SQL302 Intermediate SQL

Orange Coast Database Associates Course PowerPoint Slides (800)355-9855 or http://www.dhdursoassociates.com

SQL302 Intermediate SQL Using
Microsoft SQL Server

Orange Coast
Database Associates

Specializing in Microsoft Office,
Access, SQL, and related technologies
Classes custom designed for Working Professionals
http://www.dhdursoassociates.com
San Juan Capistrano, CA
(800)355-9855

Accelerated Computer Training for Working Professionals Bookstore Case

Welcome to SQL302 –
Intermediate SQL
Using MS SQL Server
An accelerated course in intermediate SQL for
experienced SQL users.

P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472
http://www.d2associates.com

Bookstore SQL302 1

Intermediate SQL
• Introduction (s)
• Facilities
• Course Packet (contents may vary)
– Student questionnaire
– Collaterals (Maps, Catalogs, Etc.)
– PowerPoint handouts for all sessions
– Evaluation form
– Training certificate

Bookstore SQL302 2

1

SQL302 Contact Information

P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472
slides.1@dhdursoassociates.com
Copyright 2001-2012. All rights reserved.

Bookstore2 SQL302 Module 2 3

SQL302 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found on
box.com at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
sql.support@dhdursoassociates.com

Bookstore SQL302 Module 1 4

2

About Us 5

Intermediate SQL Curriculum

SQL322W SQL302 SQL312
MySQL** Transact-SQL Oracle**

•*= first day only
•**=under
SQL3xxS* development

Bookstore SQL302 6

3

Intermediate SQL
• Assumes prior knowledge of SQL
equivalent to SQL202.
• Quick pace for experienced computer users
• End-user, not programmer, oriented
• Focus is on SQL, not Management Studio
• SQL302s is first two modules of SQL302.

Bookstore SQL302 7

Intermediate SQL
SQL Covered (Day 1: All Day):
• Select
– More filters & operators
– Case, cast, convert
– Subqueries
– Table expressions
– Joins
– Set operations
– Window functions

Bookstore SQL302 8

4

Intermediate SQL
SQL Covered (Day 2: AM Only):
• Data Updates
– Select into
– Update from, using subqueries
– Delete from

• Data structures
– Alter
– Synonyms
– Views

Bookstore SQL302 9

Intermediate SQL

Course Format:

• 3 Sessions
• Lecture
• Demo
• Student “hands-on”
• Many exercises are cumulative –
later examples build on queries
created earlier

Bookstore SQL302 10

5

Intermediate SQL

Course Schedule (“1/2” day sessions):

• Session 1 – Intermediate
SQL
• Session 2 – Multi-table
Retrieval
• Session 3 – Modifying data
and data structures

Bookstore SQL302 11

Notes

Bookstore SQL302 12

6

SQL302

Intermediate SQL Programming
Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington and
Microsoft SQL Server2008 T-SQL Fundamentals by Itzik Ben-gan

Module 1 – Relational Database Background, CASE,
Cast & Convert, Subqueries, Table Expressions

Note on SQL302 Slides
• Many of these slides were originally designed to
support a single SQL course which was used for any
of MS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any
one of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the vendor
specific slides out into their own slide sets.


1

Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to be
aware of in doing queries. We have created
synonyms so either name should work.

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines



P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472


2

SQL302 Resources
box.com at


SQL Programming
• Course focus is SQL language
• Widely used for:
– Database administration
– Enterprise application development
– Data driven web sites
• A foundation skill for eBusiness and
almost all major business applications that
use relational databases


3

SQL302
• Students should have taken SQL202 or
have equivalent experience. It is assumed
students know basic SQL.
• We will use the Management Studio in this
class, but the focus will be on SQL
scripting


Relational Database Evolution
• Based on Codd’s paper
• Early commercial efforts focused on Unix
• First mainframe implementation by IBM -
precursor to today’s DB2
• First PC implementation in early 80’s by
Oracle


4

Relational Database Basics
• Storage • Indexes
• Databases • Views
• Tables • Cursors
• Rows • Application interfaces
• Columns


