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Social Cognition in the Early Years
                                  


          Andrew N. Meltzoff
              LIFE Center
        University of Washington




                      http://ilabs.washington.edu
Two Starting Points for Theory & Practice


   • Human learning starts at birth, so the
      Science of Learning must start at birth

  • Infants learn first and best from other people:
            “Social Leaning”
Role Models and Imitative Learning
Imitation as a Basic Learning Mechanism
       For Transmission of Culture

 We discovered that imitation begins
 at birth!
Social Cognition in the Early Years
Emotions and Learning

In the second year of life, infants are very
sensitive to emotional reactions. This influences
their learning. The research is explained in the
references below:

• Repacholi & Meltzoff, Child Development, 2007
• Repacholi, Meltzoff, & Olsen, Developmental Psychology, 2008



This shows that non-cognitive factors play a
major role in pre-school learning
The Social Brain

We investigated the neural basis of social
learning, using EEG recordings in young
children as they observed and imitated an adult
Imitation Task for EEG
        (mu rhythm desynchronization)




Marshall & Meltzoff         Marshall, Young, & Meltzoff,
Dev. Cog. Neurosci., 2011   Dev. Sci., 2011
Gaze Following: Social Learning
Gaze Following is crucial developmental
         component of learning




 • Learning language, names for things
 •  Learning about new objects and concepts
 •  Acquiring new skills via imitation and instruction
Gaze Following & Joint Visual Attention
                     Using technology




 • Problem: Establishing joint reference in computer-
     mediated communications and multimedia
 • Domains: Diagrams, pictures, dynamic videos
 • Important: For computer supported collaborative
     learning
Infant Gaze
                     Following




           Time



Brooks & Meltzoff,
Dev. Psych., 2002
Gaze and Language Learning:
                  Gaze Following + Pointing Predicts
                  Vocabulary Growth (SES controlled)
                 600

                                                    + High Social Gaze
                 500
Words Produced



                                                      Following & Pointing

                 400

                 300
                                                    -  Low Social Gaze
                 200                                   Following & Pointing


                 100

                  0
                       10-11   14    18        24
                                                    Brooks & Meltzoff (2008)
                               Age in Months        J. of Child Language
Extensions to Social Robots




   Infant Imitation




                                  Robotic Imitation

                         Meltzoff, Brooks, Shon, & Rao
Robotic Gaze Following   (2010). Neural Networks.
Psychological Theory
• Infants: Imitation of a person’s motor behavior

• Elementary-school children: Take on the
     attitudes & attributes associated of the group
    - With development, children establish ‘Like
    me’ class. Based on that, the way culture
    treats other ‘like me’ people has implications
    for the child’s development. This applies
    across the life-span.


                           Meltzoff, “Like Me” theory,
                           Dev. Sci. 2007
Practice
    Gaze Following & Imitation in Everyday Life


Children learn naturally by
watching what others do




But in formal schooling
we often force them
to learn in isolation
A New Science of Learning




Meltzoff, Kuhl, Movellan, & Sejnowski, Science (2009)

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Social Cognition in the Early Years

  • 1. Social Cognition in the Early Years Andrew N. Meltzoff LIFE Center University of Washington http://ilabs.washington.edu
  • 2. Two Starting Points for Theory & Practice • Human learning starts at birth, so the Science of Learning must start at birth • Infants learn first and best from other people: “Social Leaning”
  • 3. Role Models and Imitative Learning
  • 4. Imitation as a Basic Learning Mechanism For Transmission of Culture We discovered that imitation begins at birth!
  • 6. Emotions and Learning
 In the second year of life, infants are very sensitive to emotional reactions. This influences their learning. The research is explained in the references below: • Repacholi & Meltzoff, Child Development, 2007 • Repacholi, Meltzoff, & Olsen, Developmental Psychology, 2008 This shows that non-cognitive factors play a major role in pre-school learning
  • 7. The Social Brain We investigated the neural basis of social learning, using EEG recordings in young children as they observed and imitated an adult
  • 8. Imitation Task for EEG (mu rhythm desynchronization) Marshall & Meltzoff Marshall, Young, & Meltzoff, Dev. Cog. Neurosci., 2011 Dev. Sci., 2011
  • 10. Gaze Following is crucial developmental component of learning • Learning language, names for things •  Learning about new objects and concepts •  Acquiring new skills via imitation and instruction
  • 11. Gaze Following & Joint Visual Attention Using technology • Problem: Establishing joint reference in computer- mediated communications and multimedia • Domains: Diagrams, pictures, dynamic videos • Important: For computer supported collaborative learning
  • 12. Infant Gaze Following Time Brooks & Meltzoff, Dev. Psych., 2002
  • 13. Gaze and Language Learning: Gaze Following + Pointing Predicts Vocabulary Growth (SES controlled) 600 + High Social Gaze 500 Words Produced Following & Pointing 400 300 -  Low Social Gaze 200 Following & Pointing 100 0 10-11 14 18 24 Brooks & Meltzoff (2008) Age in Months J. of Child Language
  • 14. Extensions to Social Robots Infant Imitation Robotic Imitation Meltzoff, Brooks, Shon, & Rao Robotic Gaze Following (2010). Neural Networks.
  • 15. Psychological Theory • Infants: Imitation of a person’s motor behavior • Elementary-school children: Take on the attitudes & attributes associated of the group - With development, children establish ‘Like me’ class. Based on that, the way culture treats other ‘like me’ people has implications for the child’s development. This applies across the life-span. Meltzoff, “Like Me” theory, Dev. Sci. 2007
  • 16. Practice Gaze Following & Imitation in Everyday Life Children learn naturally by watching what others do But in formal schooling we often force them to learn in isolation
  • 17. A New Science of Learning Meltzoff, Kuhl, Movellan, & Sejnowski, Science (2009)