1. Where Does It Come
From and How Is It
Tracked?
Presented by
Erica Fetty and
Sarah VanderWielen

2. Where Does Ozone Come
From?
• Ozone is not directly emitted into the
atmosphere
• Ozone is composed of Nitrogen Oxides and
Volatile Organic Compounds in the presents of
sunlight
• Because ozone forms in the air, it often shows up
downwind from the sources

3. Sources of NOx
• Each year the US emits approximately 19.4
million metric tons of nitrogen oxides
• Cars, Trucks, and Boats
• Fuel Combustion
• Power Generation (fossil fuel)
• Lightning
• Forest Fires

4. Sources of NOx

5. VOCs
Types
• Formaldehyde
• Benzene
• Toluene
• Xylene
• Acetone
Sources
• Paint
• Air Fresheners
• Tobacco
• Dry Cleaning Chemicals
• Glues
• Household cleaners
• Gasoline

6. Future of Ozone
• EPA expects NO2 concentrations will continue to
decrease in the future as a result of a number of
mobile source regulations that are taking effect.
• Tier 2 standards for light-duty vehicles began phasing in during
2004, and new NOx standards for heavy-duty engines are phasing
in between 2007 and 2010 model years.
• Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati metropolitan areas are
currently non-attainment for 2008 Ozone Standard of 75 ppb.

7. Where Does PM Come From?
PM 2.5 comes from a wide variety of combustion
activities
• Fires
• Power Generation
• Cars, Trucks, Buses
• Off-Road Vehicles
http://www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/particulates.php

8. How PM 2.5 Forms
• Emitted directly from sources like fires
• Indirect chemical reactions happen in the
atmosphere when sulfur dioxides and nitrogen
oxides are emitted
• Chemical reactions account for the most fine particle pollution
• Power plants, tailpipes
http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Particulate-Matter.asp

9. Future of PM 2.5
• 1997 Annual Standard of 15.0 µg/m3
• Waiting on areas to be redesignated attainment
• 2006 24-Hour Standard of 35 µg/m3
• Waiting on areas to be redesignated attainment
• 2013 Annual Standard of 12.0 µg/m3
• December 2013: State designation due
• August 2014: U.S. EPA publish purposed designations
for public comment
• December 2014: Final designation

10. Emissions Inventories
• Facilities that have the potential to emit certain
amounts of air pollution are required to apply for and
obtain a state-federal operating permit and pay
emission fees
• Permit establishes permitted allowable emission rates
• Major facilities must submit actual emission reports every year
• Synthetic Minor facilities report every year
• True Minor facilities report every two years

11. Emissions Inventories
• Ohio EPA data available for download
• Point sources
• Coal burning reports
• http://epa.ohio.gov/dapc/aqmp/eiu/eis.aspx
• U.S. EPA emissions inventories
• http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiinformation.html

12. Ohio EPA Inventories

13. Inventory Report

14. Monitoring
• Ohio has one of the most extensive monitoring
networks in the county
• Ozone
• 49 monitors
• Parts per billion
• Monitored hourly
• Particulate Matter
• 38 PM monitors
• Micrograms per cubic meter
• Air filters collected and reviewed at lab
• http://wwwapp.epa.ohio.gov/gis/mapportal/

15. Ohio Ozone Sites

16. Ozone
2011-2013

17. Ohio PM 2.5 Sites

18. PM 2.5 Annual
2010-2012

19. Questions
Erica.Fetty@epa.state.oh.us
Sarah.VanderWielen@epa.oh.us
THANK YOU!