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Estrategia de competencias de la OCDE:
Reporte de diagnóstico para el Perú
Mejores competencias, mejores trabajos, mejores
condiciones de vida
Evento de lanzamiento
Joanne Caddy & José-Luis Álvarez-Galván
25 Noviembre 2016, Lima, Perú.
CONTENIDO
1. Resumen del proyecto
• Definiciones
• Método
• El camino con Peru
2. Desafíos en materia de competencias para Perú
• Desarrollo de competencias
• Activación de competencias
• Uso de competencias
• El sistema de competencias
3. Del diagnóstico a la acción
35 países miembros de la OCDE
This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,
to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
1961 1974 1994 2000 2010 2013 2015
*The Council decided on 12 March
2014 “to postpone activities related
to the OECD accession process for
the Russian Federation for the time
being”. [see C/M(2014)3/REV1].
4
Tener las competencias adecuadas es una inversión en el futuro de Perú que puede
ayudar a:
• que la población este bien equipada para transformar su entorno económico y
social;
• que los empleadores puedan encontrar las competencias necesarias para
producir, crecer e innovar;
• que la sociedad viva en armonía y solidariamente;
• que la economía sea mas resistente a los cambios externos y adaptable a
nuevas tecnologías.
Definiciones:
Las competencias son centrales para un futuro próspero en Perú
La estrategia de competencias de la OCDE:
ayuda a los países a maximizar su potencial de competencias
2013
2014
2015
2016
6
Competencias
cognitivas
generales
Competencias
técnicas,
profesionales, o
específicas de un
sector
Competencias
socio-
emocionales
Definiciones
7
Método: ¿Qué es la Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE?
Método: Desarrollando las competencias relevantes
8
• ¿Cuáles son las competencias relevantes?
• ¿Cómo pueden ser desarrolladas las
competencias de manera efectiva?
• ¿Quién es responsable por ello?
Método: Activando la oferta de competencias
9
¿Cómo incentivar a los individuos para que:
• ofrezcan sus competencias en el mercado
laboral?
• entren en la economía formal?
• permanezcan en el mercado de trabajo?
Método: Utilizar las competencias de manera eficaz
10
• ¿Cómo pueden los trabajadores hacer un uso mejor de sus
competencias?
• ¿Cómo pueden las empresas hacer un mejor uso de las competencias?
• ¿Cómo pueden los países desarrollar economías con mayor nivel de
competencias?
Método: Fortaleciendo los sistemas de competencias
11
• ¿Cómo podemos conseguir coherencia en las políticas en todas las
carteras y niveles de gobierno?
• ¿Cómo podemos conseguir el compromiso de todos los agentes
implicados?
• ¿Cómo podemos asegurar las políticas se implementan de manera
efectiva?
Método: triangulando la evidencia para identificar los desafíos mas
importantes
Datos y
evidencia
Talleres Discusión y
consultas
9 desafíos de
competencias para
el Perú
Método: Considerando la evidencia internacional
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
Método: Reuniendo a los ministerios y agentes implicados
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
El camino con Perú: una visión integral desde el gobierno
Directorate for
Education and Skills
Development Centre
Centre for Tax Policy
and Administration
Directorate for Science,
Technology and
Innovation
Directorate for Public
Governance and
Territorial Development
OECD
GOBIERNO DE
PERU
El camino con Perú
65 temas ~20 temas 9 temas
Inicio
Octubre 2015
Taller de diagnóstico
Noviembre 2015
Taller de desafíos
Mayo 2016 Informe
Final de
Diagnóstico
Reuniones técnicas
y bilaterales
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
Visión de éxito a futuro: encabezados de la prensa
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
Visión de éxito a futuro: encabezados de la prensa
19
27th November 2020 27th November 2035
Newspaper headlines in 5 years
 The supply of technical workers covers labour market demand.
 Peru improves in the WEF Human Capital Index.
 Peru improves its competitiveness by 15 points and leads the region.
 9 out of 10 young students access tertiary education.
 Peru closes gaps in quality of educations and improves equity of the system.
 Peru achieves the first results of its National Skills Strategy.
 Improvement in PISA results.
 Peru reduces its levels of subemployment to 20%.
 90% of students study in degrees of accredited institutions.
 Significant improvement in the quality of basic education.
 Peru has the highest rate of skills growth in Latin America.
 Peru increases its productivity by 70% by improving its human capital.
Newspaper headlines in 20 years
 The technological institutes of Peru are recognised worldwide.
 Peru has an articulated and interinstitutional national skills system.
 Peru leads the Quality of Life Index in the region.
 Peru reduces the share of informal employment to 20%.
 Peruvian children among the best third in the world in PISA.
 Peru ranks in the top thirds of the World Ranking of Competitiveness and
skills development
 5 Peruvian universities among the TOP 100 in the world.
 Peru, among the 3 most competitive countries in Latin America.
 Virtual services delivered by Peruvian are requested worldwide.
 Peru has the highest position in the Human Development Index in LATAM.
 Peru, as member of the OECD, leads the ranking of skills systems in the
region.
Newspaper headline in 2020
• The supply of technical
workers covers demand
• Peru has the highest rate of
skills growth in Latin
America
• 9 out of 10 young students
access tertiary education
• 90% of students study in
degrees of accredited
courses
• Peru increases its
productivity by 70% by
raising skills
Newspaper headline in 2033
• Peruvian children among
the best third in the world in
PISA
• Peru reduces the share of
informal employment to
20%
• Peru among the 3 most
competitive countries in
Latin America
• Peru as a member of the
OECD leads the ranking of
skills systems in the region
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives 20
3. ¿Cuáles son los retos en materia de competencias en Perú?
skills.oecd
Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives
Skills challenges facing Peru
Activating skills
supply
3. Improving the labour
market institutional
setting to boost formal
employment.
