Ebola- The Viral hemorrhagic fever.

1. EBOLA
HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER
Presented By
NISCHITH
1

2. WHAT IS EBOLA VIRUS?
 The genus Ebolavirus is a virological
taxon included in the family Filoviridae,
order Mononegavirales.
 The species in this genus are called
ebolaviruses. Five species are known, and
four of these cause Ebola virus disease in
humans.
 The name Ebolavirus is derived from
the Ebola River in Zaire (now
the Democratic Republic of the Congo),
where Ebola virus was first discovered.
2

3. Ebola Virus
3

4. CLASSIFICATION
The five characterised Ebola species are:
 Ebola virus (EBOV): Formerly known as Zaire virus, or Zaire
ebolavirus.
 Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV): Like the Ebola virus, SEBOV
emerged in 1976; it was at first assumed to be identical with the
Zaire species. The carrier is still unknown.
 Reston ebolavirus (REBOV): This virus was discovered during
an outbreak of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) in crab-eating
macaques from Hazleton Laboratories in 1989.
 Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV): Also referred to as Tai
ebolavirus and by the English place name, "Ivory Coast", it was
first discovered among chimpanzees from the Tai Forest in Côte
d'Ivoire, Africa.
 Bundibugyo ebolavirus: On November 24, 2007, the Uganda
Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in
the Bundibugyo District.
4

5. EBOLA REPLICATION
5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_W
X8MWMOw0


6. VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
 The viral hemorrhagic (or haemorrhagic) fevers (VHFs)
are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses that
may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses:
the
families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviri
dae, and Rhabdoviridae.
 In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms
contribute to symptoms, including liver
damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
and bone marrow dysfunction.
 All types of VHF are characterized by fever and
bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever,
shock and death in many cases.
6

7. EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE
 Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)
is a disease of humans and other primates caused by an
ebolavirus.
 Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the
virus, with a fever, sore throat, muscle pain and headaches.
Typically, vomiting, diarrhea and rash follow, along with
decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys. Around this
time, affected people begin to bleed both within the body and
externally.
 The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood or bodily
fluids of an infected animal.[1] Spreading through the air has
not been documented in the natural environment.[2] Fruit bats
are believed to carry and spread the virus without being
affected. Once human infection occurs, the disease may
spread between people.
 To confirm the diagnosis, blood samples are tested for
viral antibodies, viral RNA, or the virus itself.
7

8. Epidemiology
 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever was first found in 1976
 It struck two countries within that year
 a. Sudan – in a town called N’zara
 b. Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of
Congo
 In these two instances the mortality rate was
between
50 –90%
 Following those epidemics, Ebola hit Africa in many
other instances the worst yet being in the year 2000
when it struck Uganda infecting more than 400
people.
8

9. STATISTICS
9

10. 10

11. 11

12. Clinical Observations
 Incubation period: 2-21 days
 Stage I (unspecific):
-Extreme asthenia (body weakness)
-diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia
abdominal pain
- headaches
- arthralgia (neuralgic pain in joints)
- myalgia (muscular pain or tenderness), back pain
- mucosal redness of the oral cavity, dysphagia (difficulty in
swallowing)
- conjunctivitis.
- rash all over body except in face
** If the patients don’t recover gradually at this point, there is a high
probability that the disease will progress to the second phase,
resulting in complications which eventually lead to death.
12

13.  Stage II (Specific):
- Hemorrhage
- neuropsychiatric abnormalities
- anuria (the absence of urine formation)
- hiccups
- tachypnea (rapid breathing).
** Patients who progressed to phase two EHF almost always
die. (Ndambi et al., 1999)
 Late Complications:
-Arthralgia
- ocular diseases (ocular pain, photophobia and
hyperlacrimation)
- hearing loss
- unilateral orchitis( inflammation of one or both of the testes)
** These conditions are usually relieved with the treatment of 1%
atropine and steroids 13

14. 14

15. Treatment
 No Standard Treatment available
 Patients receive supportive therapy
 treating complicating infections
 balancing patient’s fluids and electrolytes
 maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure
15

16. Prevention
 No vaccines!
 Patients are isolated
 Medical Staff Training
◦ western sanitation practices
 intake
 care during stay
 after patient dies
 Infection-control Measures
◦ complete equipment and area sterilization

17. Prevention
After Death
Virus contagious in fluids for days
 Burial use extreme caution
◦ handling and transport
◦ cultural practices/ religious belief
◦ incinerate all waste !!!!

18. REFERENCES
 Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola
haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. 2011 Mar
5;377(9768):849-62.
 Isaacson, M; Sureau, P; Courteille, G;
Pattyn, SR;. Clinical Aspects of Ebola Virus
Disease at the Ngaliema Hospital,
Kinshasa, Zaire, 1976. Retrieved 2009-07-
08.
 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lectu
re-20-animal-viruses/deck/1405769.
18

19. 19