Relational Database Table


5

Constraints
• Database • Other Business Rule
– Domain – Triggers
– Uniqueness – Stored Procedures
– Relationship
Cardinality
• 1 to 1
• 1 to N


Relational Database with constraints


6

Database Management Systems

Positioning Chart

Cost VLDB
Enterprise
Workgroup
Single user
Spreadsheet
# Users

System Architecture

File Server
Architecture
Access
MDB

Access


7

System Architecture

Client/Server
Architecture
Oracle
SQL DB

Visual Access
Basic App


System Architecture

Web
Architecture
Web Oracle
Server DB

SQL
Browser


8

Approaching SQL
• Relatively simple
• Two main environments
– Interactive (This course)
– Embedded
• Static (Compiled)
• Dynamic


SQL Standardization
ANSI standardization
– First standard in 1986
– SQL 89
– SQL 92
– SQL 99
• Various vendor extensions
– Microsoft/Sybase: T-SQL
– Oracle: PL/SQL


9

SQL Conformance
• Entry
• Intermediate
• Advanced
• Most are at least entry level


SQL Statements

• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Note: SQL 99 changes these to seven types
including DQL Data Query Language


10

SQL DDL
• Data definition language (DDL)

– Create, alter, drop, etc.
– Frequently implemented via various CASE
tools: Visio, Embarcadero, ERWin, etc.
– But very useful for database administration


SQL DCL
• Data Control Language (DDL)

– Grant
– Revoke
– Deny
– Constraints


11

SQL DQL
– Select


SQL DML
– Insert
– Update
– Delete


12

SQL Statement Processing

Parse

Validate

Optimize

Access Plan

Execute


Sample Database(s)

• Before we continue (note: instructor may have
already done this)…
• Load the sample database(s) if not already loaded
– Use supplied SQL Script (after class this script may be
found on Box.com).


13

Text Conventions
• In Access character strings are normally
surrounded by double quotes
– “Jones”
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
SQL Sever enclose text strings in single
quotes
– ‘Jones’


Date Conventions
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
SQL Sever, enclose dates in single quotes
– ‘2004-12-23’ MySQL
– ’12-23-2004’ SQL Server
– ’23-DEC-04’ Oracle


14

Select statement clauses
SELECT…
INTO…
FROM…
WHERE…
GROUP BY…
HAVING…
ORDER BY…

SELECT

See SQL202 for syntax and
semantics of basic SELECT
statement


15

On Your Own
• Find books written by Mark Twain
• Show title, publisher, year


Complex Predicates
Follow normal boolean logic
Select customer_last_name,
customer_street
From customers
Where (customer_last_name =
‘Jones’ or customer_last_name =
‘Smith’)and customer_state=‘NY’


16

Select with Complex Where


Complex Where Result


17

Special Operators
• Can be used in where clause
• Covered in this class (SQL302)
– Exists (Covered in section on Joins)
– Like extensions
– Any, some, all

• Previously Covered in SQL202
– LIKE
– IN
– BETWEEN
– IS NULL

Like Extensions
• ANSI wildcards
• Where
customer_last_name
like ‘[JK]o%’
like ‘[J-M]%’
like [^abc]%


18

Any, some, All
• Any, some • All
• Modifies comparison • Modifies comparison
operator operator
• Ex: expr > any (1,2,3) • Ex: expr > all(1,2,3)
means expr would would have to be
have to be greater greater than 3
than the minimum
which is 1


On Your Own
• Find all customers with a last name that starts
with a through m
• Find all customers that live in a state that does
not start with m


19

Case
• Used to return a choice from two or more
alternatives
• Two forms
– Searched case
– Unsearched case


Unsearched (Simple) CASE
• This form of case has a selector which
takes on a value used to select an
alternative
• Syntax:
Select case <selector>
When <value1> then <expr1>,
When <value2> then <expr2>,
…
Else
<statement>
End

20

Unsearched (Simple Case)
• Example: expand the order filled status
columns in the orders table


Searched CASE
• This form of the Case statement does not
have a selector
• Syntax:
Select case
When <condition1> then <expr1>,
When <condition2> then <expr2>,
…
Else
<statement>
End