4. Extending the reach
of active labour market
policies to improve
workers’ employability.
Using skills effectively
5. Improving the alignment between skills supply and demand while fostering a better use of skills in
the workplace.
6. Putting skills to better use to foster a more diversified and productive economy.
Developing relevant
skills
1. Improving school
completion and
foundation skills in
compulsory education.
2. Improving access to
quality higher
education and
transitions to work.
.
Strengthening Peru’s skills system
7. Improving learning and labour market
information to support better education
and career choices and evidence-based
policy making.
8. Improving co-ordination across
different actors and levels of government
to achieve better skills outcomes.
9. Building partnerships to ensure that
policies are responsive to changing skills
needs.
DEVELOPING RELEVANT
SKILLS
22
23
Challenge 1:
Improving school completion and
foundation skills in compulsory
education.
24
Educational attainment of the population aged 25 years
and older
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
No schooling Incomplete
primary
Primary
(ISCED 1)
Lower secondary
(ISCED 2)
Upper secondary
(ISCED 3)
Tertiary
(ISCED 5 and
above)
%
LAC average
Peru (2014)
OECD average
Peru (2005)
Note: Unweighted averages.
Source: UNESCO/UIS (2016), UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UNESCO, Paris, http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.a
spx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS, (accessed February 2016).
25
Proficiency in mathematics according to PISA 2012 results
220 270 320 370 420 470 520 570 620 670 720
Korea
Japan
Switzerland
Netherlands
Canada
Germany
Austria
Australia
Slovenia
Denmark
OECD average
Norway
Portugal
Italy
Spain
United States
Turkey
Chile
Mexico
LA average
Costa Rica
Brazil
Colombia
Peru
PISA Score
25th
percentile
Mean 75th
percentile
95th
percentile
5th
percentile
Note: LA includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.
Source: OECD (2014), PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do (Volume I, Revised edition, February 2014):
Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264208780-en.
26
Challenge 2:
Improving access to quality higher
education and transition to work.
27
Share of youth not in education, employment, or training (% of youth
population), 15-24 years old, 2014 or latest available data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%
Note: 2012 data for Australia, United States, Mexico, LAC average. 2011 data for Korea. 2010 data for Chile.
Source: World Bank (2016), Share of youth not in education employment or training, World Bank Database,
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.NEET.ZS?cid=DEC_SS_WBGDataEmail_EXT, World Bank, Washington DC,
(accessed October 2016).
28
Main university subjects studied in Peru, 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Thousandstudents
Source: ANR (2012), Asamblea Nacional de Rectores, Datos Estadísticos Universitarios,
http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cenaun/redatam_inei/doc/ESTADISTICA_UNIVERSITARIAS.pdf.
ACTIVATING SKILLS
SUPPLY
29
30
Challenge 3:
Improving the labour market
institutional setting to boost formal
employment.
31
Informal employment in Peru (2007-2014)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Peru Colombia Ecuador Mexico Panama Brazil South
Africa
Costa
Rica
Turkey
%
Source: OECD (2015), Multi-dimensional Review of Peru: Volume 1. Initial Assessment, Graph 2.28,
OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264243279-en.
32
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
%
Deciles
Informality rate (Left-hand axis)
Formalisation cost (% of earned monthly income)(right-hand axis)
Informality and costs of formalisation for different income
groups in Peru, 2014
Source: OECD (2016), Multi-dimensional Review of Peru: Volume 2. In-depth Analysis and
Recommendations, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264670-en.
33
Challenge 4:
Extending the reach of active
labour market policies to improve
workers’ employability.
34
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6%oftheGDP
Expenditure in active labour market policies in Peru and selected
countries (as a % of GDP)
Notes: Data for the OECD average are from 2012 and not directly comparable due to the different source used to
data from LAC countries. Data shown for Chile and Mexico, though members of the OECD, come from Cerutti et
al. (2014) to make it directly comparable with the other LAC countries.
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
informal formal
Job search through formal and informal channels in selected LAC
countries, 2009
Source: Mazza, J. (2011), “Dinamizando el Empleo: Avances y Próximos Pasos para los Servicios de Intermediación
Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe”, Notas Técnicas IDB-TN-344, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
USING SKILLS
EFFECTIVELY
37
Challenge 5:
Improving the alignment between
skills supply and demand and
fostering a better use of skills in the
workplace.
38
Australia
Austria
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
United States
United
Kingdom
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6(log)Labourproductivity
Use of reading skills at workless more
Labour productivity and the use of reading skills at
work
Adjusted for literacy and numeracy proficiency
Notes: Lines are best linear predictions. Labour productivity is equal to the GDP per hour worked in USD current prices.
Adjusted estimates are based on OLS regression including controls for literacy and numeracy proficiency scores. Standard
errors in parentheses.
Source: OECD (2012), Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), (database), Table A4.4, www.oecd.org/site/piaac/surveyofadultskills.ht
m.
39
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Percentage of firms reporting having difficulties filling
jobs, 2015
Note: LA Average based on eight countries: Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Columbia, Costa Rica, Panama,
Guatemala and Argentina.
Source: Manpower (2015), Talent Shortage Survey, www.manpowergroup.com/wps/wcm/connect/manpow
ergroup-en/home/thought-leadership/research-insights/talent-shortage-2015/talent+shortage+results.
40
Challenge 6:
Putting skills to better use to
foster a more diversified and
productive economy.
41
0
50
100
150
200
Patent applications per million people, comparing Peru and select
benchmark countries and averages
Number of Patent Co-operation Treaty, 2010-2011 average
Note: Data based upon 2010-2011 averages. No values available for Ecuador from given source thus excluded from LAC and
benchmark countries.
