SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  6
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN COUNTRY’S HINDEX

1

MARYAM FARHADI1*, HADI SALEHI2,3, MOHAMED AMIN EMBI2, MASOOD FOOLADI1,
HADI FARHADI4, AREZOO AGHAEI CHADEGANI1, and NADER ALE EBRAHIM5
1

Department of Accounting, Mobarakeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh, Isfahan, Iran
2
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
3
Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan,
Iran
4
School of Psychology and Human Development, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia
5
Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
*
Corresponding author: Maryam Farhadi, Email: farhadim58@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT
development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these
sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries
over the period 1995 to 2009 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development
increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill subindices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not
clear.
Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development, H-index, Middle East
However, ICT revolution and use of internet
caused many structural changes [3]. As an
example, the United States productivity has been
revived during the late 1990s and the early 2000s
because of the ICT development [4]. There are
many studies introducing ICT as an important
element to facilitate economic growth in both
developing and developed countries [5, 6]. In
addition, ICT has the potential to increase health
systems through the designing new methods to
prevent and detect disease [7]. Other studies
confirm the dominant role of ICT in improving
and modernizing the learning methods and
educational systems [8, 9]. The fast progress in
technology in the last two decades has reduced
the cost of ICTs. In this situation, it is easier for
more people to use and enjoy the advantages of
ICTs [10].

1. INTRODUCTION
In the last decades, technology has improved
the life style and made easier the human
activities through a new civilization. A new
revolution
named
Information
and
Communication Technology (ICT) has occurred
in the present world [1]. ICT is defined as a
concept including information equipment as well
as computers and software, auxiliary equipment
that is connected to a computer (such as
calculators, cash registers, photocopiers),
communications equipment, and instruments [2].
In other words, ICT is a technology with the aim
of
connecting
computers
and
other
communication equipment to gather, produce,
process, classify, manage, create, and distribute
information. After the invention of machines in
1970s, industrial revolution has been started and
machines have been used instead of handworks.
122
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

Although, the key role of ICT is approved in
different areas such as engineering [11],
education [12], health care [13], and economy
[6], its effect on the degree of scientific ranking
of a country is yet unexplored. Therefore, the
aim of this study is to explore the impact of ICT
development as measured by ICT Development
Index (IDI) on H-index as a proxy of scientific
progress of a country.

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

East countries, this study applies the regression
techniques with countries’ H-index as dependent
variable and IDI as independent variable as
follows:

H it = α1IDIit + ε it
α0 +

(1)

where α 's are parameters to be estimated, H
represents H-index, IDI stands for ICT
development index and subscripts i and t show
the ith country in tth year, respectively. ε is the
error term which is assumed to be independent of
IDI. Then, for more inspections, instead of IDI,
which captures the composite effect of ICT
development, the current study uses three ICT
sub-indices including ICT Access, ICT Use and
ICT Skill as explanatory variables. In this
approach, we can test the distinct impact of each
sub-index
on
the
country’s
H-index.
Consequently, in this step of the analysis,
following equation (Equation 2) is used:

In addition, in order to shed more lights on
this area, present study applies three components
of ICT development namely, ICT Skill, ICT Use
and ICT Access to examine the distinct impact of
these components on H-index as a proxy of
scientific progress of a country. To this purpose,
this study applies a multiple regression analysis
on a panel of 14 Middle East countries over the
period 1995 to 2009.
The current study suggests the use of H-index
provided by SCImago database [14] to measure
the scientific ranking of country. Based on
Hirsch [15], a scientist or a group of scientists
has H-index of h when h of their papers has at
least h citations. In other words, H-index is the
number of articles with citation number higher or
equal to h [15]. The H-index, which has been
invented by Hirsch in 2005, proposes a simple
and apparently strong measure to compare the
scientific productivity and visibility of countries
and institutions [16].

H it = µ1Accessit + µ2 Useit + µ3Skillit + δ it
µ0 +
(2)
where µ 's are parameters to be estimated, H
shows H-index and Access, Use and Skill stand
for ICT development sub-indices. Moreover,
subscripts i and t indicate the ith country in tth
year, respectively, and δ is the error term which
is assumed to be independent of Access, Use and
Skill variables.

H-index can measure the quantity and quality
of papers simultaneously since the total number
of published articles and the number of citations
received by that articles are considered in the
calculation of H-index. In addition, there are
many studies, which reveal the benefits of Hindex as an appropriate and fair tool for
evaluating and ranking scientists, laboratories,
scientific journals, universities, institutions and
countries [17, 18, 19, 20, 21].

