Rates vival was 65.5%, and the cardiac mortality rate was 20.6%
compared with 5.8% in patients without treated diabetes
Success has been described on both a lesion and patient (67), although among eligible but not randomized diabetic
basis. In early studies of PTCA, lesion success is defined as patients treated with PTCA, the 5-year cardiac mortality rate
an absolute 20% reduction in lesion severity with final steno- was 7.5% (68). In the 1985-1986 NHLBI PTCA Registry, 4-
sis less than 50%. When describing the results of multiple year survival was significantly lower in women (89.2%) than
attempted lesions, success is classified as either partial (some in men (93.4%) (69). In addition, although LV dysfunction
but not all attempted lesions successfully treated) or total was not associated with an increase in in-hospital mortality
(each attempted lesion successfully treated). Procedural suc- or nonfatal MI in patients undergoing PTCA in the same reg-
cess is defined as the achievement of either partial or total istry, it was an independent predictor of a higher long-term
angiographic success without death, MI, or emergency mortality (70).
CABG (49). A major determinant of event-free survival after coronary
Reported rates of angiographic success now range between intervention is the incidence of restenosis, which had, until
82% and 98% depending on the device used and the types of the development of stents, remained fairly constant despite
lesions attempted. Formal comparisons demonstrate that suc- multiple pharmacologic and mechanical approaches to limit
cess rates are now higher (91% to 92%) in the era of new this process (Table 4) (71-95). The incidence of restenosis
technology, which includes stents and contemporary drug after coronary intervention varies depending on the defini-
therapies, than in the era of conventional balloon angioplas- tion, i.e., whether clinical or angiographic restenosis or tar-
ty (72% to 74%) (49). The types of lesions attempted strong- get-vessel revascularization is measured (96). Data from
ly influence success rates. The chance of dilating a chronic multiple randomized clinical trials and prospective registries
total occlusion averages 65%, and specific clinical and suggest that DES incorporating either rapamycin or paclitax-
anatomic factors have been identified that affect this rate el with a timed-release polymer are associated with a reduc-
(63). Quite different are the success rates for total occlusions tion in restenosis rates to less than 10% across a wide spec-
associated with STEMI. Success rates over 90% can be trum of clinical and angiographic subsets.
expected in this subgroup (64). The pathogenesis of the response to mechanical coronary
With an increase in angiographic success rates and a injury is thought to relate to a combination of growth factor
decline in periprocedural MI and the need for emergency stimulation, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation,
CABG, procedural success rates have risen from a range of organization of thrombus, platelet deposition, and elastic
80% to 85% to a range of 90% to 95% (Table 3) (41-52). recoil (97,98). In addition, change in vessel size (or lack of
compensatory enlargement) has been implicated (99). It has
3.4. Long-Term Outcome and Restenosis been suggested that attempts to reduce restenosis have failed
in part because of lack of recognition of the importance of
Although improvements in technology, such as stents, have this factor (100). Although numerous definitions of resteno-
resulted in an improved acute outcome of the procedure, the sis have been proposed, greater than 50% diameter stenosis
impact of these changes on long-term (5 to 10 years) out- at follow-up angiography has been most frequently used
come may be less dramatic because factors such as advanced because it was thought to correlate best with maximal flow
age, reduced left ventricular (LV) function, and progression and therefore ischemia. However, it is now recognized that
of complex multivessel disease in patients currently under- the response to arterial injury is a continuous rather than a
going PCI may have a more important influence. In addition, dichotomous process, occurring to some degree in all
available data on long-term outcome are mostly limited to patients (101). Therefore, cumulative frequency distributions
patients undergoing PTCA. Ten-year follow-up of the initial of the continuous variables of minimal lumen diameter or
cohort of patients treated with PTCA revealed an 89.5% sur- percent diameter stenosis are frequently used to evaluate
vival rate (95% in patients with single-vessel disease, 81% in restenosis in large patient populations (102) (Figure 2) (80).