Source: OECD (2016b), OECD Indicators on Patent (database), http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/oecdpatentdatabases.htm,
(accessed October 2016).
42
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5%ofGDP
2013 2002
Business expenditure on research and development, 2002 and
2013 (or latest available year)
Note: Date on most Latin American economies (excluding Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) is from 2012; for Argentina
and Chile from 2013; for Australia and Mexico from 2011; and for Brazil from 2010.
Sources: OECD (2016c), Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, www.oecd.org/sti/msti,
(accessed October 2016).
OECD calculations based on Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología - Iberoamericana e Interamericana (RICYT).
Accessed on 1 August 2015, http://www.ricyt.org/.
STRENGTHENING THE
SKILLS SYSTEM
44
Challenge 7:
Improving learning and labour
market information to support
better education and career
choices, and evidence-based
policy making.
45
46
Challenge 8:
Improving co-ordination across
different actors and levels of
government to achieve better skills
outcomes.
47
AMPE REMURPE
48
Challenge 9:
Building partnerships to ensure
that policies are responsive to
changing skills needs.
MOVING FROM
DIAGNOSIS TO ACTION
50
Moving from diagnosis to action
Setting priorities for action by working together
across ministries1
Building on good practices in Peru and abroad
2
Ensuring that stakeholders play an active role
3
Gracias por su atención
Para mayor información favor de visitar: oecd.org/skills
52

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Estrategia de competencias de la OCDE Reporte de diagnostico para el Peru

  • 1. Estrategia de competencias de la OCDE: Reporte de diagnóstico para el Perú Mejores competencias, mejores trabajos, mejores condiciones de vida Evento de lanzamiento Joanne Caddy & José-Luis Álvarez-Galván 25 Noviembre 2016, Lima, Perú.
  • 2. CONTENIDO 1. Resumen del proyecto • Definiciones • Método • El camino con Peru 2. Desafíos en materia de competencias para Perú • Desarrollo de competencias • Activación de competencias • Uso de competencias • El sistema de competencias 3. Del diagnóstico a la acción
  • 3. 35 países miembros de la OCDE This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 1961 1974 1994 2000 2010 2013 2015 *The Council decided on 12 March 2014 “to postpone activities related to the OECD accession process for the Russian Federation for the time being”. [see C/M(2014)3/REV1].
  • 4. 4 Tener las competencias adecuadas es una inversión en el futuro de Perú que puede ayudar a: • que la población este bien equipada para transformar su entorno económico y social; • que los empleadores puedan encontrar las competencias necesarias para producir, crecer e innovar; • que la sociedad viva en armonía y solidariamente; • que la economía sea mas resistente a los cambios externos y adaptable a nuevas tecnologías. Definiciones: Las competencias son centrales para un futuro próspero en Perú
  • 5. La estrategia de competencias de la OCDE: ayuda a los países a maximizar su potencial de competencias 2013 2014 2015 2016
  • 7. 7 Método: ¿Qué es la Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE?
  • 8. Método: Desarrollando las competencias relevantes 8 • ¿Cuáles son las competencias relevantes? • ¿Cómo pueden ser desarrolladas las competencias de manera efectiva? • ¿Quién es responsable por ello?
  • 9. Método: Activando la oferta de competencias 9 ¿Cómo incentivar a los individuos para que: • ofrezcan sus competencias en el mercado laboral? • entren en la economía formal? • permanezcan en el mercado de trabajo?
  • 10. Método: Utilizar las competencias de manera eficaz 10 • ¿Cómo pueden los trabajadores hacer un uso mejor de sus competencias? • ¿Cómo pueden las empresas hacer un mejor uso de las competencias? • ¿Cómo pueden los países desarrollar economías con mayor nivel de competencias?
  • 11. Método: Fortaleciendo los sistemas de competencias 11 • ¿Cómo podemos conseguir coherencia en las políticas en todas las carteras y niveles de gobierno? • ¿Cómo podemos conseguir el compromiso de todos los agentes implicados? • ¿Cómo podemos asegurar las políticas se implementan de manera efectiva?
  • 12. Método: triangulando la evidencia para identificar los desafíos mas importantes Datos y evidencia Talleres Discusión y consultas 9 desafíos de competencias para el Perú
  • 13. Método: Considerando la evidencia internacional
  • 14. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives Método: Reuniendo a los ministerios y agentes implicados
  • 15. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives El camino con Perú: una visión integral desde el gobierno Directorate for Education and Skills Development Centre Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development OECD GOBIERNO DE PERU
  • 16. El camino con Perú 65 temas ~20 temas 9 temas Inicio Octubre 2015 Taller de diagnóstico Noviembre 2015 Taller de desafíos Mayo 2016 Informe Final de Diagnóstico Reuniones técnicas y bilaterales
  • 17.
