The document defines and provides examples for 39 English language terms related to language learning and teaching. Some key terms defined include: lingua franca, which is a language used for communication among different groups; communicative language competence, which refers to knowledge of appropriate language use; and exponents, which are language items needed for functions like inviting or describing. The document is intended to provide definitions and examples to help explain important concepts in language education.

1. Word:
Lingua franca
Phonological transcription:
/ˈlɪŋgwə/ /ˈfræŋkə/
Definition:
A language that is used among different groups of people for
communication.
Example:
English is unquestionably the world’s lingua franca at present.
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2. Word:
Functions
Phonological transcription:
/ˈfʌŋkʃənz/
Definition:
The purpose for which an utterance or unit of language is used.
Example:
Syllabus is organized in terms of the different language “functions” the
learners need to express or understand to communicate effectively.
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3. Word:
Independent users of English
Phonological transcription:
/ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt/ /ˈjuzərz/ /ɑv/
/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
Definition:
Phrase used to refer to the student when he/she is able to carry on most
conversations, write comprehensibly, making clear arguments or
explanations and read grade level texts and discuss them orally.
Example:
Independent users of English don’t need help to communicate.
3

4. Word:
Communicate effectively
Phonological transcription:
/kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt/ /ɪˈfɛktɪvli/
Definition:
A process which facilitates information sharing between people by
expressing thoughts in a more abstract way, using cultural topics, as well as
explaining differences among cultures.
Example:
At B1 level, learners are able to communicate effectively while traveling in
countries that use the target language.
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5. Word:
Real time
Phonological transcription:
/riəl/ /taɪm/
Definition:
The actual time during which a process takes place or an event occurs.
Example:
Students must be exposed to the target language in every school year in a
real time of 120 hours.
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6. Word:
Lightbown & Spada
Phonological transcription:
/laɪtboʊn/ /ˈspɑdə/
Definition:
Assumption for which students are already exposed to the English language
since 2nd year of school.
Example:
According to Lightbown & Spada students should already know English
language at 8th grade.
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7. Word:
Components
Phonological transcription:
/kəmˈpoʊnənts/
Definition:
A part that combines with other parts to form something bigger.
Example:
Specific objectives for the components of communicative language
competence have been proposed for each school year.
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8. Word:
B1 language proficiency level
Phonological transcription:
/bi/1 /ˈlæŋgwəʤ/ /prəˈfɪʃənsi/
/ˈlɛvəl/
Definition:
Learners will become independent users of the language who have come
across most of the basic structures and lexis of the language and therefore,
have acquired a degree of fluency and comprehension of some general
authentic English.
Example: Curriculum Overall Objectives
The first objective of the curriculum guideline is to ensure high-school
graduates reach a minimum B1 language proficiency level according to the
CEF.
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9. Word:
Communicative language
competence
Phonological transcription:
/kəmˈjunəkətɪv/ /ˈlæŋgwəʤ/
/ˈkɑmpətɪns/
Definition:
Knowledge of not only if something is formally possible in a language, but
also whether it is feasible, appropriate, or done in a particular speech
community.
Example:
The second curriculum overall objective is to build up learners’
communicative language competence in its linguistic, sociolinguistic, and
pragmatic components.
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10. Word:
Linguistic competence
Phonological transcription:
/lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk/ /ˈkɑmpətɪns/
Definition:
The unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and
understand a language.
Example:
Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that
knowledge is tacit, implicit.
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11. Word:
Socio-linguistic competence
Phonological transcription:
/ˈsoʊsioʊ/ /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk/ /ˈkɑmpətɪns/
Definition:
Refers to the sociocultural conditions of language use.
Example:
When greeting someone in a very formal situation an American might say,
Hello, but if he were meeting a friend in an informal situation it would be
much more appropriate to say Hi.
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12. Word:
Pragmatic competence
Phonological transcription:
/prægˈmætɪk/ /ˈkɑmpətɪns/
Definition:
Concerned with the functional use of linguistic resources.
Example:
Inviting, thanking, apologizing, etc.
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13. Word:
Exponents
Phonological transcription:
/ɪkˈspoʊnənts/
Definition:
Language items needed for functions or speech acts such as identifying,
describing, inviting, offering, etc.
Example:
Identifying, describing, inviting, offering, etc.
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14. Word:
Neutral register
Phonological transcription:
/ˈnutrəl/ /ˈrɛʤɪstər/
Definition:
Refers to language that is neither too formal nor too informal and is more
generally applicable in a variety of situations.
Example:
“Can you tell me the time, please?” is more generally applicable than
“Would you mind telling me the time, please?”
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15. Word:
Informational texts
Phonological transcription:
/ɪnˈfɔrˈmeɪʃənəl/ /tɛksts/
Definition:
Texts designed to convey information about something rather than to tell or
advance a narrative.
Example:
Books, magazines, handouts, brochures, CD rooms and the internet.
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16. Word:
Transactional texts
Phonological transcription:
/trænˈzækʃən(ə)l/ /tɛksts/
Definition:
Texts that start with the purpose of communicating ideas and information
between individuals.
Example:
Personal letters, short biographies.
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17. Word:
Expository texts
Phonological transcription:
/ɪkˈspɑː.zə.tɔːr.i/ /tekst/
Definition:
The ones which inform, describe or explain something and include
autobiographies, short descriptions, media articles, etc.
Example:
Autobiographies, short descriptions, media articles, etc.
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18. Word:
Personal domain
Phonological transcription:
/ˈpɜrsɪnɪl/ /doʊˈmeɪn/
Definition:
Comprises family relations and individual social practices.
Example:
Having a personal domain name can be a great resource. Whether or not
you have bought a domain that is your actual name, there are a lot of
different reasons to do so.
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19. Word:
Educational domain
Phonological transcription:
/ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃənəl/ /doʊˈmeɪn/
Definition:
Is concerned with the learning context where the aim is to acquire specific
knowledge or skills.
Example:
Learners should know the names of various locations, e.g. gym, classroom,
office, and objects in classrooms.
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20. Word:
Public domain
Phonological transcription:
/ˈpʌblɪk/ /doʊˈmeɪn/
Definition:
Refers to everything connected with ordinary social interaction.
Example:
Public services, cultural and leisure activities of public nature, and relations
with the media.
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21. Word:
Personal background
Phonological transcription:
/ˈpɜrsɪnɪl/ /ˈbækˌgraʊnd/
Definition:
Includes personal identification.
Example:
House, home, and environment; daily life; free time and entertainment; and
relations with other people.
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22. Word:
Educational background
Phonological transcription:
/ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃənəl/ /ˈbækˌgraʊnd/
Definition:
Includes issues related to school and instruction.
Example:
Curricular subjects, classroom equipment, educational roles, etc.
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23. Word:
Social background
Phonological transcription:
/ˈsoʊʃəl/ /ˈbækˌgraʊnd/
Definition:
One's social demographics such as one's color, creed, race, language,
education, life style, religion, nationality.
Example:
Includes public entertainment, travel, health and body care, shopping, food
and drink, and services.
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24. Word:
Backtracking
Phonological transcription:
/ˈbækˌtrækɪŋ/
Definition:
Returning to a previous point or subject, as in a discussion or lecture.
Example:
By the end of the 8th year EGB, students will be able to produce slow,
hesitant, planned monologues with frequent pauses to search for
expressions, backtracking, errors, etc.
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25. Word:
Repair
Phonological transcription:
/rɪˈpɛr/
Definition:
A term for ways in which errors, unintended forms, or misunderstandings
are corrected by speakers or others during conversation.
Example:
I need your, uhm…how do you say that… folder (self-initiated repair).
25