21

Searched CASE
• Example: list names of referring
customers, self in no referrer


CAST
• Function to cast a column to a different
data type; same idea as cast in c
programming
• Syntax:
CAST ( expression AS data_type [ ( length ) ] )


22

CAST
• Example: combine author name and
publication year into one column


CAST results


23

Convert
• Function to convert from one data type to
another; mostly replaced by cast
• Syntax
CONVERT ( data_type [ ( length ) ] , expression
[ , style ] )


Convert
• Example:
– Remove time from display of a datetime
column


24

Convert results


Subqueries
• One select statement embedded in another
• Can be nested multiple levels deep
• Can be used in select, from and where
clauses
• Two types:
– Uncorrelated – executes inner query then outer
– Correlated – executes inner query once for
each outer query row


25

Uncorrelated Subquery
• In list (covered in sql202 basic class)
• Single valued


Uncorrelated Subquery

select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb in
(select order_numb from
orders where order_date
between ‘1/1/99’ and
‘12/31/99’);

26

Single-valued Subquery
• Subqueries can be used where an
expression returns a scalar or single value
– calculations
– comparisons
• Can be used in select list, from clause and
where clause


Single-valued Subquery
• Example
– Show all orderlines with an order total greater
than the average for all orderlines
• Code
use bookstore;
SELECT isbn, quantity
, (select avg(quantity) from orderlines) as
[Average Quantity]
FROM orderlines AS ol
WHERE quantity >
(select avg(quantity) from orderlines)

27

Correlated Subquery with Exists
• Inner subquery executed once for each outer row
• Exists will return true or false depending on
whether the result will have any rows or not
• Can be a quick way to test for existence of
records (parent records, say) as used in
application enforcement of referential integrity


Correlated subquery with Exists
SELECT isbn, quantity
FROM orderlines AS ol
WHERE exists
(select * from orders o where
ol.order_numb = o.order_numb
and o.order_date between ‘1/1/99’
and ‘12/31/99’);


28

Derived Tables
• Sort of a named subquery
• Allows you to access columns inside the
subquery from the containing outer query
• Syntax
<select statement> as derivedtablename


Derived Tables
• Example: List the number of orders per
year
• Code
use bookstore;
select order_year, count(order_numb)
from(
select YEAR(order_date) as order_year,
order_numb
from orders) as d
group by order_year;


29

Common Table Expressions
• Can be used to define a subquery that can
be reused within an SQL statement
• Syntax
With CTE_name (column list)
As (
Select statement
)
<outer query that uses the CTE>


Common Table Expressions
• Example: show order_lines with cost more
than the average. Demonstrate two
techniques:
– Technique 1 - Using subqueries w/out a CTE
– Technique 2 - With CTE’s


30

Technique 1 – w/out CTE
select isbn, cost_each, (select
AVG(cost_each)from orderlines)
from orderlines
where cost_each > (select AVG(cost_each) from
orderlines)
order by isbn;


Technique 2 – using a CTE
with average_cost_cte(average_cost)
as
(select AVG(cost_each)
from orderlines)
select isbn, cost_each, average_cost
from orderlines, average_cost_cte
where cost_each > average_cost
order by isbn;


31

SQL Exercises
• List all customers whose last name does not
end with s or t.
• Find all customers who have not placed an
order.
• Find all order lines with an amount less than
the average. Include the order date without the
time.
• List all books with a price greater than the
average price for all books. Show the variance
from the average, too. Use a CTE.
Bookstore SQL302 Module 1 [end module] 63

Notes


32

SQL302

Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington and Microsoft SQL Server T-
SQL Fundamentals by Itzki Ben-gan

Workshop 2 – Joins, Set Operations, Window
Functions

• These slides were originally designed to support a
single SQL course which was used for any of MS
Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle,
Access, and MySQL slides out into their own slide
sets. The SQL302 slides will cover Microsoft SQL
Server.


1

Warning!

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled



P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472
Copyright 2001-2012All rights reserved.