  • 18. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives Visión de éxito a futuro: encabezados de la prensa
  • 19. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives Visión de éxito a futuro: encabezados de la prensa 19 27th November 2020 27th November 2035 Newspaper headlines in 5 years  The supply of technical workers covers labour market demand.  Peru improves in the WEF Human Capital Index.  Peru improves its competitiveness by 15 points and leads the region.  9 out of 10 young students access tertiary education.  Peru closes gaps in quality of educations and improves equity of the system.  Peru achieves the first results of its National Skills Strategy.  Improvement in PISA results.  Peru reduces its levels of subemployment to 20%.  90% of students study in degrees of accredited institutions.  Significant improvement in the quality of basic education.  Peru has the highest rate of skills growth in Latin America.  Peru increases its productivity by 70% by improving its human capital. Newspaper headlines in 20 years  The technological institutes of Peru are recognised worldwide.  Peru has an articulated and interinstitutional national skills system.  Peru leads the Quality of Life Index in the region.  Peru reduces the share of informal employment to 20%.  Peruvian children among the best third in the world in PISA.  Peru ranks in the top thirds of the World Ranking of Competitiveness and skills development  5 Peruvian universities among the TOP 100 in the world.  Peru, among the 3 most competitive countries in Latin America.  Virtual services delivered by Peruvian are requested worldwide.  Peru has the highest position in the Human Development Index in LATAM.  Peru, as member of the OECD, leads the ranking of skills systems in the region. Newspaper headline in 2020 • The supply of technical workers covers demand • Peru has the highest rate of skills growth in Latin America • 9 out of 10 young students access tertiary education • 90% of students study in degrees of accredited courses • Peru increases its productivity by 70% by raising skills Newspaper headline in 2033 • Peruvian children among the best third in the world in PISA • Peru reduces the share of informal employment to 20% • Peru among the 3 most competitive countries in Latin America • Peru as a member of the OECD leads the ranking of skills systems in the region
  • 20. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives 20 3. ¿Cuáles son los retos en materia de competencias en Perú?
  • 21. skills.oecd Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives Skills challenges facing Peru Activating skills supply 3. Improving the labour market institutional setting to boost formal employment. 4. Extending the reach of active labour market policies to improve workers’ employability. Using skills effectively 5. Improving the alignment between skills supply and demand while fostering a better use of skills in the workplace. 6. Putting skills to better use to foster a more diversified and productive economy. Developing relevant skills 1. Improving school completion and foundation skills in compulsory education. 2. Improving access to quality higher education and transitions to work. . Strengthening Peru’s skills system 7. Improving learning and labour market information to support better education and career choices and evidence-based policy making. 8. Improving co-ordination across different actors and levels of government to achieve better skills outcomes. 9. Building partnerships to ensure that policies are responsive to changing skills needs.
  • 23. 23 Challenge 1: Improving school completion and foundation skills in compulsory education.
  • 24. 24 Educational attainment of the population aged 25 years and older 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 No schooling Incomplete primary Primary (ISCED 1) Lower secondary (ISCED 2) Upper secondary (ISCED 3) Tertiary (ISCED 5 and above) % LAC average Peru (2014) OECD average Peru (2005) Note: Unweighted averages. Source: UNESCO/UIS (2016), UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UNESCO, Paris, http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.a spx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS, (accessed February 2016).
  • 25. 25 Proficiency in mathematics according to PISA 2012 results 220 270 320 370 420 470 520 570 620 670 720 Korea Japan Switzerland Netherlands Canada Germany Austria Australia Slovenia Denmark OECD average Norway Portugal Italy Spain United States Turkey Chile Mexico LA average Costa Rica Brazil Colombia Peru PISA Score 25th percentile Mean 75th percentile 95th percentile 5th percentile Note: LA includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. Source: OECD (2014), PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do (Volume I, Revised edition, February 2014): Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264208780-en.
  • 26. 26 Challenge 2: Improving access to quality higher education and transition to work.
  • 27. 27 Share of youth not in education, employment, or training (% of youth population), 15-24 years old, 2014 or latest available data 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % Note: 2012 data for Australia, United States, Mexico, LAC average. 2011 data for Korea. 2010 data for Chile. Source: World Bank (2016), Share of youth not in education employment or training, World Bank Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.NEET.ZS?cid=DEC_SS_WBGDataEmail_EXT, World Bank, Washington DC, (accessed October 2016).
  • 28. 28 Main university subjects studied in Peru, 2010 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Thousandstudents Source: ANR (2012), Asamblea Nacional de Rectores, Datos Estadísticos Universitarios, http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cenaun/redatam_inei/doc/ESTADISTICA_UNIVERSITARIAS.pdf.
  • 30. 30 Challenge 3: Improving the labour market institutional setting to boost formal employment.
  • 31. 31 Informal employment in Peru (2007-2014) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Peru Colombia Ecuador Mexico Panama Brazil South Africa Costa Rica Turkey % Source: OECD (2015), Multi-dimensional Review of Peru: Volume 1. Initial Assessment, Graph 2.28, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264243279-en.
  • 32. 32 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 % Deciles Informality rate (Left-hand axis) Formalisation cost (% of earned monthly income)(right-hand axis) Informality and costs of formalisation for different income groups in Peru, 2014 Source: OECD (2016), Multi-dimensional Review of Peru: Volume 2. In-depth Analysis and Recommendations, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264670-en.
  • 33. 33 Challenge 4: Extending the reach of active labour market policies to improve workers’ employability.
  • 34. 34 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6%oftheGDP Expenditure in active labour market policies in Peru and selected countries (as a % of GDP) Notes: Data for the OECD average are from 2012 and not directly comparable due to the different source used to data from LAC countries. Data shown for Chile and Mexico, though members of the OECD, come from Cerutti et al. (2014) to make it directly comparable with the other LAC countries.
  • 35. 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % informal formal Job search through formal and informal channels in selected LAC countries, 2009 Source: Mazza, J. (2011), “Dinamizando el Empleo: Avances y Próximos Pasos para los Servicios de Intermediación Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe”, Notas Técnicas IDB-TN-344, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
  • 37. 37 Challenge 5: Improving the alignment between skills supply and demand and fostering a better use of skills in the workplace.
  • 38. 38 Australia Austria Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Korea Netherlands Norway Poland Slovak Republic Spain Sweden United States United Kingdom 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6(log)Labourproductivity Use of reading skills at workless more Labour productivity and the use of reading skills at work Adjusted for literacy and numeracy proficiency Notes: Lines are best linear predictions. Labour productivity is equal to the GDP per hour worked in USD current prices. Adjusted estimates are based on OLS regression including controls for literacy and numeracy proficiency scores. Standard errors in parentheses. Source: OECD (2012), Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), (database), Table A4.4, www.oecd.org/site/piaac/surveyofadultskills.ht m.
