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- 2. 31% of Black men are on probation (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011); 1 in every 15 Black men are incarcerated in comparison to 1 in every 106 white men (Kerby, 2012); 67.5% of inmates were rearrested at least once within the first three years of release (Atkin & Armstrong, 2013). Demographic Profile National
- 3. 8 in 10 Delaware inmates sentenced to more than a year in prison are rearrested for a serious offense within three years of their release (Barrish, 2013); 71% of released prisoners are convicted of a serious crime within three years of release, and 68% return to prison for at least one day (Barrish, 2013); Joblessness is as high as 50% among Black men in their twenties (Hope Commission, 2011); Each year over 1,200 Black ex-offenders are released from Delaware prisons, into Wilmington (Hope Commission, 2011);. Demographic Profile Local
- 4. What is Participatory Action Research (PAR)? (I.) Participatory Action Research (PAR) projects includes on the research team, members of the population under study. Once such members are identified, they then are offered the opportunity to participate in all phases of the research project (e. g. theoretical framing, literature review, analysis, publication, presentation, monetary compensation, etc.); & (II.) PAR projects require an social justice based response to be organized in response to the data collected by the study. Research + Social Activism = PAR Payne, 2011
- 5. RESEARCH QUESTION To what extent does age influence attitudes and experiences toward reentry programs in Wilmington among street identified African American men?
- 6. Prisoner Re-entry: Programs and Services (Seiter & Kadela, 2003; Thompkins, 2010) Barriers in Prisoner Re-entry: Recidivism and Incarceration (Marbley & Ferguson, 2005; Raphael, 2011) Employers Attitudes towards Ex-offenders and Employment (Smith & Hattery, 2011; Atkin & Armstrong, 2013) Literature Review
- 7. “…correctional programs from prison to community that have initiated treatment [or social development] in a prison setting and have linked with a community program to provide continuous care” (368). What is Prisoner Reentry? Seiter & Kadela (2003)
- 8. Street Ideology Centered on personal and economic survival; Developed from increased value and meaning in the overall code of the streets; Activities: Bonding activities: Joking, “hanging on the block,” or playing basketball, to organizing and sponsoring events in the local community Illegal activities: Burglary, interpersonal violence, and use and sales of narcotics Site of Resilience: What is Street Life? Payne, 2011
- 9. Sites of Resilience: Theoretical Model Payne, 2011
- 10. Structural Condition: Prison Gander Hill Howard R. Young Correctional Institution also known as Gander Hill 1301 E. 12th Street Wilmington, DE 19801
- 11. Project Design Interview/Qualitative Data Age Range Individual Interviews 18-29 6 30-35 5 Age Range Dual Interviews Group Interviews 18-22 --- 4 (of 4 participants) 28-35 1 (of 2 participants) 1 (of 4 participants)
- 12. Coding Scheme 1st Phase of Qualitative Coding 2nd Phase of Qualitative Coding 3rd Phase of Qualitative Coding Broad Domain Core Code Sub Codes (1) Attitudes toward Reentry Probation and Parole (1) Ineffective Programs and Services (2) Surveillance (2) Recidivism Employment/Criminal Record (1) Lack of Opportunities/ Economic Survival (2) Critical Reflections of Attitudes toward Employment
- 13. Protect the community; Help victims; Provide resources; & Make sure probationers do not break the law or violate the terms of their probation. Probation and Parole
- 14. Younger age group (18-29) Less concerned with accessing quality reentry programs; More likely to be violated by probation. Older age group (30-35) Need for employment and specialized workshops; Too much supervision; not enough preparation; Cannot depend on programs; must do things on their own. Attitudes Toward Reentry Programs based on Age
- 15. Aaron (29): “[Probation] won't put any steps into place to help you get a job…keep a job…or maintain a job. Part of your probation should be ‘[you’re] on probation…for you to get a job…for us to maintain this job with you’ That should be part of probation…[you] should be able to have a job already set up…so [you] can maintain it once [you] get out.” Experience with Probation CODE: Ineffective Programs and Services
- 16. Rennie Rox (35): “You have a program that's in place and it's not doin' what it's…supposed to be doin’… [people] depend on these programs to get their self together, but it's not there…when I came home [from prison]... the second time, [I realized] that I can't depend on no reentry program, I can't depend on probation and parole…It's just gonna be a disappointment and cause me to relapse outta frustration…So I don't do [reentry programs] no more.” Effectiveness of Probation CODE: Ineffective Programs and Services
- 17. Younger age group (18-29) Impatience in wait for employment; More likely to recidivate; Less financial responsibilities. Older age group (30-35) Harder to find employment opportunities; More likely to create their own job opportunities; More financial responsibilities. Attitudes Toward Employment based on Age