26. Word:
Display question
Phonological transcription:
/dɪˈspleɪ/ /ˈkwɛsʧən/
Definition:
A question which is not a real question, but which serves to know how much
the student know about the language practice.
Example:
It is raining, isn’t it?
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27. Word:
Referential questions
Phonological transcription:
/.ref.əˈren.ʃəl/ /ˈkwes.tʃəns/
Definition:
Question used to acquire information which is not known to the teacher.
Example:
What is your family like?
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28. Word:
Procedural texts
Phonological transcription:
/prəˈsiʤərəl/ /tɛksts/
Definition:
A genre of writing that explains the instructions or directions to complete a
task with text types that include recipes and ‘how to’ instructions.
Example:
A composition that describes the necessary steps for completing a task in a
real-world setting such as the instructions for using a vending machine.
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29. Word:
Narrative texts
Phonological transcription:
/ˈnɛrətɪv/ /tɛksts/
Definition:
A genre of writing that entertains or tells a story with text types that include
personal narratives.
Example:
First-person stories.
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30. Word:
Realistic fiction
Phonological transcription:
/ˌriəˈlɪstɪk/ /ˈfɪkʃən/
Definition:
Stories based on characters, settings, problems, events, and solutions that
could happen in real life.
Example:
The fault in our stars.
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31. Word:
Persuasive texts
Phonological transcription:
/pərˈsweɪsɪv/ /tɛksts/
Definition:
A genre of writing that attempts to convince readers to embrace a
particular point of view.
Example:
Movie review
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32. Word:
Vocational domain
Phonological transcription:
/voʊˈkeɪʃənəl/ /doʊˈmeɪn/
Definition:
It envolves everything concerned with people’s activities and relations in the
exercise of their occupations.
Example:
America's Job Bank
32

33. Word:
Circumlocutions
Phonological transcription:
/ˌsɝː.kəm.ləˈkjuː.ʃəns/
Definition:
An indirect way of expressing something.
Example:
I'm trying to avoid circumlocutions in my writing.
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34. Word:
Salient politeness conventions
Phonological transcription:
/ˈseɪliənt/ /pəˈlaɪtnəs/ /kənˈvɛnʃənz/
Definition:
Particularly those affecting everyday life, living conditions, interpersonal
relations, and major values and attitudes.
Example:
Please refer to the corresponding Curriculum Specifications document.
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35. Word:
Exponents
Phonological transcription:
/ɪkˈspoʊnənts/
Definition:
The language items needed for performing functions such as identifying,
describing, inviting, offering, etc.
Example:
Speech acts.
35

36. Word:
Persuasive essays
Phonological transcription:
/pərˈsweɪsɪv/ /ˈɛˌseɪz/
Definition:
In persuasive or argumentative writing, we try to convince others to agree
with our facts, share our values, accept our argument or conclusions and
adopt our way of thinking.
Example:
Students must write a persuasive essay about internet and web resources.
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37. Word:
Identify relevant information
Phonological transcription:
/aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/ /ˈrɛləvənt/
/ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/
Definition:
To involve determining the audience for whom the text will be produced
and the attitudes and communicative intentions of the author, etc.
Example:
While reading, you must identify relevant information.
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38. Word:
Dead ends
Phonological transcription:
/dɛd/ /ɛndz/
Definition:
When no progress can be made or no advancement is possible.
Example:
“Reached an impasse on the negotiations”.
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39. Word:
Jumpiness
Phonological transcription:
/ˈʤʌmpɪnəs/
Definition:
Doubt, the state of being temporarily nervous.
Example:
Use a limited number of cohesive devices to link their utterances into clear,
coherent discourse though there may be some “jumpiness” in a long
contribution.
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