  • 39. 39 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Percentage of firms reporting having difficulties filling jobs, 2015 Note: LA Average based on eight countries: Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Columbia, Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala and Argentina. Source: Manpower (2015), Talent Shortage Survey, www.manpowergroup.com/wps/wcm/connect/manpow ergroup-en/home/thought-leadership/research-insights/talent-shortage-2015/talent+shortage+results.
  • 40. 40 Challenge 6: Putting skills to better use to foster a more diversified and productive economy.
  • 41. 41 0 50 100 150 200 Patent applications per million people, comparing Peru and select benchmark countries and averages Number of Patent Co-operation Treaty, 2010-2011 average Note: Data based upon 2010-2011 averages. No values available for Ecuador from given source thus excluded from LAC and benchmark countries. Source: OECD (2016b), OECD Indicators on Patent (database), http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/oecdpatentdatabases.htm, (accessed October 2016).
  • 42. 42 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5%ofGDP 2013 2002 Business expenditure on research and development, 2002 and 2013 (or latest available year) Note: Date on most Latin American economies (excluding Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) is from 2012; for Argentina and Chile from 2013; for Australia and Mexico from 2011; and for Brazil from 2010. Sources: OECD (2016c), Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, www.oecd.org/sti/msti, (accessed October 2016). OECD calculations based on Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología - Iberoamericana e Interamericana (RICYT). Accessed on 1 August 2015, http://www.ricyt.org/.
  • 44. 44 Challenge 7: Improving learning and labour market information to support better education and career choices, and evidence-based policy making.
  • 45. 45
  • 46. 46 Challenge 8: Improving co-ordination across different actors and levels of government to achieve better skills outcomes.
  • 48. 48 Challenge 9: Building partnerships to ensure that policies are responsive to changing skills needs.
  • 49.
  • 51. Moving from diagnosis to action Setting priorities for action by working together across ministries1 Building on good practices in Peru and abroad 2 Ensuring that stakeholders play an active role 3
  • 52. Gracias por su atención Para mayor información favor de visitar: oecd.org/skills 52

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. 1945: Fin de la Segunda Guerra 1947: Plan Marshall 1948: Organización Europea para la Cooperación Económica (OECE) 1948-1960: Reconstrucción de Europa 1961: Nacimiento de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) con 20 Miembros fundadores 1961: 20 países fundadores 1964: Japón 1969: Finlandia 1971: Australia 1973: Nueva Zelanda 1994: México 1995: República Checa 1996: Hungría, Polonia, Corea del Sur 2000: Eslovaquia 2010: Chile, Estonia, Israel, Eslovenia
  2. 4
  3. Competencias, habilidades o destrezas son definidas en este proyecto como el conjunto de conocimientos, atributos y experiencias que pueden ser aprendidas y que no solo posibilitan a un individuo el desempeño satisfactorio de una actividad o una tarea específica sino que además facilitan y motivan el aprendizaje de manera continua Cuando nos referimos a las competencias, nos referimos a todas las características siguientes: Competencias cognitivas generales Competencias socio-emocionales Y competencias técnicas, profesionales y sectoriales. En algunos casos podemos medir éstos directamente, pero en otros todavía tenemos que depender de aproximaciones como el nivel de educación y el campo de estudio.
  4. 21
  5. As mentioned, developing the right skills is critical to success of individuals, firms and society. However, to reap the full benefits of skills investments, skills must be of a high quality and relevant to the needs of the economy and society.
  6. Lograr que se terminen los estudios y mejorar las competencias básicas en la educación obligatoria. Muchos jóvenes peruanos no desarrollan las competencias necesarias para tener éxito en el trabajo y en la vida. Mientras que el acceso a la educación y el nivel de las competencias han mejorado con el tiempo, una gran cantidad de jóvenes peruanos sigue teniendo, en términos comparativos, resultados muy bajos en términos de sus habilidades de lectura, matemáticas y ciencia. Sirva de ejemplo que solo cerca de un cuarto de los estudiantes peruanos igualan o superan el nivel 2 en los resultados de PISA en matemáticas, mientras que los otros tres cuartos de los estudiantes peruanos muestran unos conocimientos muy básicos o insuficientes. Esto significa que muchos de ellos son incapaces de realizar tareas matemáticas muy básicas y sencillas (nivel 1 o inferior). Es más, existen grupos con rendimientos mucho peores que otros: quienes provienen de entornos con niveles socioeconómicos bajos, zonas rurales u hogares en los que el español no es la lengua materna suelen tener resultados muy inferiores a la media en varios indicadores educativos. Las políticas de reciente implantación destinadas a garantizar que todos los peruanos tengan acceso a educación de calidad deben conservarse; de todos modos, aún hay que trabajar mucho para lograr un progreso mayor y más rápido.
  7. Peruvians are more highly educated than their counterparts in many other Latin American countries. Among the population aged 25 and older, the share of Peruvians with no schooling (5.1%) is below the Latin American average (7.1%). At the other end of the educational spectrum, the share of adult Peruvians with a tertiary education (21.1%) slightly surpasses the regional average (20.3%). However, it is in the proportion of the adult population with upper secondary education that Peru really stands out, with 34.4% of the population holding their highest degree against a regional average of 24.7%
  8. Comparatively few students in Peru perform above a basic level of skills proficiency. As displayed in Figure 5, only about 25% of Peruvian students perform at level 2 proficiency in mathematics or above, while 77% of OECD students perform at the same level. This means that 75% of Peruvian 15-year-olds are unable to perform even very simple mathematical tasks.