- 18. Byron (18): “I go back to the hood…there's nowhere for me to go…I'm boxed in, you look at Southbridge it's…like a box… with one little doorway out. Now, when you close [it], what do you want me to do?...a bunch of n****s [people are] out here hungry…kids are out there right now hungry.” Finding Employment CODE: Lack of Opportunities/ Economic Survival
- 19. Rennie Rox (35): “What I do is I try to create my own jobs…I clean carpets. I bought a carpet machine from Home Depot. It fits in the backseat of my car. I put my fliers up all across Newcastle County. Not just in the neighborhood…[but] down Route 40 where the white people [are], handin' out my fliers in the towns... They [people] give me calls…I go respectfully.” Resilience – Personal Efficacy CODE: Employment/Criminal Record
- 20. Generally, all of the Black men interviewed have negative attitudes toward reentry programs. Data suggest that as the sample becomes older (30-35), attitudes toward reentry programs are increasingly becoming negative, with age. Results: Probation
- 21. Data suggest that as the sample becomes older (30-35), their attitudes toward employment are increasingly becoming negative, with age. With age (18-29 to 30-35), attitudes suggest employment becomes harder to find. Results: Employment
- 22. Vocational Schooling/Trade Workshops Specialized Skills/Trade (30-35) Family and Social Support Reduce Recidivism/Criminal Activity Specialized Programs (in terms of age) Wants/Needs with Age Employment Opportunities In Prison Preparation What Needs to Be Done?
- 23. Banks (27): “It's like if you have someone that's willing to…be there for you…no matter what…if you fall short…willing to pick you back up and give support.” (positive) Banks (27): “‘Uh, n***a you broke, you ain't got nothing, you can't do nothing, you ain't got no car… look at me, look at you’…so it's like all right I'm gonna show you what I'm about, I'm gonna get out here and do what I do and then I'm back over here again[ in the streets].” (negative) Family and Social Support
- 24. Department of Black American Studies Dr. Yasser A. Payne McNair Scholars Program Dr. Kimberly Saunders Tiffany Scott Natalie Cook Nicole Mozee Brooklynn Hitchens Deangie Davis Wilmington Office of Probation and Parole Officer Debra Mason Acknowledgements
Notes de l'éditeur
- Hi, my name is Neraliz Diaz, McNair Scholar, and this summer I had the opportunity to conduct secondary data analysis on Dr. Yasser Payne’s street ethnographic study in Wilmington, DE. My analysis looks at reentry, and the title of my research is: Prisoner Reentry Programs: Age Variation in Attitudes and Experiences among Street Life Oriented Black Men.
- Nationally: 31% of Black men are on probation 1 in every 15 Black men are incarcerated in comparison to 1 in every 106 white men; and lastly, 67.5% of inmates were rearrested at least once within the first three years of release.
- Locally or in Wilmington, DE we find that: 8 in 10 Delaware inmates are rearrested for a serious offense within three years of their release. Joblessness is as high as 50% among Black men in their twenties; Each year over 1,200 Black ex-offenders are released from Delaware prisons, into Wilmington. Say out loud: Also, it should be noted that it has been reported that 6 out of 10 men are involved in some aspect of the criminal justice system.
- As noted earlier, I am conducting a secondary analysis of Dr. Payne’s larger project entitled: The Wilmington Street PAR Project. This study implemented a PAR methodological model, an acronym that stands for Participatory Action Research. PAR defines itself by including members of the actual population under study - on the research team. PAR members participate in all phases of the research project and should be compensated for their time. PAR projects also require action or a social justice response to the data collected and analyzed.
- The research question I decided to focused on is: To what extent does age influence attitudes and experiences toward reentry programs in Wilmington among street identified African American men?
- Some themes that emerged in the literature on prison re-entry as it relates to my question are: Prisoner Reentry: Programs and Services Barriers in Prisoner Reentry: Recidivism and Incarceration & Employers Attitudes towards Ex-offenders and Employment
- For me, it was important that reentry programs provide a discharge plan for inmates while incarcerated, and to continue providing services once the inmate is released. However, I found in my experience and my data that in Delaware, discharge plans are not provided or required before the release of an inmate.
- Street Life or a street identity is an ideology centered on personal and economic survival. Street life is also ideological and activity based— including bonding and illegal activities.
- Sites of Resilience theory was also used to guide an analysis for this study. This theory argues that a street identity is evidence of resilience. In other words, street life or crime is coping, it’s resilient, it’s adaptive; and according to the model, individual and structural conditions contribute to the development of a street identity.
