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Wildlife Trafficking & Illicit Financial Flows:
The Role of Financial Investigation
8 November 2016
RUSI, finance and environmental crime
• RUSI: defence and security think-tank
• Range of security-related (not just military) programmes
• Financial crime (Tom Keatinge)
• Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies
• Policy focus: UK, EU, FATF, etc
• Application of finance as security tool (CTF, HT, CPF)
• Partner with other RUSI programmes to bring ‘financial
angle’
• Environmental crime (Cathy Haenlein)
• IWT and IUU
Topics for discussion
• Wildlife trafficking: setting the scene
• Wildlife trafficking as terrorist financing?
• Wildlife trafficking as illicit trade and AML
predicate offence
Setting the scene
• Poaching v’s trafficking
• Conservation v’s security
• Wildlife crime v’s financial crime
• Agent v’s principle
IWT is illicit trade and predicate AML offence
Quantifying environmental trafficking
• Narrow definitions: $7-23bn
(2014, UNEP, INTERPOL)
• Wider definitions: $70-213bn
(14), $91-258bn (16), +5-7%
• 4th largest illicit activity (after
drugs, human trafficking,
counterfeiting)
• Wide uncertainty range,
variation in estimates,
inconsistent data collection,
variation in seizure record,
volatility in prices
The pricing incentive: ivory as an example
The supply chain: ivory
The supply chain: rhino horn
IWT value chain
Wildlife trafficking as a security threat
• Not traditionally viewed as a security threat:
environmental security literature, conflict resource
literature
• View of wildlife trafficking as a conservation, regulation
issue
• Recent change this decade – rise of 3 narratives:
• Poaching, wildlife trafficking and terrorism
• Poaching, wildlife trafficking and organised crime
• Poaching, wildlife trafficking and human security
Wildlife trafficking and terrorism
• Are terrorist groups earning significant revenues from
illegal ivory trade?
• Al-Shabaab, LRA, Janjaweed
• The narrative is strong
• Research and conservation NGO campaigns/reports
• Media (Western and East African)
• High-level political statements
• Main assertions related to Al-Shabaab
• Involved directly in poaching
• Plays a major role in ivory trafficking
Wildlife trafficking and terrorism (cont’d)
Wildlife trafficking and terrorism (cont’d)
• Hillary & Chelsea Clinton (2014):
• ‘We have seen al-Shabaab from Somalia, the Janjaweed
from Sudan, the Lord’s Resistance Army in east Africa
and other armed groups move into illegal wildlife
trafficking. It has become a multibillion-dollar business…’
• Uhuru Kenyatta (2014):
• ‘The money gained from the callous business [elephant
poaching] is usually directed into funding terrorism’
• Uhuru Kenyatta (2014):
• ‘The war against poaching should be treated as a double-
edged sword, which decimates two evils at once’
Why has the narrative been propagated?
• No one likes poachers or terrorists – combining the two
makes a good story
• ‘Softer’ way for the Western security community to
frame increased CT intervention in Africa
• For NGOs and private security firms: a way to tap into
CT funding from Western governments (over
conservation or counter-organised crime funding)
• For Kenyan citizens, security forces and ministers, it
continues a long-standing process of externalising and
politicising Kenya’s security problems, in particular
blaming Somalia
‘An Illusion of Complicity’
• Exaggerated benefit
• At most small-scale, ad hoc,
opportunistic and indirect
involvement
• Conflation of Somali poachers with
Al-Shabaab – trend of blaming
Somalis
• Few herds within easy striking
distance of Al-Shabaab
• Majority of poachers come from
communities in major ranges
• Most East African poaching has
occurred in Tanzania
IWT as financial/organised crime
• The role of organised crime and corruption at all levels
of the chain is far more pervasive
• Booming demand and prices – emergence of
transnational, industrial-scale and organised operations
• Growing evidence of OCG involvement. In East Africa,
accepted that OCGs/corrupt officials are main
facilitators
IWT as financial/organised crime (cont’d)
• Huge scale/complexity, clear indicators of OC
involvement, enabled by high and low-level corruption
• This is evident by the difficulties involved in:
• consolidating the hundreds of tusks necessary to
make up the large volumes involved;
• moving them across multiple borders along complex
supply chain (air/land/sea routes)
• and avoiding interdiction at each stage of these
chains
IWT as financial/organised crime (cont’d)
• Growing % of ivory seized in ‘large’ shipments of
>500kg – CITES determinant of OC facilitation
• CITES data: frequency of seizures has increased this
decade. Prior to 2009, an average 5 such events
occurred annually; 2009-13 rose to an average of 15
• 2012-14, such seizures accounted for 61% of all ivory
confiscated worldwide
Tackling IWT as a financial crime
• RUSI HMG-funded project investigating illicit financial
flows related to IWT in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
• Desk-top research; phone and field interviews
• Private sector; local law enforcement; FIUs; anti-
corruption offices; ODPP; NGOs; multi-lateral
organisations
• Next phase: in-country training for public/private
sector
IWT: illicit trade, linked to OC and corruption
Yang Fenglan: Chinese national, 70 tusks,
1.9 tonnes, US$1.4 million, in court
Feisal Mohamed Ali, Kenyan national, 2
tonnes, jailed for 20 years – big success.
