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Male Circumcision Science
        Advocacy Work
            and
Policy Debates in South Africa

                    Sipho Senabe
      Co-chair: Prevention Technical Task Team
                       SANAC
Declaration of Commitment on HIV&AIDS and
           Political Declaration on HIV&AIDS

                                  10-12 June 2008, United Nations, New York




“Scaling up HIV prevention in hyper-endemic countries. In
countries where HIV prevalence exceeds 15 per cent, only an
unprecedented national mobilization, involving every sector of
society and making use of every available prevention tool, will
meet the challenge posed by such catastrophic continued
spread of HIV”.
Conclusions: SADC Think Tank on
             HIV Prevention
“key drivers of the epidemic in
southern Africa - multiple and
concurrent partnerships by men
and women with low consistent
condom use and in context of
low levels of male circumcision”.

–   male attitudes and behaviours
–   inter-generational sex
–   sexual and gender based violence
–   stigma, denial, lack of openness
–   untreated viral STI’s, and a lack

Underlying context - gender and
socio-economic inequalities,
mobility, and other structural
factors
Male Circumcision is one of few HIV prevention
  strategies that has strong evidence basis
Evidence basis: Orange Farm,
       Rakai and Kisumu Trials
• Male circumcision has been shown to reduce men’s risk
  of becoming infected by HIV through heterosexual
  intercourse ranging from 38% to 66% 1
• Three randomized clinical trials (South Africa, Uganda
  and Kenya) have shown that male circumcision reduces
  the risk of men becoming infected with HIV by between
  50 – 60%. 2


•   1. Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database of Systematic
    Reviews 2009, Issue 2.
•   2 [i] Bailey, R. et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: A Randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2007: 369:
    643-56.
•   2 [ii] Gray, R. et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda : A Randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2007: 369: 657-66.
•   2 [iii] Auvert, B. et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med.
    2005 Nov;2(11):e298. Epub 25 October 2005.
Evidence basis: Sociological and
          Epidemiological studies
• This confirms findings from 40 sociological and epidemiological
  studies which show a strong correlation between rates of male
  circumcision and reduced HIV prevalence 3
• Biological studies of the foreskin which show a high concentration of
  cells very susceptible to HIV infection 4, which is one of three
  potential biological explanations as to why circumcision may reduce
  HIV acquisition

• The other two being a reduction in STIs and a reduction in the
  likelihood of microtears and trauma to the foreskin).

•   3[i] Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, Deeks J, Egger M, Low N, et al. HIV and Male Circumcision – a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2005: 5:165-173
•   [ii] Siegfried, N. et al. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(3):CD003362.
•   [iii] Weiss, H.A., Quigley, M.A., Hayes, R.J. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2000 Oct 20;14(15):2361-70.
•   [iv] Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, de Vlas SJ and Bailey RC. Modeling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases 2007, 7:16, 13 March, 2007.


     4 Patterson, B.K., Landay, A., Siegel, J.N., Flener, Z., Pessis, D., Chaviano, A., et al. Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of
     human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture. Am J Pathol. 2002 Sep;161(3):867-73.
Potential Epidemiological,
  Demographic and SRH Impact
• Based on the data from the clinical trials, models have estimated
  that routine male circumcision across sub-Saharan Africa could
  prevent up to six million new HIV infections and three million
  deaths in the next two decades 5

• Male circumcision also provides other health benefits, in particular
  the reduction of certain sexually transmitted diseases and cancers

• Evidence shows that male circumcision reduces some sexually
  transmitted infections (STI),
             • particularly ulcerative STIs including chancroid and syphilis, as well as
               balanitis, phimosis, and penile cancer6
   5 Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, et al. The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS
   Medicine Vol. 3, No. 7, e262. Epub 2006 July 11.
   6 (1)Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: A systematic review and
   meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Apr;82(2):101-9; discussion 10.
   6 (2) Lavery L, Rakwar JP, Thompson ML, Jackson DJ, Mandaliya K, Chohan BH, et al. Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency
   virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: a prospective cohort study of trucking company employees in Kenya. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:330–
   336.
   6 (3) Schoen EJ; Oehrli M; Colby C; Machin G. The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer. Pediatrics.
   2000;105:E36.
SRH Impact and Social
                      Acceptability
• Circumcision has also been associated with a reduction
  in penile human papillomavirus (HPV), and a reduction in
  cervical cancer in female partners 7.

• In South Africa approximately 45% of men report being
  circumcised with circumcision rates being the highest in
  the Western Cape (67.5%) and the lowest in KwaZulu-
  Natal (26.8%) and Gauteng (25.2%).

• The levels of circumcision are highest amongst men over
  the age of 30 (53%) 8
•   7. Castellsagué X; Bosch FX; Muñoz N; Meijer CJLM; Shah KV; de Sanjosé S; Eluf-Neto J; Ngelangel CA; Chichareon S; Smith JS; Herrero R; Moreno
    V; Franceschi S; the International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. Male Circumcision, Penile Human
    Papillomavirus Infection, and Cervical Cancer in Female Partners. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1105-12.
•   8. Department of Health, Medical Research Council, OrcMarco. 2007. South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Pretoria:
    Department of Health.
Socio Cultural Acceptability
• In certain cultures male circumcision is practiced as a rite of
  passage to manhood.