- Under this theory, prison is seen structural condition. Gander Hill is a prison located in the northeast section of Wilmington and is embedded into the city of Wilmington, surrounded by some of the worst neighborhoods. In many instances, Black men are socialized to be prisoners within their environment; therefore, many are cycling in and out of prison. Their street identity is formed to cope and survive when facing violence, theft, and illegal activity, both in their environment and in prison.
- For my study, I analyzed data from a total of 17 participants. I analyzed 13 individual interviews; 1 dual interview and 2 group interviews, focusing only on the responses of Black men; using the age groups 18-29 and 30-35.
- For my coding scheme, I began with 2 broad domains: Attitudes toward Reentry and Recidivism. Within attitudes toward reentry, probation was named the dominating form of supervision, lacking effective programs and services. Within recidivism (which means, to relapse or recommit a crime), employment and criminal record were two major concerns for economic survival.
- As I analyzed my data, I realized that when questioning the participants about reentry programs a majority of them associated reentry with the office of probation and parole. This office is geared to provide assistance for reentry, although it is not required to do so. This is important because many former inmates believe that probation officers should do more to provide them with effective programs and services. Therefore, probationers are expressing a negative attitude or experience with the office of probation and parole. Keep in mind that probation officers are overworked and under resourced.
- When analyzing attitudes toward reentry programs, we found that younger participants (18-29) are less concerned with accessing quality reentry programs, and many associated negative experiences or attitudes with probation violations. A probation violation can be anything from a positive urine sample to contact with law enforcement; and once a probationer violates the terms of their probation, they will face incarceration. The older age group (30-35), were much more negative and bitter toward reentry programs, as they search for more effective services, and many believed there was too much supervision and not enough preparation from the services provided. They also expressed a need for employment and specialized workshops.
- Aaron (29) states that probation has not put any steps into place for him to successfully find employment. He argues that probation should help him find and maintain a job.
- Rennie Rox (35) states that reentry programs are not doing what they are designed to do, making harder and harder for former inmates to depend on them. Rennie Rox states: “I can't depend on no reentry program, I can't depend on probation and parole…It's just gonna be a disappointment and cause me to relapse outta frustration…So I don't do [reentry programs] no more.”
- When analyzing attitudes toward employment, the younger age group (18-29) were more likely to recidivate, due to impatience in wait for employment. They face less financial responsibilities, and are more likely to recidivate has they return back to the streets. The older age group (30-35), stated that it becomes harder to find employment, and many began creating their own job opportunities, as their financial responsibilities increased.
- Bryon stated that living in places like South Bridge lacks the resources he needs to successfully find employment and stability in his community. Bryon states: “I go back to the hood…there's nowhere for me to go…I'm boxed in, you look at Southbridge it's…like a box… with one little doorway out. Now, when you close [it], what do you want me to do?...a bunch of n****s [people are] out here hungry…kids are out there right now hungry.”
- Rennie Rox talks of his determination to create his own job: cleaning carpets, by placing fliers around his neighborhood and Newcastle county. The men in absent of opportunity, realized, coming out of prison, that they cannot depend on reentry programs, in Delaware. Therefore, many believe they should not be used to have a successful reentry.
- Overall, generally all of the black men who were interviewed held negative attitudes toward reentry programs. However, data suggest that as the sample gets older, attitudes are becoming increasingly negative.
- For employment, data suggest that as the sample becomes older, negative attitudes toward employment increase because employment becomes harder to find.
- Across all ages, there needs to be a system in place that provides workshops, trade workshops, and classes, in prison and once released, for inmates to successfully find employment and financial stability. The office of probation and parole, should provide specialized programs that focus on the wants and needs of probationers as they age. It also appears that family and social support is also essential to a successful reentry, and in reducing recidivism or criminal activity.
- Although, the data showed that family and social support were essential for a successful reentry, we also found that – support can be positive or negative. For example, Banks (27) states for positive support: “It's like if you have someone that's willing to…be there for you…no matter what…if you fall short…willing to pick you back up and give support…it gives…a person a new outlook.” For negative support, he states: “‘Uh, nigga you broke, you ain't got nothing, you can't do nothing, you ain't got no car… look at me, look at you’…so it's like all right I'm gonna show you what I'm about, I'm gonna get out here and do what I do and then I'm back over here again[ in the streets].”
- Once again, my name is Neraliz Diaz and I would like to acknowledge my mentor Dr. Yasser Payne. The McNair Scholars Program (Dr. Kimberly Saunders and Tiffany Scott) and the staff. Wilmington Office of Probation and Parole (Officer Debra Mason).