2

SQL302 Resources
box.net at


Relational Database with constraints (from text)


3

Sample Employees Database

Bookstore2 & SQL204 Module 1 7
Employees

More conventions
• Names can be surrounded with “ “ or [ ] as
in [order details].
• Some of the PowerPoint slides may have
this convention.
• Better practice is to use an underscore as in
order_details.


4

SQL302

SQL Programming

Part 1 – Joins: Natural, Self and Outer


Joins
• Inner (Covered in SQL202 course)
• Natural Join
• Self
• Data Warehouse operators
• Outer
– Left
– Right
– Full
• Cross
• Theta
• We will cover some of the more advanced or subtle
aspects of joins in this class

5

Natural Joins
• Table1 natural join table3 – automatically
uses columns with same name
• Table 1 natural join table2 using(<column-
list>
• Not yet available in SQL Server


Correlation Names (Table Aliases)

• Can abbreviate references to tables
• For example:
Select e.name, j.payrange
From employees as e
Inner join job_information as j
On e.jobcode = j.jobcode;


6

Self Joins
• Implements a recursive relationship
• Important in various applications
– Parts lists/assemblies
– HR
– Etc.
– Table joined to itself using correlation names


Self Joins

SELECT e.*, m.name
FROM employees AS e, employees
AS m
WHERE e.managerid =
m.employeeid;


7


Datawarehouse clauses
• Two keywords that can be added to a
grouped query
– Rollup
– Cube
• Places additional summary rows in the
result set
• Result set is a true relational result set


8

Rollup
• Example: calculate average salaries by
job_title_code and manager


Rollup results


9

cube
• Similar to rollup but computes summary
rows in all dimensions


Cube results
• Add a new set of rows which total by year


10


Outer Joins
• Left – selects all rows from the left or first table,
even if no match exists in the other table
– Widely used in commercial practice
– Especially useful for reporting
– Can be slower and interfere with optimizer
• Right – same idea but all rows from right table
• Full – all rows form both tables


11

Left Outer Join

Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <table1>
Left join <table2>
On <join condition>


Left Outer Join
• List all customers with their orders
• Include customers with no orders as well


12

Left-Join

Basic Example:
SELECT customer_first_name,
customer_street, order_numb,
order_date
from customers as c
left join orders as o
on c.customer_numb =
o.customer_numb


Left Join with Results


13

Negative Left Join
• List all the customers who have not placed
any orders
• This is an example of a query which finds
unmatched records


Negative Left-Join (Unmatched)
Basic Example:
customer_last_name, order_numb,
order_date
from customers as c
left join orders as o
on c.customer_numb =
o.customer_numb
Where order_numb is null;

14


Left Join w/ Partial Match
• List all customers along with any orders
placed in 1999
• If they did not place 1999 orders we still
want to include them in the printout


15

Left Join w/ Partial Match
Example:
customer_last_name, order_numb, order_date
from customers as c
Left join
(select customer_numb, order_numb,
order_date
From orders
Where year(order_date) = 1999) as d
on c.customer_numb = d.customer_numb;


Own Your Own
• List all books and their order totals for
1999
• Show the book even if there were no orders
placed in 1999


16

Theta Joins
• Theta joins involve inequalities in the
matching conditions
• Can be used for some interesting queries
which do not involve the usual primary key
to foreign key matchings


Theta join
• Find all customers that live at the same address
– Requires a self join of the customers table on address
field


17

Theta join results

• Can be further processed with a union query to
consolidate names into a single list

SQL302

SQL Programming

Part 3– Set Operations


18

Set Operations
• More on unions
• Intersect
• Except


Unions
• Combines two or more tables
• Tables must be union compatible


19

Unions

Select <column-list> from
<table1>
Union [ALL]
Select <same-columns> from
<table2>


Unions
• Example: consolidate two columns into one
column


20

Union consolidation result
• Customers in same city


Unions
• Example: add a total row to a query result
• Code:
use bookstore;
select order_numb
, sum(quantity) as "Quantity"
, sum(cost_line)as "Total Cost"
from orderlines
group by order_numb
union
select NULL, sum(quantity),
sum(cost_line)
from orderlines;