• Acceptability studies conducted in 2001 and 2002 have indicated
  that there are high levels of acceptability of male circumcision
  amongst men and women in South Africa 9
     – more than 50% of men indicating that they are willing to undergo male
       circumcision and
     – more than 50% of women indicating that they would be in favour of
       circumcision

•   9 Lagarde, Taljaard, Puren et al, 2003[i]; Scott, Weiss, Viljoen, 2005 [ii])

    [i] Lagarde, E; Taljaard, D; Puren, A et al. 2003. Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV
    infection in a highly infected community in South Africa. In: AIDS 2003, 17:89 – 95.

•   [ii] Scott, B.E; Weiss, H.A; Viljoen, J.I. (2006). The acceptability of male circumcision as an HIV intervention
    among a rural Zulu population, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In: AIDS Care, April 2005; 17(3): 304 – 313.
    Accessed from: http://www.global-campaign.org/clientfiles/scott%20male%20circumcision.pdf
Issues raised by Sectors
               Consulted
• Women, Men, Youth, Traditional Leaders, Research,

• Acceptance of results but with general concern about non-
  medicalisation of traditional practices

• Concerns about commercialization of the Medical male circumcision

• Concerns about risk compensation and potential added risk to
  women

• HR, Financial and other health systems implementations
Policy debates
• PTT advocated for Circumcision policy
• Consulted with various Sectors (Communication
  of the Science)
• Developed a project plan with deadlines for
  policy development (June 2009)
• DOH drafted a policy concept presentation and
  (Communication of Policy provisions)
• Policy option was dropped in favour of Male
  Medical Circumcision guidelines and Integrated
  HIV and AIDS Prevention Strategy and Policy
Current Status
• MMC Guidelines based on preexisting SRH policy
  developed and currently costed for implementation

• Costing using long term modeling and scenarios ongoing

• Detailed guidelines to with uniform service delivery
  model and standards to guide implementation M&E.

• KYE KYR being conducted to inform new Prevention
  Strategy and
Recommendations for the
              Why the prevention gap?
•
                               future
    Adequate and united leadership:
     – sensitivities, denial, inconsistent messaging must be addressed

•   Limited analysis and understanding of epidemic drivers must be addressed

•   Overcome Weak planning – targets, strategies,.

•   Provision of adequate costing and Resourcing for programmes

•   Need to address weak or un-defined national authority & institutional
    architecture
     – Weak partner coordination mechanisms.

•   Ensures adequate attention to implementation arrangements.

•   Address Fragmented monitoring and evaluation
     – Lack of results based accountability

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Senabe S Sahara Mc Presentation