2.2. Data and Measurement
2.2.1.

ICT development

The IDI, as an indicator of ICT development
is computed based on Principal Component
Analysis (PCA), which combines various
indicators in order to make single value. For the
first time, IDI is introduced in 2009 by
Measuring the Information Society [23] and
considers the degree of progress in ICTs in more
than 150 countries. Composition of this indicator
includes ICT Access showing infrastructure and
access, ICT Skill referring to ICT skill or
capability and ICT Use displaying the extent of
using ICT. Required ICT data to compute the
IDI is extracted from United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
and ITU. Nowadays, ICT is considered as an
important factor in development of countries,
which are moving towards knowledge or

Hirsch [15] proposes that H-index can be
used to appraise not only the scientists but also
countries and institutions. Hence, following
Jacso [22], current study also uses H-index as a
proxy to measure scientific ranking of countries.
2. METHODOLOGY AND DATA
2.1. Empirical Model
In order to examine the effect of ICT
development on scientific degree of 14 Middle
123
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

information-based societies. It is assumed that
these countries have experienced the process of
ICT development to turn into an information
society. Therefore, the ITU [23] suggests the
three-phase model including ICT readiness
(showing the degree of networked infrastructure
and ICT access), ICT intensity (showing the
degree of ICT use by the society) and ICT
impact (showing the result of effective and
efficient ICT use). IDI is a composite indicator
including ICT access, ICT skill and ICT use.
Each sub-index is composed of a number of
indicators explained as follow:

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Figure 1. Three Stages In The Evolution Towards An
Information Society (Source: ITU [25])

1. Access Sub-Index shows the availability of
ICT infrastructure and individuals’ access to
basic ICTs. This sub-index has five indicators
including fixed telephone lines per 100
inhabitants, mobile cellular telephone
subscriptions
per
100
inhabitants,
international Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per
Internet user, proportion of households with a
computer and proportion of households with
Internet access at home.

2.2.2.

h-index

Different sources report the H-index. Some of
these sources are subscription-based sources
such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) and
some of them are free access sources such as
Harzing's Publish or Perish program on the basis
of Google Scholar entries. It should be noted that
these sources report different H-index for the
same institution, country and scholar because of
their different coverage. For example, WoS
covers a high range of published journals while it
does not cover high impact conferences.
Although, the coverage of publications in Scopus
is poor prior to 1996, it covers conferences
properly. Documents in Google Scholar receive
more citations in comparison with those in
Scopus and WoS. It is argued that Google
Scholar has the most coverage of journals and
conferences particularly those published after
1990 [26].

2. Use Sub-Index shows the real degree of ICTs
strength of use based on the available
infrastructure
and
access
indicators.
Considering the limitation on data for ICT
Use at the global scale and results of the
PCA, this subgroup has three indicators
including Internet users per 100 inhabitants,
fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100
inhabitants
and
mobile
broadband
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
3. Skill Sub-Index captures the degree of ICT
skill in different countries. Since the required
data for many developing countries are not
collected, an appropriate indicator can be the
degree of literacy and education. Especially
in developing countries, the poor level of
education is a major obstacle to the effective
use of internet and computers. With the
inclusion of ICT in school courses, school
attendance may offer an appropriate indicator
for students’ exposure to the Internet or
computers. Therefore, this subgroup has three
indicators including, adult literacy rate,
secondary gross enrolment ratio and tertiary
gross enrolment ratio. The required data for
this subgroup are extracted from the
UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) [24].

The current study collects the required data
on H-index for the panel of 14 Middle East
countries over the period 1995 to 2009, from
SCImago database [14]. The SCImago Journal
and Country Rank website presents the journal
and country scientific indicators based on the
information included in the Scopus database.
3. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we first estimate Equation 1,
which explores the impact of ICT development
on H-index as a proxy of country’s scientific
ranking. Then, applying the three ICT subindices, this study presents the estimation results
for Equation 2, which is corresponding to the
effect of ICT development sub-indices on Hindex.

124
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Table 1. Regression Results For The Impact Of ICT Development On H-Index
Dependent Variable: H-index
Variables
Coefficient
Standard Error
IDI
31.69
4.67***
Constant
24.16
13.35*
Observation = 210
F(1, 208) = 46.07***
R-squared = 0.1813
Adjusted R-squared = 0.1774
Note:
***, ** and * denote statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Standard errors are heteroskedasticity consistent.

sample countries. The estimated coefficients
show a positive and significant effect of ICT Use
and ICT Skill on country’s scientific ranking.
This finding asserts that increasing the
application of ICTs and improving the ICT skills
might significantly increase the scientific degree
of a country. The results also indicate that if a
country increases the ICT Use and ICT Skill
indices by one unit, its H-index will raise by 133
and 407 units, respectively. As can be seen in
Table 2, the coefficient explaining the effect of
ICT Access on H-index is negative but not
significant. Finally, based on the adjusted Rsquared, ICT sub indices can explain 27.11% of
variations in country’s H-index.

Table 1 shows the effect of ICT development
on each country’s H-index. The estimation
results indicate a positive and significant effect
of ICT development on country’s scientific
ranking as proxied by H-index. This finding
suggests that suitable policies aim at improving
the level of ICT development can significantly
increase the scientific rankings of a country. The
results also assert that if a country raises its ICT
development index by one unit, the H-index will
increase by 31 units. As can be seen in Table 1,
the adjusted R-squared is equal to 0.1774, which
means that ICT development can explain 17.74%
of variations in country’s H-index.
Table 2 exhibits the impact of ICT
development sub-indices on H-index of 14

Table 2. Regression Results For The Impact Of ICT Development Sub-Indices On H-Index
Dependent Variable: H-index
Variables

T
6.79
1.81

Coefficient

Standard Error

t

ICT Access

-25.46

49.80

-0.51

ICT Use

133.23

64.64**

2.06

ICT Skill

407.28

64.86***

6.28

Constant

-151.10

35.82***

-4.22

Observation = 210
F(3, 206) = 26.91***
R-squared = 0.2816
Adjusted R-squared = 0.2711
Note:
***, ** and * denote statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Standard errors are heteroskedasticity consistent.