IWT: response must be shaped accordingly
• Countries have made progress tackling ‘wildlife crime’
• Reduced poaching of rhino/ elephant (eg 80% in Kenya)
• New laws (cf Kenyan Wildlife Conservation & Management
Act, 2013)
• But…
• More ivory shipped through Mombasa than any other African
trade route
• Financial investigation techniques underused
• Network analysis not exploited
• Link between IWT and AML/financial crime not exploited
• Rare use of financial evidence in court
• Who pays bail and fines?
Considering responses
• Champion financial investigation
• Apply financial crime legislation
Public Sector
Capacity Building
• IWT spans the globe; so do financial institutions
• Support training for correspondent banks
• Develop awareness in transport/logistics
industry
Private Sector
Involvement
• Raise IWT profile in appropriate for a addressing
financial crime and illicit trade, e.g. FATF/OECD
• Industry efforts; cf Royal Foundation logistics
initiative
International
Support
Thank you and questions…?
• Tom Keatinge, Director
• RUSI Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies
• Tel: +44 7785 363 259
• Email: tomk@rusi.org
• Cathy Haenlein, Research Fellow
• Environmental Crime Research
• Tel: +44 7762 718 992
• Email: cathyh@rusi.org

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Presentation by Tom Keatinge, RUSI Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies, at the WCO and OECD Regional Policy Dialogue, 7-8 November 2016, Brussels.

  • 1. Wildlife Trafficking & Illicit Financial Flows: The Role of Financial Investigation 8 November 2016
  • 2. RUSI, finance and environmental crime • RUSI: defence and security think-tank • Range of security-related (not just military) programmes • Financial crime (Tom Keatinge) • Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies • Policy focus: UK, EU, FATF, etc • Application of finance as security tool (CTF, HT, CPF) • Partner with other RUSI programmes to bring ‘financial angle’ • Environmental crime (Cathy Haenlein) • IWT and IUU
  • 3. Topics for discussion • Wildlife trafficking: setting the scene • Wildlife trafficking as terrorist financing? • Wildlife trafficking as illicit trade and AML predicate offence
  • 4. Setting the scene • Poaching v’s trafficking • Conservation v’s security • Wildlife crime v’s financial crime • Agent v’s principle IWT is illicit trade and predicate AML offence
  • 5. Quantifying environmental trafficking • Narrow definitions: $7-23bn (2014, UNEP, INTERPOL) • Wider definitions: $70-213bn (14), $91-258bn (16), +5-7% • 4th largest illicit activity (after drugs, human trafficking, counterfeiting) • Wide uncertainty range, variation in estimates, inconsistent data collection, variation in seizure record, volatility in prices
  • 6. The pricing incentive: ivory as an example
  • 8. The supply chain: rhino horn
  • 10. Wildlife trafficking as a security threat • Not traditionally viewed as a security threat: environmental security literature, conflict resource literature • View of wildlife trafficking as a conservation, regulation issue • Recent change this decade – rise of 3 narratives: • Poaching, wildlife trafficking and terrorism • Poaching, wildlife trafficking and organised crime • Poaching, wildlife trafficking and human security
  • 11. Wildlife trafficking and terrorism • Are terrorist groups earning significant revenues from illegal ivory trade? • Al-Shabaab, LRA, Janjaweed • The narrative is strong • Research and conservation NGO campaigns/reports • Media (Western and East African) • High-level political statements • Main assertions related to Al-Shabaab • Involved directly in poaching • Plays a major role in ivory trafficking
  • 12. Wildlife trafficking and terrorism (cont’d)
  • 13. Wildlife trafficking and terrorism (cont’d) • Hillary & Chelsea Clinton (2014): • ‘We have seen al-Shabaab from Somalia, the Janjaweed from Sudan, the Lord’s Resistance Army in east Africa and other armed groups move into illegal wildlife trafficking. It has become a multibillion-dollar business…’ • Uhuru Kenyatta (2014): • ‘The money gained from the callous business [elephant poaching] is usually directed into funding terrorism’ • Uhuru Kenyatta (2014): • ‘The war against poaching should be treated as a double- edged sword, which decimates two evils at once’