  • 1. Male Circumcision Science Advocacy Work and Policy Debates in South Africa Sipho Senabe Co-chair: Prevention Technical Task Team SANAC
  • 2. Declaration of Commitment on HIV&AIDS and Political Declaration on HIV&AIDS 10-12 June 2008, United Nations, New York “Scaling up HIV prevention in hyper-endemic countries. In countries where HIV prevalence exceeds 15 per cent, only an unprecedented national mobilization, involving every sector of society and making use of every available prevention tool, will meet the challenge posed by such catastrophic continued spread of HIV”.
  • 3. Conclusions: SADC Think Tank on HIV Prevention “key drivers of the epidemic in southern Africa - multiple and concurrent partnerships by men and women with low consistent condom use and in context of low levels of male circumcision”. – male attitudes and behaviours – inter-generational sex – sexual and gender based violence – stigma, denial, lack of openness – untreated viral STI’s, and a lack Underlying context - gender and socio-economic inequalities, mobility, and other structural factors
  • 4. Male Circumcision is one of few HIV prevention strategies that has strong evidence basis
  • 5. Evidence basis: Orange Farm, Rakai and Kisumu Trials • Male circumcision has been shown to reduce men’s risk of becoming infected by HIV through heterosexual intercourse ranging from 38% to 66% 1 • Three randomized clinical trials (South Africa, Uganda and Kenya) have shown that male circumcision reduces the risk of men becoming infected with HIV by between 50 – 60%. 2 • 1. Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. • 2 [i] Bailey, R. et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: A Randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2007: 369: 643-56. • 2 [ii] Gray, R. et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda : A Randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2007: 369: 657-66. • 2 [iii] Auvert, B. et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005 Nov;2(11):e298. Epub 25 October 2005.
  • 6. Evidence basis: Sociological and Epidemiological studies • This confirms findings from 40 sociological and epidemiological studies which show a strong correlation between rates of male circumcision and reduced HIV prevalence 3 • Biological studies of the foreskin which show a high concentration of cells very susceptible to HIV infection 4, which is one of three potential biological explanations as to why circumcision may reduce HIV acquisition • The other two being a reduction in STIs and a reduction in the likelihood of microtears and trauma to the foreskin). • 3[i] Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, Deeks J, Egger M, Low N, et al. HIV and Male Circumcision – a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2005: 5:165-173 • [ii] Siegfried, N. et al. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(3):CD003362. • [iii] Weiss, H.A., Quigley, M.A., Hayes, R.J. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2000 Oct 20;14(15):2361-70. • [iv] Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, de Vlas SJ and Bailey RC. Modeling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases 2007, 7:16, 13 March, 2007. 4 Patterson, B.K., Landay, A., Siegel, J.N., Flener, Z., Pessis, D., Chaviano, A., et al. Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture. Am J Pathol. 2002 Sep;161(3):867-73.
  • 7. Potential Epidemiological, Demographic and SRH Impact • Based on the data from the clinical trials, models have estimated that routine male circumcision across sub-Saharan Africa could prevent up to six million new HIV infections and three million deaths in the next two decades 5 • Male circumcision also provides other health benefits, in particular the reduction of certain sexually transmitted diseases and cancers • Evidence shows that male circumcision reduces some sexually transmitted infections (STI), • particularly ulcerative STIs including chancroid and syphilis, as well as balanitis, phimosis, and penile cancer6 5 Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, et al. The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine Vol. 3, No. 7, e262. Epub 2006 July 11. 6 (1)Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Apr;82(2):101-9; discussion 10. 6 (2) Lavery L, Rakwar JP, Thompson ML, Jackson DJ, Mandaliya K, Chohan BH, et al. Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: a prospective cohort study of trucking company employees in Kenya. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:330– 336. 6 (3) Schoen EJ; Oehrli M; Colby C; Machin G. The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E36.
  • 8. SRH Impact and Social Acceptability • Circumcision has also been associated with a reduction in penile human papillomavirus (HPV), and a reduction in cervical cancer in female partners 7. • In South Africa approximately 45% of men report being circumcised with circumcision rates being the highest in the Western Cape (67.5%) and the lowest in KwaZulu- Natal (26.8%) and Gauteng (25.2%). • The levels of circumcision are highest amongst men over the age of 30 (53%) 8 • 7. Castellsagué X; Bosch FX; Muñoz N; Meijer CJLM; Shah KV; de Sanjosé S; Eluf-Neto J; Ngelangel CA; Chichareon S; Smith JS; Herrero R; Moreno V; Franceschi S; the International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. Male Circumcision, Penile Human Papillomavirus Infection, and Cervical Cancer in Female Partners. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1105-12. • 8. Department of Health, Medical Research Council, OrcMarco. 2007. South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Pretoria: Department of Health.
  • 9. Socio Cultural Acceptability • In certain cultures male circumcision is practiced as a rite of passage to manhood. • Acceptability studies conducted in 2001 and 2002 have indicated that there are high levels of acceptability of male circumcision amongst men and women in South Africa 9 – more than 50% of men indicating that they are willing to undergo male circumcision and – more than 50% of women indicating that they would be in favour of circumcision • 9 Lagarde, Taljaard, Puren et al, 2003[i]; Scott, Weiss, Viljoen, 2005 [ii]) [i] Lagarde, E; Taljaard, D; Puren, A et al. 2003. Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa. In: AIDS 2003, 17:89 – 95. • [ii] Scott, B.E; Weiss, H.A; Viljoen, J.I. (2006). The acceptability of male circumcision as an HIV intervention among a rural Zulu population, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In: AIDS Care, April 2005; 17(3): 304 – 313. Accessed from: http://www.global-campaign.org/clientfiles/scott%20male%20circumcision.pdf
  • 10. Issues raised by Sectors Consulted • Women, Men, Youth, Traditional Leaders, Research, • Acceptance of results but with general concern about non- medicalisation of traditional practices • Concerns about commercialization of the Medical male circumcision • Concerns about risk compensation and potential added risk to women • HR, Financial and other health systems implementations
  • 11. Policy debates • PTT advocated for Circumcision policy • Consulted with various Sectors (Communication of the Science) • Developed a project plan with deadlines for policy development (June 2009) • DOH drafted a policy concept presentation and (Communication of Policy provisions) • Policy option was dropped in favour of Male Medical Circumcision guidelines and Integrated HIV and AIDS Prevention Strategy and Policy
  • 12. Current Status • MMC Guidelines based on preexisting SRH policy developed and currently costed for implementation • Costing using long term modeling and scenarios ongoing • Detailed guidelines to with uniform service delivery model and standards to guide implementation M&E. • KYE KYR being conducted to inform new Prevention Strategy and
  • 13. Recommendations for the Why the prevention gap? • future Adequate and united leadership: – sensitivities, denial, inconsistent messaging must be addressed • Limited analysis and understanding of epidemic drivers must be addressed • Overcome Weak planning – targets, strategies,. • Provision of adequate costing and Resourcing for programmes • Need to address weak or un-defined national authority & institutional architecture – Weak partner coordination mechanisms. • Ensures adequate attention to implementation arrangements. • Address Fragmented monitoring and evaluation – Lack of results based accountability