125
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

[7] Haridasan, K., Rangarajan, S. and Pirio, G.
“Re-Inventing Health Care Training In The
Developing World: The Case For Satellite
Applications In Rural Environments”, Online
Journal of Space Communication, 14(Winter),
2009.
[8] Sharma, A., Gandhar, K., Sharma, S. and
Seema, S. “Role of ICT in the Process of
Teaching and Learning”, Journal of Education
and Practice, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1-6.
[9] Sangrà, A. and González-Sanmamed, M. “The
role of information and communication
technologies in improving teaching and
learning processes in primary and secondary
schools”, Journal of Asynchronous Learning
Networks, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2011, pp. 47-59.
[10]
International Telecommunication Union,
“Measuring the information society: The ICT
Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2011.
[11]
C.C. Aldea, A.D. Popescu, A. Draghici
and G. Draghici, “ICT Tools Functionalities
Analysis for the Decision Making Process of
Their Implementation in Virtual Engineering
Teams”, Procedia Technology, Vol. 5, 2012,
pp. 649-658.
[12]
F. Scheuermann and F. Pedró,
“Assessing the effects of ICT in education:
Indicators, criteria and benchmarks for
international comparisons”, Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union,
2009.
[13]
A.R. Bakker, “Health care and ICT,
partnership is a must”, International Journal of
Medical Informatics, Vol. 66, No. 1-3, 2002,
pp. 51-57.
[14] SCImago, SJR — SCImago Journal &
Country Rank, 2007, Retrieved March 11,
2013, from http://www.scimagojr.com
[15] J.E. Hirsch, “An index to quantify an
individual’s scientific research output”,
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science, Vol. 102, No. 46, 2005, pp. 1656916572.
[16] J.F. Molinari and A. Molinari, “A new
methodology
for
ranking
scientific
institutions”, Scientometrics, Vol. 75, No. 1,
2008, pp. 163-174.
[17] P. Ball, “Index aims for fair ranking of
scientists”, Nature, Vol. 436, No. 900, 2005.
doi:10.1038/436900a.
[18] G. Saad, “Exploring the h-index at the
author and journal levels using bibliometric
data of productive consumer scholars and
business-related
journals
respectively”,

4. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
This paper focuses on examining the effect of
ICT development on the scientific degree of 14
Middle East countries as proxied by H-index. The
results of the regression analysis show that ICT
development has a positive and significant effect
on the H-index of these countries. Moreover,
applying the ICT development sub-indices, this
study finds that ICT Use and ICT Skill might have
positive effects on H-index but the effect of ICT
Access is not clear since its corresponding
coefficient is not statistically significant.
Therefore, we can conclude that ICT induces
outcomes that leads to higher H-index values and
raises the scientific level of sample countries. In
this situation, policy makers should aim
increasing the level of ICT development through
increasing its indicators including fixed and
mobile telephone lines, international Internet
bandwidth, proportion of households with a
computer and Internet access, Internet users, fixed
and mobile broadband Internet subscribers, adult
literacy rate, secondary and tertiary gross
enrolment ratios.

REFERENCES:
[1] R.J. Gordon, “Does the ‘New Economy’
measure up to the great inventions of the
past?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives,
Vol. 14, No. 4, 2000, pp. 49-74.
[2] S.D. Oliner and D.E. Sichel, “Computers and
output growth revisited: How big is the
puzzle?”, Brookings Papers on Economic
Activity, Vol. 2, 1994, pp. 273-334.
[3] S.S. Cohen, J.B. Delong and J. Zysman,
“Tools for thought: What is new and important
about the E-economy?”, BRIE Working Paper,
No. 138, 2000.
[4] D.W. Jorgenson and K.J. Stiroh, “Information
technology and growth”, American Economic
review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 89, No.
2, 1999, pp. 109-115.
[5] Gruber, H. and Koutroumpis, P. “Mobile
telecommunications and the impact on
economic development”, Economic Policy,
Vol. 26, No. 67, 2011, pp. 387-426.
[6] Farhadi, M., Ismail, R. and Fooladi, M.
“Information and Communication Technology
Use and Economic Growth”, PLoS ONE, Vol.
7,
No.
11,
2012,
e48903.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048903