  9. Mejorar tanto el acceso a una educación superior de calidad y como la transición al empleo. Muchos peruanos se enfrentan a una difícil transición desde la educación obligatoria hacia estudios superiores o al empleo. A pesar de unos niveles comparativamente bajos de desempleo juvenil, cerca del 18% de los adultos jóvenes peruanos no trabajaba ni estudiaba en 2013. Pese a las grandes mejoras en el acceso la educación, las universidades peruanas y los institutos de formación profesional tienen estándares de calidad por debajo de niveles internacionales. La expansión rápida y desregulada de la educación superior y la formación profesional ha afectado negativamente a la calidad y utilidad de las competencias que adquieren los estudiantes. Ante una creciente demanda, Perú permitió una expansión generalizada de la educación superior y la formación profesional sin previamente poner en marcha mecanismos que garantizasen su calidad. Esto ha causado una gran heterogeneidad en lo que se refiere a la calidad de los programas y su vinculación con los requerimientos del mercado laboral; muchas instituciones carecen de ambas. La baja calidad de las instituciones se traduce en cursos que no se adaptan adecuadamente a las competencias que necesita el país.
  10. Many young people leave education, delay their entry into the labour market or become discouraged and withdraw from the labour force. In 2013, 1.4 million young adults in Peru were neither in employment nor in education or training (NEET). This represents approximately 15% of young adults aged 15-24, below the average of the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region (19.1%), but higher than the OECD average (11.8%), as shown in Figure 8. Among other issues, one of the main obstacles that Peruvian young people encounter in transitioning to the labour market is a lack of available career guidance services. Only 7.6% of young Peruvians report having received formal support and advice to find a job, and many rely on family networks or direct interaction with firms (Ferrer Guevara, 2014).
  11. 29
  12. Mejorar el marco institucional del mercado laboral para facilitar el empleo formal. Una característica definitoria del mercado laboral peruano es su elevado nivel de empleo informal. A pesar del reciente aumento en el nivel de participación y la disminución en las tasas de desempleo e inactividad, en 2014 el 70% de los trabajadores peruanos laboraba en el sector informal. Como ya se ha mencionado, el empleo informal agrava los problemas relativos a la falta de inversiones en las competencias del trabajador y el empresario. El resultado es una menor inversión generalizada. Invertir menos en competencias implica asimismo que las empresas del sector informal continúen adoleciendo de baja productividad y, consiguientemente, sigan siendo incapaces de cubrir los costes asociados a la transición hacia el sector formal. Fomentar unas mayores inversiones en competencias puede aumentar la productividad y reducir la informalidad. Al mejorar las competencias de su mano de obra y, por extensión, su productividad, Perú puede incrementar los incentivos a la contratación formal de trabajadores. Perú también pueden limitar la informalidad reduciendo los costes asociados al empleo formal de trabajadores. Para ello, podría ser necesario desarrollar mecanismos que garanticen que los niveles del salario mínimo están alineados con la productividad de los trabajadores. También podría implicar subsidios para las contribuciones a la seguridad social de trabajadores con ingresos más bajos, que suelen ser quienes cuentan con menores competencias. Por último, los esfuerzos por promover la formalización deberían ir de la mano de la estrategia de diversificación del país. Al impulsar el crecimiento de sectores de alta productividad que requieren mayores competencias, Perú puede crear condiciones más propicias para que prosperen los contratos de empleo formales.
  13. Informality is a large and persistent problem in Peru, with informal employment at 72.8% in 2014 (INEI, 2015). The International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) definition of informal employment – which applies only to non-agricultural employment – shows that the share of informal employment in Peru (72.8%) is one of the largest in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region (Figure 10, panel A) (ILO, 2016; OECD, 2015). However, the share of informal employment fell slightly after a recent period of economic expansion (declining from 80% in 2007 to 72.8% in 2014) (Figure 10, panel B) (INEI, 2015). Most of this reduction took place in urban areas, while in rural areas, informal employment was relatively stable. Informal employment in non-agricultural activities is used in this case for the sake of comparability, given the international availability of this indicator.
  14. The cost of social security programmes is one of the main barriers to formal employment for low-skilled individuals. One of the reasons informality remains high in Peru is that formalisation costs (mainly social security contributions, including health insurance and pension contributions) are high relative to the income of many workers, but especially for those with low levels of skills. For an employee who earns an average labour income of the first decile (the lowest in the income distribution), the cost of contributing to social security programmes is 124% that of the labour income, thus rendering participation in the formal economy unaffordable (see Figure 13). The cost of becoming formalised diminishes as income rises, as evidenced in Figure 13 by the trend towards both lower costs of social security contributions (as a share of the worker’s income) and rates of informality as incomes rise.
  15. Ampliar el alcance de las políticas de intervención en el mercado laboral para mejorar la empleabilidad de los trabajadores. Las políticas activas del mercado de trabajo (ALMP, en inglés) son una manera importante de activar a personas inactivas o desempleadas y promover el empleo. En Perú, el 12% de los adultos de entre 30 y 64 años se encuentra inactivo o desempleado, y el 51% tiene un empleo informal. Sólo el 35% de las personas en este tramo de edad tiene un empleo formal. Las transiciones desde el empleo informal hacia el formal son bastante escasas en el país: solo ocurre para el 20% y 18% de los varones y mujeres jóvenes, respectivamente. Las ALMP y los servicios de empleo público (PES, en inglés) pueden facilitar la transición de la escuela al trabajo, ayudar a los desempleados a encontrar un trabajo acorde a sus competencias y respaldar a los trabajadores empleados en el sector informal para acceder a trabajos de mayor calidad en el sector formal. Sin embargo, las ALMP y los PES aún están poco desarrollados en el Perú. Las inversiones en ALMP están por debajo de muchos países latinoamericanos, como Brasil, Chile o Argentina, y muy por debajo de la media de la OCDE. Actualmente, las inversiones se concentran sobre todo en programas de formación y en los PES. El alcance de los PES sigue siendo limitado, aunque recientemente haya habido mejoras, como la creación de un servicio de empleo de «ventanilla única». Perú podría mejorar sus programas de formación alargando su duración, incorporando oportunidades de aprendizaje en un entorno laboral y adaptándolas más a las necesidades de los grupos a los que van dirigidos. Los PES podrían ser aún mejores si se establecieran unos marcos más efectivos para su gestión y veracidad, se promoviera una búsqueda de empleo más personalizada y se hiciera un uso más generalizado de las tecnologías digitales que incrementan su alcance, efectividad y eficiencia.