21

unions
• Example: add an element to a pick list


intersect
• The intersect operator finds rows in
common between two tables
• Syntax
Select <column-list> from <table1>
intersect
Select <same-columns> from <table2>


22

intersect
• Example: find cities in common between
sources and customers
• Code
select customer_city, customer_state,
customer_zip
from customers
intersect
select source_city, source_state,
source_zip
from sources; SQL302 Module 2
Bookstore 45

Except
• Finds all rows from first table that are not
found in the second table
• Syntax:
Select <column-list> from <table1>
except
Select <same-columns> from <table2>


23

except
• Example: find sources that are not located
in any of our customer’s cities
• Code
select source_city, source_state,
source_zip
from sources
except
select customer_city, customer_state,
customer_zip
from customers;SQL302 Module 2
Bookstore 47

SQL302

SQL Programming

Part 4 – Window Functions


24

Aggregate Functions
• Count
• Sum
• Min
• Max
• Avg
• Often used in conjunction with grouping
and window functions

Window Functions
• Sort of like grouping, but aggregates can
be taken along with straight columns in the
select list
• The function is applied over a window
– Partition by column
– Partition by ()


25

Window Functions

Basic syntax:

Select …, aggregate function(<column>)
over (partition by <column>)
From <table>
where <predicate>


Window Functions
Example: Show salary along with average for the
job_title and overall

Code:
use employeedb;
select soc_sec_no, name, salary
, SUM(salary) over(partition
by job_title_code) as [Job Code
Average]
, SUM(salary) over() as
[Average]
from employees;

26

Exercise
• List all customers and their orders
– Name nicely formatted
– With orders in the year of 1999 (do not use
between, etc.)
– Show total order quantities and amounts
– Only include orders with more than three
order lines


Notes


27

Notes


Notes


28

SQL302

Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington and Microsoft SQL Server T-
SQL Fundamentals by Itzki Ben-gan

Workshop 3 – Modifying Data, Managing the
Database
SQL Server/Employees SQL302 Module 3 1

• These slides were originally designed to support the
single SQL302 course which was used for any of
MS Access, Oracle and SQL Server.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle
MySQL, and MS Access slides out into their own
slide sets. These SQL302 slides will focus on
Microsoft SQL Server.


1

Warning!

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled



P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472


2

SQL302 Resources
box.net at


SQL302 Module 3
• Part 1 – Modifying Data
• Part 2 – Managing Database Structures


3

SQL302

SQL Programming

Part 1 – Modifying Data


Relational Database with constraints (from text)


4

Sample Employees Database

Bookstore2 & SQL204 Module 1 9
Employees

Transactions
• Statements can be grouped
into transactions
• All must succeed
• If so they are all
committed
• If not they are all rolled
back
• Helps guarantee data is
consistent

SQL Server/Employees POS/410 Workshop 3 10

5

SQL Server Transactions Syntax
begin transaction
Statements
…
…
if @@error = 0
Commit transaction
else
Rollback error

SQL Server/Employees POS/410 Workshop 3 11

Data Modification Statements

• End-user rarely sees these
statements

• Application developer prepares
these statements “behind the
scenes” based on forms or web
pages filled out by user


6

Data Modification Statements
• This course (SQL302)
– Select Into
– Table Valued Constructors (TVCs)
– Update
– Delete
• Basic DML already covered in
SQL202


Select into
• Select….into will copy a table
• Uses a regular SQL statement with into
clause before the from not after
• Syntax:
Select <select list>
Into <tablename>
From <tablename>


7

Select into
• Example:
– Copy a subset of the employees table to a
temporary working table
• Code:


Insert with TVC
• Newer form of insert statement long
available in MySQL
• Can shorten your code
• Each element in the insert list can actually
be an expression but we will use literals in
this class


8

Insert with TVC


Update and Delete
• Updates and deletes can use
subqueries

• SQL Server allows update and
delete statements to be based on
joins, too

• We will review this in the next few
slides.