126
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1
© 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645

www.jatit.org

Scientometrics, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2006, pp. 117120.
[19] W. Glanzel, “On the h-index - A
mathematical approach to a new measure of
publication activity and citation impact”,
Scientometrics, Vol. 67, No. 2, 2006, pp. 315321.
[20] T. Braun, W. Glanzel and A. Schubert, “A
Hirsch-type index for journals Scientometrics,
Vol. 69, No. 1, 2006, pp. 169-173.
[21] K.M. Mclntyre, L. Hawkes, A. WaretSzkuta, S. Morand and M. Baylis, “The HIndex as a Quantitative Indicator of the
Relative Impact of Human Diseases”, PLoS
ONE, Vol. 6, No. 5, 2011. e19558.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019558.
[22] P. Jacso, “The h-index for countries in Web
of Science and Scopus”, Online Information
Review, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2009, pp. 831-837.
[23] International Telecommunication Union,
“Measuring the information society: The ICT
Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2009.
[24] UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS),
2011. http://www.uis.unesco.org.
[25] International Telecommunication Union,
“Measuring the information society: The ICT
Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2010.
[26] L.I. Meho and K. Yang, “Impact of data
sources on citation counts and rankings of LIS
faculty: Web of science versus scopus and
google scholar”, Journal of the American
Society for Information Science and
Technology, Vol. 58, No. 13, 2007, pp. 2105–
2125.

127

E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Schneider milla ict_skills_final
Schneider milla ict_skills_finalSchneider milla ict_skills_final
Schneider milla ict_skills_finalMillaSchneider
 
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
 
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...CrimsonpublishersTTEH
 
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...CrimsonpublishersTTEH
 
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...Arab Federation for Digital Economy
 
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking Usage
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking UsageAssimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking Usage
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking UsageIJAEMSJORNAL
 
High Growing Economic Sectors “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...
  High Growing Economic Sectors  “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...  High Growing Economic Sectors  “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...
High Growing Economic Sectors “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...karrox
 
Project and Operations Management of e-Governance Systems
Project and Operations Management  of e-Governance SystemsProject and Operations Management  of e-Governance Systems
Project and Operations Management of e-Governance SystemsAshish Karan
 
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-government
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-governmentDesign and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-government
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-governmentEditor IJCATR
 
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...iBoP Asia
 
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA Editor IJCATR
 
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in Kenya
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in KenyaThe Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in Kenya
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in KenyaEditor IJCATR
 
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...paperpublications3
 
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTINDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTsaloni_ss
 
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 ww
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 wwExecutive summary of electronic policy 2011 ww
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 wwBakul Haria
 
Ict Update Report October 28, 2011
Ict Update Report   October 28, 2011Ict Update Report   October 28, 2011
Ict Update Report October 28, 2011joemazzei
 
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...iosrjce
 

Tendances (20)

Schneider milla ict_skills_final
Schneider milla ict_skills_finalSchneider milla ict_skills_final
Schneider milla ict_skills_final
 
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...
 
F0323235
F0323235F0323235
F0323235
 
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
 
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
What Is the Evolution of Telemedicine and e-Health in North Africa? A Systema...
 
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...
Global e-Government: What needs to be Learned? A Reflection on UN e-Governmen...
 
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking Usage
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking UsageAssimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking Usage
Assimilation of TTF and UTAUT for Mobile Banking Usage
 
High Growing Economic Sectors “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...
  High Growing Economic Sectors  “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...  High Growing Economic Sectors  “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...
High Growing Economic Sectors “Opportunity For Entrepreneurs ” in India fo...
 
Project and Operations Management of e-Governance Systems
Project and Operations Management  of e-Governance SystemsProject and Operations Management  of e-Governance Systems
Project and Operations Management of e-Governance Systems
 
Ijmet 09 11_004
Ijmet 09 11_004Ijmet 09 11_004
Ijmet 09 11_004
 
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-government
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-governmentDesign and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-government
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-government
 
Teaching Service Science in the iSchool at the University of Toronto
Teaching Service Science in the iSchool at the University of TorontoTeaching Service Science in the iSchool at the University of Toronto
Teaching Service Science in the iSchool at the University of Toronto
 
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...
University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Le...
 
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA
 
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in Kenya
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in KenyaThe Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in Kenya
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in Kenya
 
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...
REASSESSMENT OF THE ADOPTION AND INTERGRATION OF ICTs TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND...
 
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTINDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
 
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 ww
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 wwExecutive summary of electronic policy 2011 ww
Executive summary of electronic policy 2011 ww
 
Ict Update Report October 28, 2011
Ict Update Report   October 28, 2011Ict Update Report   October 28, 2011
Ict Update Report October 28, 2011
 
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...
Evaluating Total Cost of Ownership for University Enterprise Resource Plannin...
 

En vedette

Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the research
Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the researchResearch Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the research
Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the researchNader Ale Ebrahim
 
The use of Reference Management tools to improve Citation
The use of  Reference Management tools to improve CitationThe use of  Reference Management tools to improve Citation
The use of Reference Management tools to improve CitationNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Maximizing Articles Citation Frequency
Maximizing Articles Citation FrequencyMaximizing Articles Citation Frequency
Maximizing Articles Citation FrequencyNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
Research Tools and Citations
Research Tools and CitationsResearch Tools and Citations
Research Tools and CitationsNader Ale Ebrahim
 
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of study
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of studyAnalysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of study
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of studyNader Ale Ebrahim
 
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEsThe Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEsNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual Team
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual TeamCritical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual Team
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual TeamNader Ale Ebrahim
 