patients with multivessel disease) (65). In patients undergo- Although multiple clinical factors (diabetes, unstable angi-
ing PTCA within the 1985-1986 National Heart, Lung, and na [UA]/NSTEMI, STEMI, and prior restenosis) (103,104),
Blood Institute (NHLBI) PTCA Registry (66), 5-year sur- angiographic factors (proximal left anterior descending
vival was 92.9% for patients with single-vessel disease, artery [LAD], small vessel diameters, total occlusion, long
88.5% for those with 2-vessel disease, and 86.5% for those lesion length, and saphenous vein grafts [SVGs]) (105), and
with 3-vessel disease. In patients with multivessel disease procedural factors (higher postprocedure percent diameter
undergoing PTCA in the Bypass Angioplasty stenosis, smaller minimal lumen diameter, and smaller acute
Revascularization Investigation (BARI) (10), 5-year survival gain) (102) have been associated with an increased incidence
was 86.3%, and infarct-free survival was 78.7%. of restenosis, the ability to integrate these factors and predict
Specifically, 5-year survival was 84.7% in patients with 3- the risk of restenosis in individual patients after the proce-
vessel disease and 87.6% in patients with 2-vessel disease. dure remains difficult. The most promising potential
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12 ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines SCAI - www.scai.org
Table 4. Selected Trials of Pharmacological and Mechanical Approaches to Limit Restenosis
Restenosis Rate, %
Study Year Reference n Agent Placebo or Control Agent
Schwartz 1988 (71) 376 Aspirin and dipyridamole 39 38
Ellis 1989 (72) 416 Heparin 37 41
Pepine 1990 (73) 915 Methylprednisolone 39 40
CARPORT 1991 (74) 649 Vapiprost 19 21
O’Keefe 1992 (75) 197 Colchicine 22 22
MERCATOR 1992 (76) 735 Cilazapril 28 28
CAVEAT* 1993 (77) 500 DCA versus PTCA 57 50
CCAT 1993 (78) 136 DCA versus PTCA 43 46
Serruys 1993 (79) 658 Ketanserin 32 32
BENESTENT* 1994 (80) 520 Stent versus PTCA 32 22
ERA 1994 (81) 458 Enoxaparin 51 52
Leaf 1994 (82) 551 Fish oil 46 52
STRESS* 1994 (83) 410 Stent versus PTCA 42 32
Weintraub 1994 (84) 404 Lovastatin 42 39
BOAT* 1998 (85) 492 DCA versus PTCA 40 31
Wantanabe* 1996 (86) 118 Probucol 40 20
Tardif* 1997 (87) 317 Probucol 39 21
BENESTENT II* 1998 (88) 823 Stent versus PTCA 31 17
TREAT* 1999 (89) 255 Tranilast 39 18
PRESTO* 2000 (90) 192 DCA and Tranilast 26 11
ARTIST* 2002 (91) 298 Rotablation (in-stent) 51 65
versus PTCA
START* 2002 (92) 476 Radiation (in-stent) 45 29
SIRIUS* 2003 (93) 1058 Sirolimus-coated stent versus 36 9
bare stent
TAXUS-IV* 2004 (94) 1314 Paclitaxel-coated stent versus 27 8
bare stent
RESCUT 2004 (95) 428 Cutting balloon (in-stent) 31 30
versus PTCA
DCA indicates directional coronary atherectomy; n, number of patients; and PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
*P less than 0.05.
approaches to favorably impact the restenosis process are clopidogrel. The development of DES has significantly
stents and, more recently, DES and catheter-based radiation. reduced the rate of ISR (see Section 7.3.6 for full discus-
More than 6300 patients have been studied in 12 randomized sion).
clinical trials to assess the efficacy of PTCA versus stents to
reduce restenosis (Table 5) (80,83,88,106-114). 3.5. Predictors of Success/Complications
The pivotal BENESTENT (BElgian NEtherlands STENT
3.5.1. Lesion Morphology and Classification
study) (80) and STRESS (STent REStenosis Study) trials
(83) documented that stents significantly reduce angiograph- Target lesion anatomic factors related to adverse outcomes
ic restenosis compared with balloon angioplasty (BENES- have been widely examined. Lesion morphology and
TENT: 22% vs 32%; STRESS: 32% vs 42%, respectively). absolute stenosis severity were identified as the prominent
These results were further corroborated in the BENESTENT predictors of immediate outcome during PTCA in the
II trial, in which the angiographic restenosis rate was reduced prestent era (118,119). Abrupt vessel closure, due primarily
by almost half (from 31% to 16% in patients treated with bal- to thrombus or dissection, was reported in 3% to 8% of
loon angioplasty versus heparin-coated stents, respectively) patients and was associated with certain lesion characteris-
(88). tics (120-122). The risk of PTCA in the prestent era relative
In addition, randomized studies in patients with ISR have to anatomic subsets has been identified in previous NHLBI
shown that both intracoronary gamma and beta radiation sig- PTCA Registry data (7) and by the ACC/AHA Task Force on
nificantly reduced the rate of subsequent angiographic and Practice Guidelines (1,123). The lesion classification based
clinical restenosis by 30% to 50% (92,115-117). Late suba- on severity of characteristics proposed in the past (123-125)
cute thrombosis was observed in some of these series (117), has been principally altered using the present PCI tech-
but this syndrome has resolved with judicious use of stents niques, which capitalize on the ability of stents to manage
and extended adjunct antiplatelet therapy with ticlopidine or initial and subsequent complications of coronary interven-
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Figure 2. Balloon stent vs balloon angioplasty in coronary artery disease. Cumulative frequency distribution curves for the 2 study
groups, showing minimum lumen diameters measured before and after intervention and follow-up (B), the percentage of stenosis at
follow-up, and the percentage of patients with clinical end points. Significant differences were apparent that consistently favored the
stent group over the angioplasty group with respect to the increased minimal lumen diameter at intervention (A) and follow-up (B),
the percentage of stenosis at follow-up (C), and the incidence of major clinical events (D). The vertical dashed line in D indicated the
end of the study. Reprinted with permission from Serruys et al. N Engl J Med 1994;331:489-95 (80). Copyright 2004 Massachusetts
Medical Society. All rights reserved.