  16. Despite an expansion in ALMP expenditure over the last decade, spending remains comparatively modest. LAC countries have experienced (in the last decade or two) an expansion of expenditure on ALMPs (ILO, 2016). However, in Peru, public expenditure on ALMPs as a share of total GDP increased from almost zero to only 0.05% between 2000 and 2010 (Cerutti et al. 2014). This compares poorly with other LAC countries, such as Brazil, Chile or Argentina, which have experienced much higher growth in spending, reaching 0.57%, 0.45%, and 0.42% respectively (Figure 15). Spending in Peru is well below that found among OECD countries, where average spending was 0.55% of GDP in 2012. In Denmark and Sweden, spending on ALMPs as a share of GDP reaches as much as 2.1% or 1.32% respectively (OECD, 2015). ALMPs in the LAC region have focused mainly on youth, but also on unemployed or vulnerable groups, among other categories (these categories overlap in many cases) (ILO, 2016). In Peru, spending on ALMPs is mainly concentrated in training and in public employment and labour market services.
  17. The lack of development of ALMPs in Peru may help explain why informal job searches remain the dominant channel by which individuals seek work. In Peru, only around 20% of workers in 2010 looked for jobs through formal channels, while the remaining 80% searched for jobs through networks, people they know, direct contact with employers, etc. (Figure 16). Informal job searches lead to inefficiencies in the process of job matching, mainly because individuals do not have information about all the job opportunities and firms do not have all the information on workers looking for a job. In addition, it can reinforce existing inequalities as those who have lower levels of education and skills – and who are more likely to belong to disadvantaged socio-economic groups – usually have networks and social connections that are less favourable for finding high quality jobs in the formal sector (Mazza, 2011).
  18. A country can have great success in developing and activating skills, but fail to realise the full benefits of those skills if they are not used effectively in workplaces. Conversely, a country can partially offset poor performance in developing and activating skills by getting the most out of the skills of its people.
  19. Armonizar la oferta y la demanda de competencias al tiempo que se fomenta un mejor uso de las competencias en el lugar de trabajo. El aprovechamiento de las competencias en el lugar de trabajo no es eficiente en el Perú, ya que muchos empleados están sobre o infra cualificados para sus labores. En 2013, la proporción de trabajadores sobre o infra cualificados representaba el 50,5%, lo que supone una ligera mejora desde 2008, cuando alcanzaba el 53%. Este tipo de discordancias son un lastre para la productividad en el Perú. Sin embargo, a pesar del aparente desaprovechamiento de las competencias, las empresas peruanas afirman tener problemas para encontrar empleados con las competencias cognitivas, socioemocionales y técnicas que necesitan. Al mismo tiempo, la prevalencia de sobre cualificación podría apuntar a una distribución ineficaz de este tipo de trabajadores en la economía, o a una oportunidad perdida de reorganizar los puestos de trabajo en las empresas para sacar el máximo partido al talento de que disponen e incrementar su productividad y competitividad. La colaboración entre empresas e instituciones educativas podría reducir estas discordancias, mientras que una formación patrocinada por las empresas podría mitigar los desajustes de competencias y promover un uso efectivo de las mismas en el lugar de trabajo. Más aún, es preciso realizar mayores esfuerzos para concienciar a las empresas de que un máximo aprovechamiento de las competencias en el lugar de trabajo debería ser una prioridad en su estrategia de negocios. Unas mejores prácticas de recursos humanos pueden ubicar a los trabajadores en un entorno ideal para sacar el máximo partido a sus competencias e incentivar el aprendizaje continuo y el desarrollo de competencias. En este sentido, adoptar prácticas para un elevado rendimiento en el lugar de trabajo podría ser crucial para optimizar la utilización de las competencias.
  20. Improving skills use can help boost national productivity and growth. The use of reading and writing skills are positively correlated with labour productivity across OECD countries (Figure 17). Even after adjusting for average proficiency scores in literacy and numeracy, the average use of reading and writing skills explains a considerable share (50% and 44% respectively) of the variation in labour productivity across countries (Quintini, 2014). In other words, how skills are used at work has an important impact on productivity above and beyond that of the impact of proficiency in the same skills.
  21. Sacar el máximo partido a las competencias a favor de una economía más diversificada y productiva. La complejidad de la estructura productiva peruana es inferior a la de la mayoría de los países de referencia. En 2012, Perú ocupaba el puesto 80 de 144 países en términos de complejidad económica y, al contrario que la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, este posicionamiento ha empeorado en las dos últimas décadas. Para mantener los actuales niveles de crecimiento económico, la economía peruana debe emprender un proceso de renovación estructural que permita crecer a los sectores más demandados y redirigir a los trabajadores hacia áreas más productivas de la economía. Unas competencias más elevadas permiten la introducción de nuevos productos e ideas de mercado y de negocio, al tiempo que garantizan una adaptación más rápida de los trabajadores a los nuevos métodos organizativos y productivos derivados de la transición hacia una economía más diversificada. Sin embargo, la diversificación productiva podría no beneficiar a trabajadores poco cualificados de empresas menos productivas que, como consecuencia, debieran enfrentarse a una mayor inseguridad económica y laboral.Una movilidad ascendente hacia puestos más productivos dentro del mercado laboral debería, por tanto, basarse en mecanismos que amplíen las competencias a nivel general, en lugar de centrarse en los trabajadores más cualificados ya existentes ubicados en puestos de baja productividad. Es más, aumentar el número de individuos muy cualificados, capaces de emprender actividades innovadoras y diseñar productos novedosos, podría solucionar el problema de la escasa innovación en el Perú a nivel de I+D y patentes de actividades. Por último, la educación y las competencias pueden desempeñar un papel esencial en la creación de una cultura de emprendimiento y el desarrollo de las competencias necesarias para respaldar el desarrollo de nuevos productos en sectores con gran demanda.