New systems for measuring research impact
New systems for measuring research impact New systems for measuring research impact
New systems for measuring research impact Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
Establish your expertise with a science blog
Establish your expertise with a science blogEstablish your expertise with a science blog
Establish your expertise with a science blogNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findings
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findingsPublish online magazine to promote publications and research findings
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findingsNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale EbrahimScientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale EbrahimNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
The use of reference management tools to improve citation
The use of  reference management tools to improve citationThe use of  reference management tools to improve citation
The use of reference management tools to improve citationNader Ale Ebrahim
 
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvementNader Ale Ebrahim
 
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual team
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual teamInnovation and r&d activities in virtual team
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual teamNader Ale Ebrahim
 

En vedette (19)

Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the research
Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the researchResearch Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the research
Research Tools: Enhancing visibility and impact of the research
 
The use of Reference Management tools to improve Citation
The use of  Reference Management tools to improve CitationThe use of  Reference Management tools to improve Citation
The use of Reference Management tools to improve Citation
 
Maximizing Articles Citation Frequency
Maximizing Articles Citation FrequencyMaximizing Articles Citation Frequency
Maximizing Articles Citation Frequency
 
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Introduction and Applications
 
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
 
Research Tools and Citations
Research Tools and CitationsResearch Tools and Citations
Research Tools and Citations
 
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...
The academic impact of research: Current and the future citation trends in de...
 
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of study
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of studyAnalysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of study
Analysis of Bibliometrics information for selecting the best field of study
 
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEsThe Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs
The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs
 
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual Team
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual TeamCritical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual Team
Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs Virtual Team
 
New systems for measuring research impact
New systems for measuring research impact New systems for measuring research impact
New systems for measuring research impact
 
Establish your expertise with a science blog
Establish your expertise with a science blogEstablish your expertise with a science blog
Establish your expertise with a science blog
 
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findings
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findingsPublish online magazine to promote publications and research findings
Publish online magazine to promote publications and research findings
 
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale EbrahimScientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim
Scientific writing tools by: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim
 
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
Journal selection procedure: Select the best journal to ensure the highest ci...
 
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...
A Comparison between Two Main Academic Literature Collections: Web of Science...
 
The use of reference management tools to improve citation
The use of  reference management tools to improve citationThe use of  reference management tools to improve citation
The use of reference management tools to improve citation
 
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement
“Document publishing tools” for research visibility improvement
 
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual team
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual teamInnovation and r&d activities in virtual team
Innovation and r&d activities in virtual team
 

Similaire à Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index

Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...
Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...
Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...IJMIT JOURNAL
 
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSINFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSijmpict
 
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHY
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHYDEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHY
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHYIJMIT JOURNAL
 
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)Bhupendra Jha
 
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...James Heller
 
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...IJMIT JOURNAL
 
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media Sentiment analysis of comments in social media
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media IJECEIAES
 
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...Muhammad Muhammad Suleiman
 
Information Technology Impact
Information Technology Impact Information Technology Impact
Information Technology Impact Hermawan Hermawan
 
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index Mohamed Bouanane
 
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic Implications
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic ImplicationsICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic Implications
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic ImplicationsAlwyn Didar Singh
 
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computer
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computerRanking of indian institutions contributing to computer
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computerNIT Durgapur
 
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_Indonesia
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_IndonesiaTen_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_Indonesia
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_IndonesiaLorraine Salazar
 
Information and communication technologies in social work
Information and communication technologies in social workInformation and communication technologies in social work
Information and communication technologies in social workDr Lendy Spires
 
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...ijtsrd
 
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...Conference Papers
 
Public Data Analysis and Utilization
Public Data Analysis and UtilizationPublic Data Analysis and Utilization
Public Data Analysis and UtilizationIRJET Journal
 
Ict development in last decade in bangladesh
Ict development in last decade in bangladeshIct development in last decade in bangladesh
Ict development in last decade in bangladeshMamun Rahman
 

Similaire à Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index (20)

Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...
Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...
Top 10 Cited Articles - International Journal of Managing Information Technol...
 
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSINFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS
 
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHY
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHYDEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHY
DEFINING ICT IN A BOUNDARYLESS WORLD: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING HIERARCHY
 
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)
Nepal’s network readiness index (nri)
 
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...
A Panoramic View And Swot Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence For Achieving T...
 
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...
MOST VIEWED ARTICLES IN ACADEMIA - International Journal of Managing Informat...
 
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media Sentiment analysis of comments in social media
Sentiment analysis of comments in social media
 
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...
RELEVANCE OF COMPUTER APPRECIATION/ICT TO THE CURRICULUM OF CERTIFICATE IN AU...
 
Information Technology Impact
Information Technology Impact Information Technology Impact
Information Technology Impact
 
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index
Bmc_Digital_Economy_Information_Society_Index
 
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic Implications
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic ImplicationsICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic Implications
ICT Services: Developing Potential – Opportunities and Strategic Implications
 
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computer
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computerRanking of indian institutions contributing to computer
Ranking of indian institutions contributing to computer
 
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_Indonesia
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_IndonesiaTen_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_Indonesia
Ten_Ideas_to_Maximize_the_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_ICT_in_Indonesia
 
Pp
PpPp
Pp
 
Information and communication technologies in social work
Information and communication technologies in social workInformation and communication technologies in social work
Information and communication technologies in social work
 
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...
Education Management Information System Role in Educational Development A Cas...
 