tions (126). As a result, the Committee has revised the previ- the operator classified the lesion after finishing the case and
ous ACC/AHA lesion classification system to reflect high- knowing whether the case was successful or had complica-
risk (at least 1 type C lesion characteristic) and non–high- tions. No prospective studies using core laboratory analysis
risk (no type C lesion characteristic) lesions (Table 6) in have validated this system. Nonetheless, the SCAI classifi-
accordance with the PCI Clinical Data Standards from the cation system utilizing vessel patency in addition to C and
ACC-NCDR® (18). Studies (127-130) have confirmed that non-C class appears promising to categorize the risk of suc-
complex coronary lesions remain predictive of adverse cess and complications with PCI.
events after PCI. However, although the risk of restenosis
and technical failure remains high for chronic total occlu- 3.5.1.1. Clinical Factors
sions, the risk of acute complications is not increased. Coexistent clinical conditions can increase the complication
The SCAI proposed a new lesion classification using 7 rates for any given anatomic risk factor. For example, com-
lesion characteristics (131). This system dichotomizes plications occurred in 15.4% of patients with diabetes versus
lesions by the presence or absence of a type C characteristic 5.8% of patients without diabetes undergoing balloon angio-
and vessel patency versus total occlusion, yielding 4 lesion plasty in a multicenter experience (119,122). Several studies
classes (Table 7) (132). Utilizing data from the voluntary have reported specific factors associated with increased risk
ACC-NCDR®, the SCAI group presented analyses that of adverse outcome after PTCA. These factors include
showed that the more simplified SCAI lesion classification advanced age, female gender, UA, congestive heart failure
provided better discrimination for success and complications (CHF), diabetes, and multivessel CAD (10,118,119,127-
than the ACC/AHA lesion classification system (132,133). 130,134,135). Elevated baseline C-reactive protein (CRP)
The SCAI lesion classification system was validated from has recently also been shown to be predictive of 30-day death
a voluntary registry, which imposes a potential bias because and MI (128,136). Other markers of inflammation, such as
14. 14
Smith et al. 2005
Table 5. Studies Comparing Balloon Angioplasty with Stents for Native Coronary Artery Lesions
Follow-Up, n, Stent/ Angiographic Restenosis, % TVR, % Death, %
Study (Ref) Year mo Angioplasty Stent Angioplasty P value Stent Angioplasty P value Stent Angioplasty P value
ACC/AHA/SCAI Practice Guidelines
STRESS (83) 1994 6 205/202 31.6 42.1 0.046 10.2 15.4 0.06 1.5 1.5 NS
BENESTENT (80,107) 1996 7/12* 259/257 22 32 0.02 10 21 0.001 1.2 0.8 NS
Versaci et al. (108) 1997 12 60/60 19 40 0.02 6.6 22 NA NA NA NA
STRESS II (109) 1998 12 100/89 NA NA NA 10 20 NA 17|| 34|| NA
BENESTENT II (88) 1998 6 413/410 16 31 Less than 8† 13.7 0.02 0.2% 0.5% NS
0.001
OCBAS (110) 1998 7 57/59 18.8 16.6 NA 17.5 9.2 NA 0 1.6 NS
EPISTENT (111,112)‡ 1998 6 794/796 NA NA NA 8.7 15.4 Less than 0.5 1.8 0.02
0.001
START (113) 1999 6/48§ 229/223 22 37 Less than 12 24.6 Less than 2.7 2.4 NS
0.002 0.002
OPUS (114) 2000 6 479 (Overall) NA NA NA 3.0 10.1 0.003 0.4 1.2 NS
mo indicates months; NA, data not reported for that category, NS, not significant; and TVR, target vessel revascularization. Data are for lesions in coronary arteries with vessel diameter greater than or equal to 3.0 mm.
*6-7 months angiographic follow-up and 12 months clinical follow-up.
†Any repeat procedure.
‡Stent plus abciximab versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty plus abciximab.
§6 months angiographic follow-up and 48 months clinical follow-up.
||End point of death/any MI/CABG/target lesion percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
Modified with permission from AI SJ et al. JAMA 2000;284:1828-36 (106).
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