  22. Some skills policy levers cut across the pillars of developing relevant skills, activating skills supply and putting skills to effective use. Considering how policy levers affect these skills pillars individually and collectively can help strengthen the skills system as whole.
  23. Mejorar el estudio e información sobre el mercado laboral para promover unas mejores decisiones educativas y profesionales, así como políticas con solida evidencia. Perú cuenta con suficiente capacidad institucional para obtener varios indicadores necesarios para implantar políticas empíricas sobre competencias. Sin embargo, como ocurre en muchos países de la OCDE, el desafío sigue siendo conseguir que los ministerios aprovechen al máximo los datos para elaborar sus políticas. En general, los estudiantes peruanos carecen de la información necesaria para tomar decisiones fundadas sobre sus estudios o elegir una profesión, especialmente ahora que el sistema de educación secundaria superior se ha vuelto más complejo y, en cierta medida, opaco. Debería redoblarse el apoyo a portales web y otros instrumentos, como el observatorio «Ponte en Carrera», para facilitar a los estudiantes información sobre distintas opciones de estudio o trayectorias profesionales después de graduarse. Los trabajadores y las personas que buscan empleo podrían dar un mejor uso a la información del mercado si se ofreciera en un formato más accesible. Es más, en Perú podrían desarrollarse ejercicios de evaluación de competencias y de anticipación (como los que ya se efectúan en varios países de la OCDE) para ofrecer orientación sobre la demanda de competencias en el futuro, mitigando así la escasez o descompensación de competencias.
  24. Promover la coordinación entre los distintos actores y niveles gubernamentales para obtener mejores resultados en las competencias. Perú podría mejorar la situación de las competencias reforzando la colaboración horizontal entre distintos ministerios, y la vertical entre diferentes niveles gubernamentales. Muchos ministerios y autoridades peruanas inciden en el desarrollo, activación y utilización de competencias; sin embargo, los sistemas de colaboración interministerial están relativamente subdesarrollados en Perú. Para promover la colaboración entre los ministerios que desempeñan un papel sobre las competencias, el Ministerio de Trabajo acaba de crear tres comités sectoriales de competencias en las áreas de servicios sanitarios, construcción y turismo. Mantener este diálogo y transformarlo en acciones coordinadas será crucial para el éxito a largo plazo de estas iniciativas en el Perú. La coordinación entre los distintos niveles gubernamentales es esencial, teniendo en cuenta el deseo de Perú de convertirse en un gobierno altamente descentralizado. En muchos casos, más de un nivel gubernamental participa en la misma área de políticas públicas, y las divisiones entre los niveles nacional, regional y local son difusas. Esta cuestión se hace especialmente patente en el ámbito de la educación. Para lograr una descentralización más eficiente, deberían reforzarse las capacidades de las autoridades regionales y locales para permitir una implantación rigurosa de las políticas en función de su ubicación; de esta manera se reducirían las diferencias de competencias entre las distintas regiones y entre áreas urbanas y rurales.
  25. Entablar alianzas con todos los participantes en el sistema para garantizar que las políticas responden a las nuevas necesidades de competencias. Para mejorar el rendimiento de los países en lo que se refiere al desarrollo, la activación y la utilización efectivos de las competencias, los gobiernos deben promover la colaboración y coordinación entre los distintos actores que participen o tengan influencia en el sistema. Una colaboración más estrecha puede lograr que se desarrollen competencias más pertinentes durante la formación profesional y la educación superior. El sistema de educación técnica peruano se caracteriza, por un lado, por la existencia de escuelas sectoriales, concebidas para responder a la demanda de competencias de sectores económicos específicos y, por el otro, por una oferta tanto pública como privada que tiene vínculos muy débiles con el sector productivo. Lograr que las empresas participen en el diseño y la gestión de los programas formativos de escuelas no sectoriales garantizaría una mayor sintonía entre las competencias desarrolladas y las necesidades del mercado. Además, los empleadores deberían desempeñar un papel más activo en la concepción e implantación de los ALMP. La participación de los empleadores en los programas de formación y activación mejoraría la calidad y relevancia de las competencias de quienes aún buscan trabajo y crearía un remanente de talento listo para emplearse. Una participación más activa de los empleadores en los ejercicios de evaluación y anticipación de competencias garantizaría un mayor equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de competencias. Por último, las alianzas entre instituciones de educación superior y el sector privado podrían velar por que la demanda local de trabajadores altamente cualificados quedase satisfecha por la oferta de la correspondiente educación terciaria. Es más, las alianzas entre el mundo académico y el sector privado pueden servir para difundir conocimientos y promover una utilización más productiva de las competencias de los investigadores.
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  27. Espero que esta presentación haya podido proporcionarles una buena visión general de los proyectos de la OCDE enfocados a las estrategias de competencias. Esperamos poder trabajar intensa y productivamente con ustedes durante este y el próximo año. Muchas gracias por su atención.