Internet e ICT4D
Internet e ICT4DInternet e ICT4D
Internet e ICT4D
 
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...
Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology of e government services i...
 
Public Data Analysis and Utilization
Public Data Analysis and UtilizationPublic Data Analysis and Utilization
Public Data Analysis and Utilization
 
Ict development in last decade in bangladesh
Ict development in last decade in bangladeshIct development in last decade in bangladesh
Ict development in last decade in bangladesh
 

Dernier

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 

Dernier (20)

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 

Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index

  • 1. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN COUNTRY’S HINDEX 1 MARYAM FARHADI1*, HADI SALEHI2,3, MOHAMED AMIN EMBI2, MASOOD FOOLADI1, HADI FARHADI4, AREZOO AGHAEI CHADEGANI1, and NADER ALE EBRAHIM5 1 Department of Accounting, Mobarakeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh, Isfahan, Iran 2 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Malaysia 3 Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran 4 School of Psychology and Human Development, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia 5 Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia * Corresponding author: Maryam Farhadi, Email: farhadim58@gmail.com ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill subindices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not clear. Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development, H-index, Middle East However, ICT revolution and use of internet caused many structural changes [3]. As an example, the United States productivity has been revived during the late 1990s and the early 2000s because of the ICT development [4]. There are many studies introducing ICT as an important element to facilitate economic growth in both developing and developed countries [5, 6]. In addition, ICT has the potential to increase health systems through the designing new methods to prevent and detect disease [7]. Other studies confirm the dominant role of ICT in improving and modernizing the learning methods and educational systems [8, 9]. The fast progress in technology in the last two decades has reduced the cost of ICTs. In this situation, it is easier for more people to use and enjoy the advantages of ICTs [10]. 1. INTRODUCTION In the last decades, technology has improved the life style and made easier the human activities through a new civilization. A new revolution named Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has occurred in the present world [1]. ICT is defined as a concept including information equipment as well as computers and software, auxiliary equipment that is connected to a computer (such as calculators, cash registers, photocopiers), communications equipment, and instruments [2]. In other words, ICT is a technology with the aim of connecting computers and other communication equipment to gather, produce, process, classify, manage, create, and distribute information. After the invention of machines in 1970s, industrial revolution has been started and machines have been used instead of handworks. 122
  • 2. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org Although, the key role of ICT is approved in different areas such as engineering [11], education [12], health care [13], and economy [6], its effect on the degree of scientific ranking of a country is yet unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the impact of ICT development as measured by ICT Development Index (IDI) on H-index as a proxy of scientific progress of a country. E-ISSN: 1817-3195 East countries, this study applies the regression techniques with countries’ H-index as dependent variable and IDI as independent variable as follows: H it = α1IDIit + ε it α0 + (1) where α 's are parameters to be estimated, H represents H-index, IDI stands for ICT development index and subscripts i and t show the ith country in tth year, respectively. ε is the error term which is assumed to be independent of IDI. Then, for more inspections, instead of IDI, which captures the composite effect of ICT development, the current study uses three ICT sub-indices including ICT Access, ICT Use and ICT Skill as explanatory variables. In this approach, we can test the distinct impact of each sub-index on the country’s H-index. Consequently, in this step of the analysis, following equation (Equation 2) is used: In addition, in order to shed more lights on this area, present study applies three components of ICT development namely, ICT Skill, ICT Use and ICT Access to examine the distinct impact of these components on H-index as a proxy of scientific progress of a country. To this purpose, this study applies a multiple regression analysis on a panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009. The current study suggests the use of H-index provided by SCImago database [14] to measure the scientific ranking of country. Based on Hirsch [15], a scientist or a group of scientists has H-index of h when h of their papers has at least h citations. In other words, H-index is the number of articles with citation number higher or equal to h [15]. The H-index, which has been invented by Hirsch in 2005, proposes a simple and apparently strong measure to compare the scientific productivity and visibility of countries and institutions [16]. H it = µ1Accessit + µ2 Useit + µ3Skillit + δ it µ0 + (2) where µ 's are parameters to be estimated, H shows H-index and Access, Use and Skill stand for ICT development sub-indices. Moreover, subscripts i and t indicate the ith country in tth year, respectively, and δ is the error term which is assumed to be independent of Access, Use and Skill variables. H-index can measure the quantity and quality of papers simultaneously since the total number of published articles and the number of citations received by that articles are considered in the calculation of H-index. In addition, there are many studies, which reveal the benefits of Hindex as an appropriate and fair tool for evaluating and ranking scientists, laboratories, scientific journals, universities, institutions and countries [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. 2.2. Data and Measurement 2.2.1. ICT development The IDI, as an indicator of ICT development is computed based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which combines various indicators in order to make single value. For the first time, IDI is introduced in 2009 by Measuring the Information Society [23] and considers the degree of progress in ICTs in more than 150 countries. Composition of this indicator includes ICT Access showing infrastructure and access, ICT Skill referring to ICT skill or capability and ICT Use displaying the extent of using ICT. Required ICT data to compute the IDI is extracted from United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and ITU. Nowadays, ICT is considered as an important factor in development of countries, which are moving towards knowledge or Hirsch [15] proposes that H-index can be used to appraise not only the scientists but also countries and institutions. Hence, following Jacso [22], current study also uses H-index as a proxy to measure scientific ranking of countries. 2. METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.1. Empirical Model In order to examine the effect of ICT development on scientific degree of 14 Middle 123