  • 14. Why has the narrative been propagated? • No one likes poachers or terrorists – combining the two makes a good story • ‘Softer’ way for the Western security community to frame increased CT intervention in Africa • For NGOs and private security firms: a way to tap into CT funding from Western governments (over conservation or counter-organised crime funding) • For Kenyan citizens, security forces and ministers, it continues a long-standing process of externalising and politicising Kenya’s security problems, in particular blaming Somalia
  • 15. ‘An Illusion of Complicity’ • Exaggerated benefit • At most small-scale, ad hoc, opportunistic and indirect involvement • Conflation of Somali poachers with Al-Shabaab – trend of blaming Somalis • Few herds within easy striking distance of Al-Shabaab • Majority of poachers come from communities in major ranges • Most East African poaching has occurred in Tanzania
  • 16. IWT as financial/organised crime • The role of organised crime and corruption at all levels of the chain is far more pervasive • Booming demand and prices – emergence of transnational, industrial-scale and organised operations • Growing evidence of OCG involvement. In East Africa, accepted that OCGs/corrupt officials are main facilitators
  • 17. IWT as financial/organised crime (cont’d) • Huge scale/complexity, clear indicators of OC involvement, enabled by high and low-level corruption • This is evident by the difficulties involved in: • consolidating the hundreds of tusks necessary to make up the large volumes involved; • moving them across multiple borders along complex supply chain (air/land/sea routes) • and avoiding interdiction at each stage of these chains
  • 18. IWT as financial/organised crime (cont’d) • Growing % of ivory seized in ‘large’ shipments of >500kg – CITES determinant of OC facilitation • CITES data: frequency of seizures has increased this decade. Prior to 2009, an average 5 such events occurred annually; 2009-13 rose to an average of 15 • 2012-14, such seizures accounted for 61% of all ivory confiscated worldwide
  • 19. Tackling IWT as a financial crime • RUSI HMG-funded project investigating illicit financial flows related to IWT in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda • Desk-top research; phone and field interviews • Private sector; local law enforcement; FIUs; anti- corruption offices; ODPP; NGOs; multi-lateral organisations • Next phase: in-country training for public/private sector
  • 20. IWT: illicit trade, linked to OC and corruption Yang Fenglan: Chinese national, 70 tusks, 1.9 tonnes, US$1.4 million, in court Feisal Mohamed Ali, Kenyan national, 2 tonnes, jailed for 20 years – big success.
  • 21. IWT: response must be shaped accordingly • Countries have made progress tackling ‘wildlife crime’ • Reduced poaching of rhino/ elephant (eg 80% in Kenya) • New laws (cf Kenyan Wildlife Conservation & Management Act, 2013) • But… • More ivory shipped through Mombasa than any other African trade route • Financial investigation techniques underused • Network analysis not exploited • Link between IWT and AML/financial crime not exploited • Rare use of financial evidence in court • Who pays bail and fines?
  • 22. Considering responses • Champion financial investigation • Apply financial crime legislation Public Sector Capacity Building • IWT spans the globe; so do financial institutions • Support training for correspondent banks • Develop awareness in transport/logistics industry Private Sector Involvement • Raise IWT profile in appropriate for a addressing financial crime and illicit trade, e.g. FATF/OECD • Industry efforts; cf Royal Foundation logistics initiative International Support
  • 23. Thank you and questions…? • Tom Keatinge, Director • RUSI Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies • Tel: +44 7785 363 259 • Email: tomk@rusi.org • Cathy Haenlein, Research Fellow • Environmental Crime Research • Tel: +44 7762 718 992 • Email: cathyh@rusi.org