9

Update
• You can use subqueries in an update.
– In where predicate
– To set the field value

UPDATE table
SET columnname = value from subquery
[WHERE condition with subquery]


UPDATE w/ Subquery in where
• Example: Increase range minimums for unused
job codes


10

UPDATE Results


UPDATE FROM Statement
SQL Server allows updates from a table, including joined
tables. As an example one could update quantity on hand
in an inventory table from a transaction table.

UPDATE table
SET columnname = value…
[FROM tablelist]
[WHERE condition]


11

Update from
• Example: increase managerial salaries


UPDATE From Results


12

Update w/ subquery in set clause
• Update employee temp table – set salaries to the
average for that code


DELETE FROM Statement
SQL Server allows deletes from a table based on a
subquery or a join condition.

Basic syntax:

DELETE [from] table
FROM tablelist
[WHERE condition]


13

Delete from
• Example: Delete unused job titles


DELETE FROM Results


14

Delete and Referential Integrity
• Can affect referential integrity when deleting a
“parent” row
• Can do following with child…
– Cascade: delete the child row
– Set null: set the child’s foreign key null
– Set default: as above but to default value
– No action: don’t allow delete of parent row
• Referential integrity can be established when
creating or modifying table structures which we
will look at later in the class


SQL302

SQL Programming

Part 2– Managing Database Structures


15

Managing Database Structures
• Create
• Alter
• Synonyms
• Views


Managing Database Structures
• We will first create a table and then use the
alter command to
– Add columns
– Modify columns
– Add constraints


16

Creating Tables
• Use create statement
• Specify:
– Columns with data types and column
constraints
– Table constraints
• Foreign key references
• Primary key designation


Create Table
Basic syntax:
Create table <table-name>
(
<column1> <datatype> <constraints>
,.. <column1> <datatype> <constraints>
…
<table constraints>
);

17

Create Table
Example 1: SQL202 Create summary table
(we will do this step by step using the alter
statement in succeeding slides)
Create table summary(
isbn varchar(20) primary key,
How_many int check (how_many >= 0),
Constraint isbn_fk
Foreign key (isbn) references books(isbn)
)


Create Table
Example 2: Create summary table
Create table #summary(
isbn varchar(20) primary key);


18

Modifying a Table Design
• Applies to tables
• Use ALTER statement
– Add columns
– Delete columns
– Rename columns
– Add column constraints
– Add table constraints


Modifying a Table Design
Basic syntax:
Alter <table-name>
Add <field-name>,
Add <table-constraint>,
Alter <field-name>
Etc.


19

Add a column

Example: add a column to hold how
many times a book has been sold
alter table #summary
Add how_many numeric(5,2);


Modify a column
• Example
– Change the how many column to an integer
• Code
alter column how_many int;


20

New column results


Column Constraints
• Primary key
• Not NULL
• CHECK clause
• Default
• Unique


21

Add a column constraint

Example: modify the how many column
so there is a check constraint on
how_many

add constraint check
(how_many >=0);


Table Constraints
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
• Compare fields against each other. I.e.
ship_date >= order_date


22

Add a table constraint

Example: add a foreign key constraint
with cascade options


Constraints on Summary Table


23

Synonyms
• Can create another name for an object
– Used to provide a shorthand way to refer a
long, fully qualified table name
– Used where we want scripts to use an old
name as well as the newer name
• Syntax:
– Create <synonym> for <objectname>


Synonyms
• Example:
– create a synonym for the orderlines table
• Code
create synonym orderlines for
order_lines;


24

Views
• Think of a view as a named query wherein
the definition is stored in the database
• Can be read like a table
• Some are updateable


Views

Basic syntax:
Create view <view-name> (<column-list>)
As
<select statement>
Column list can be used to name the output columns
instead of using the names in the select list


25

Creating a View


Using Views
• Can be used like a table subject to various
limitations
– Cannot insert into grouped queries, etc.
– Etc.
• Sample select from syntax:
select column-list
from employee_view


26

Inserting into a view
• Must insert into all required columns in
underlying table
• Sample code:


Using a View


27

SQL302

[end of course]

Notes


28

Orange Coast Database Associates Course Material (800)355-9855 or http://www.dhdursoassociates.com

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SQL302 Intermediate SQL

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