  • 3. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org information-based societies. It is assumed that these countries have experienced the process of ICT development to turn into an information society. Therefore, the ITU [23] suggests the three-phase model including ICT readiness (showing the degree of networked infrastructure and ICT access), ICT intensity (showing the degree of ICT use by the society) and ICT impact (showing the result of effective and efficient ICT use). IDI is a composite indicator including ICT access, ICT skill and ICT use. Each sub-index is composed of a number of indicators explained as follow: E-ISSN: 1817-3195 Figure 1. Three Stages In The Evolution Towards An Information Society (Source: ITU [25]) 1. Access Sub-Index shows the availability of ICT infrastructure and individuals’ access to basic ICTs. This sub-index has five indicators including fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants, mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, international Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user, proportion of households with a computer and proportion of households with Internet access at home. 2.2.2. h-index Different sources report the H-index. Some of these sources are subscription-based sources such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) and some of them are free access sources such as Harzing's Publish or Perish program on the basis of Google Scholar entries. It should be noted that these sources report different H-index for the same institution, country and scholar because of their different coverage. For example, WoS covers a high range of published journals while it does not cover high impact conferences. Although, the coverage of publications in Scopus is poor prior to 1996, it covers conferences properly. Documents in Google Scholar receive more citations in comparison with those in Scopus and WoS. It is argued that Google Scholar has the most coverage of journals and conferences particularly those published after 1990 [26]. 2. Use Sub-Index shows the real degree of ICTs strength of use based on the available infrastructure and access indicators. Considering the limitation on data for ICT Use at the global scale and results of the PCA, this subgroup has three indicators including Internet users per 100 inhabitants, fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants and mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. 3. Skill Sub-Index captures the degree of ICT skill in different countries. Since the required data for many developing countries are not collected, an appropriate indicator can be the degree of literacy and education. Especially in developing countries, the poor level of education is a major obstacle to the effective use of internet and computers. With the inclusion of ICT in school courses, school attendance may offer an appropriate indicator for students’ exposure to the Internet or computers. Therefore, this subgroup has three indicators including, adult literacy rate, secondary gross enrolment ratio and tertiary gross enrolment ratio. The required data for this subgroup are extracted from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) [24]. The current study collects the required data on H-index for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009, from SCImago database [14]. The SCImago Journal and Country Rank website presents the journal and country scientific indicators based on the information included in the Scopus database. 3. FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this section, we first estimate Equation 1, which explores the impact of ICT development on H-index as a proxy of country’s scientific ranking. Then, applying the three ICT subindices, this study presents the estimation results for Equation 2, which is corresponding to the effect of ICT development sub-indices on Hindex. 124
  • 4. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 Table 1. Regression Results For The Impact Of ICT Development On H-Index Dependent Variable: H-index Variables Coefficient Standard Error IDI 31.69 4.67*** Constant 24.16 13.35* Observation = 210 F(1, 208) = 46.07*** R-squared = 0.1813 Adjusted R-squared = 0.1774 Note: ***, ** and * denote statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are heteroskedasticity consistent. sample countries. The estimated coefficients show a positive and significant effect of ICT Use and ICT Skill on country’s scientific ranking. This finding asserts that increasing the application of ICTs and improving the ICT skills might significantly increase the scientific degree of a country. The results also indicate that if a country increases the ICT Use and ICT Skill indices by one unit, its H-index will raise by 133 and 407 units, respectively. As can be seen in Table 2, the coefficient explaining the effect of ICT Access on H-index is negative but not significant. Finally, based on the adjusted Rsquared, ICT sub indices can explain 27.11% of variations in country’s H-index. Table 1 shows the effect of ICT development on each country’s H-index. The estimation results indicate a positive and significant effect of ICT development on country’s scientific ranking as proxied by H-index. This finding suggests that suitable policies aim at improving the level of ICT development can significantly increase the scientific rankings of a country. The results also assert that if a country raises its ICT development index by one unit, the H-index will increase by 31 units. As can be seen in Table 1, the adjusted R-squared is equal to 0.1774, which means that ICT development can explain 17.74% of variations in country’s H-index. Table 2 exhibits the impact of ICT development sub-indices on H-index of 14 Table 2. Regression Results For The Impact Of ICT Development Sub-Indices On H-Index Dependent Variable: H-index Variables T 6.79 1.81 Coefficient Standard Error t ICT Access -25.46 49.80 -0.51 ICT Use 133.23 64.64** 2.06 ICT Skill 407.28 64.86*** 6.28 Constant -151.10 35.82*** -4.22 Observation = 210 F(3, 206) = 26.91*** R-squared = 0.2816 Adjusted R-squared = 0.2711 Note: ***, ** and * denote statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are heteroskedasticity consistent. 125
  • 5. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 [7] Haridasan, K., Rangarajan, S. and Pirio, G. “Re-Inventing Health Care Training In The Developing World: The Case For Satellite Applications In Rural Environments”, Online Journal of Space Communication, 14(Winter), 2009. [8] Sharma, A., Gandhar, K., Sharma, S. and Seema, S. “Role of ICT in the Process of Teaching and Learning”, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1-6. [9] Sangrà, A. and González-Sanmamed, M. “The role of information and communication technologies in improving teaching and learning processes in primary and secondary schools”, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2011, pp. 47-59. [10] International Telecommunication Union, “Measuring the information society: The ICT Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2011. [11] C.C. Aldea, A.D. Popescu, A. Draghici and G. Draghici, “ICT Tools Functionalities Analysis for the Decision Making Process of Their Implementation in Virtual Engineering Teams”, Procedia Technology, Vol. 5, 2012, pp. 649-658. [12] F. Scheuermann and F. Pedró, “Assessing the effects of ICT in education: Indicators, criteria and benchmarks for international comparisons”, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2009. [13] A.R. Bakker, “Health care and ICT, partnership is a must”, International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 66, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 51-57. [14] SCImago, SJR — SCImago Journal & Country Rank, 2007, Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www.scimagojr.com [15] J.E. Hirsch, “An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 102, No. 46, 2005, pp. 1656916572. [16] J.F. Molinari and A. Molinari, “A new methodology for ranking scientific institutions”, Scientometrics, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2008, pp. 163-174. [17] P. Ball, “Index aims for fair ranking of scientists”, Nature, Vol. 436, No. 900, 2005. doi:10.1038/436900a. [18] G. Saad, “Exploring the h-index at the author and journal levels using bibliometric data of productive consumer scholars and business-related journals respectively”, 4. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This paper focuses on examining the effect of ICT development on the scientific degree of 14 Middle East countries as proxied by H-index. The results of the regression analysis show that ICT development has a positive and significant effect on the H-index of these countries. Moreover, applying the ICT development sub-indices, this study finds that ICT Use and ICT Skill might have positive effects on H-index but the effect of ICT Access is not clear since its corresponding coefficient is not statistically significant. Therefore, we can conclude that ICT induces outcomes that leads to higher H-index values and raises the scientific level of sample countries. In this situation, policy makers should aim increasing the level of ICT development through increasing its indicators including fixed and mobile telephone lines, international Internet bandwidth, proportion of households with a computer and Internet access, Internet users, fixed and mobile broadband Internet subscribers, adult literacy rate, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratios. REFERENCES: [1] R.J. Gordon, “Does the ‘New Economy’ measure up to the great inventions of the past?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2000, pp. 49-74. [2] S.D. Oliner and D.E. Sichel, “Computers and output growth revisited: How big is the puzzle?”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 2, 1994, pp. 273-334. [3] S.S. Cohen, J.B. Delong and J. Zysman, “Tools for thought: What is new and important about the E-economy?”, BRIE Working Paper, No. 138, 2000. [4] D.W. Jorgenson and K.J. Stiroh, “Information technology and growth”, American Economic review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 89, No. 2, 1999, pp. 109-115. [5] Gruber, H. and Koutroumpis, P. “Mobile telecommunications and the impact on economic development”, Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 67, 2011, pp. 387-426. [6] Farhadi, M., Ismail, R. and Fooladi, M. “Information and Communication Technology Use and Economic Growth”, PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, No. 11, 2012, e48903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048903 126
  • 6. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 10th November 2013. Vol. 57 No.1 © 2005 - 2013 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org Scientometrics, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2006, pp. 117120. [19] W. Glanzel, “On the h-index - A mathematical approach to a new measure of publication activity and citation impact”, Scientometrics, Vol. 67, No. 2, 2006, pp. 315321. [20] T. Braun, W. Glanzel and A. Schubert, “A Hirsch-type index for journals Scientometrics, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2006, pp. 169-173. [21] K.M. Mclntyre, L. Hawkes, A. WaretSzkuta, S. Morand and M. Baylis, “The HIndex as a Quantitative Indicator of the Relative Impact of Human Diseases”, PLoS ONE, Vol. 6, No. 5, 2011. e19558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019558. [22] P. Jacso, “The h-index for countries in Web of Science and Scopus”, Online Information Review, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2009, pp. 831-837. [23] International Telecommunication Union, “Measuring the information society: The ICT Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2009. [24] UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2011. http://www.uis.unesco.org. [25] International Telecommunication Union, “Measuring the information society: The ICT Development Index”, Place des Nations CH1211 Geneva Switzerland, 2010. [26] L.I. Meho and K. Yang, “Impact of data sources on citation counts and rankings of LIS faculty: Web of science versus scopus and google scholar”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 58, No. 13, 2007, pp. 2105– 2125. 127 E-ISSN: 1817-3195