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Iztok Kramberger

Ljudje smo spolni organi
tehnologije
Čar generacij …

• Svoj prvi program sem napisal na
  pisalni stroj!
                                  (Gregor Donaj)




• We don’t think, we google!
                               (mobilni operater)
Čar desetletja …
  SANDIA ASCI RED   SONY PLAYSTATION 3
        1997               2006
    1.8 teraflops      1.8 teraflops
       150 m2             0.08 m2
     800.000 W           < 200 W
Čar razvoja …

• Biološka inspiracija ali muha enodnevnica?




  AIM 9X Sidewinder                   Komar (Culex pipiens)
  Teža: ~85 kg                        Teža: ~2 g
  Cena: ~100k USD                     Cena: prosto dostopno

     Oba imata izjemno učinkovit IR sistem vodenja, vendar komar
             lahko naredi še kaj drugega (reprodukcija).
Moore-ov zakon …
•   1993 – Numerical Wind Tunnel      •   2004 – BlueGene/L
     –   140 jeder, 235 Gflops             –   32.768 jeder, 91.750 Gflops



•   1996 – CP-PACS/2048               •   2005 – BlueGene/L
     –   2.048 jeder, 614 Gflops           –   131.072 jeder, 367.000 Gflops



•   1997 – ASCI Red                   •   2007 – BlueGene/L
     –   9.152 jeder, 1.830 Gflops         –   212.992 jeder, 596.378 Gflops



•   1999 – ASCI Red                   •   2008 – Roadrunner
     –   9.632 jeder, 3.207 Gflops         –   129.600 jeder, 1.456.704 Gflops



•   2000 – ASCI White                 •   2009 – Jaguar
     –   8.192 jeder, 12.288 Gflops        –   224.162 jeder, 2.331.000 Gflops



•   2002 – Earth-Simulator            •   2010 – Tianhe-1A
     –   5.120 jeder, 40.960 Gflops        –   186.368 jeder, 4.701.000 Gflops
Ne-ublažen pritisk …
• 2010 – 22 nm elementi tranzistorjev
   – odstotek napak se povečuje


• 2018 – predvideno 18 nm
   – atomski procesi posegajo v funkcionalnost tranzistorja


• večanje zapornih tokov in tunelski efekt
  skozi oksidno plast vrat
Ekonomija možganov …

• "outside-in" and "bottom-up“ pristopa sta
  komplementarna
• oblikovanje organizacije možganov
  – ekonomski kompromis adaptivnega zniževanja
    stroškov med “ožičenjem” in vrednostjo
    topoloških vzorcev
Velika možganska dirka …

• 1016 - 1017 FLOPS (2014)
  – potrebno za simulacijo možganov
    podgane


• 1019 - 1020 FLOPS (2025)
  – potrebno za nevrološko simulacijo
    človeških možganov
Pomnilno-procesna celica …
• Primerjava poti hipotetičnega bita podatkov
   – razlika med arhitekturo možganov in standardnega
     računalnika
Pomnilno-procesna celica …
• Korelacijsko učenje s pomočjo memristorja
  – medcelične povezave kot simulacija sinaptičnih
    povezav
Možganski vmesniki …
• Človeški možgani predstavljajo kompleksen sistem, ki
  izraža bogato časovno-prostorsko dinamiko
   – neposredno merjenje kortične aktivnosti (EEG, MEG)
       • zaznavanje ritmičnih ali manj ritmičnih nihanj zunaj celičnih tokov
         možganske skorje in nekaterih globljih struktur
                                                                             Kaj
                                                                         razmišljaš?
                                        Ne vem…
                                         Pa ti?
Pripomočki za invalide …

• Elektronsko sledenje premikov oči
Možganski vmesniki …
• Vizualno izzvani potenciali enakomernega stanja
   – najbolj obetavnih modalnost ne-invazivnih
     možganskih vmesnikov
      • preprosta namestitev, kratek čas treninga, visoka
        informacijska prenosna hitrost
   – merjeno kot EEG signalizacija na zatilnični regiji
Možganski vmesniki …
• Binokularno vzbujanje s fazno razliko med očesi
   – odvzem signala na O1 in O2
   – poveča število hkratnih simbolov – ITR
   – zmanjša neprijeten občutek




   f=f1=f2, ϕ2≠ ϕ1
Možganski vmesniki …
                                         Spektralni SSVEP odziv
                       1



                                                                                 Stimulacija

                                                                                 Odziv
 Normiran odziv (dB)




                       0




                       -1




                       -2
                            0   5   10      15        20          25   30   35                 40
                                                 Frekvenca (Hz)
Možganski vmesniki …
                                                 SSVEP odziv pri vzbujanju f=21 Hz
                  8




                  6
 Amplituda (µV)




                  4




                  2




                  0
                      0   2   4   6   8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
                                                                    Frekvenca (Hz)
Možganski vmesniki …

• SSVEP odzivi (višji harmoniki)
  6


  4


  2


  0
      0   2   4   6   8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

                                        f1=9Hz, f2=14Hz, 2f2+f1 (37Hz)
  6


  4


  2


  0
      0   2   4   6   8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64


                             f1=9Hz, f2=14Hz, f2-f1 (5Hz), 3f1(27Hz), 3f2-f1(33HZ)
Ljudje smo spolni organi tehnologije

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Ljudje smo spolni organi tehnologije

  • 1. Iztok Kramberger Ljudje smo spolni organi tehnologije
  • 2. Čar generacij … • Svoj prvi program sem napisal na pisalni stroj! (Gregor Donaj) • We don’t think, we google! (mobilni operater)
  • 3. Čar desetletja … SANDIA ASCI RED SONY PLAYSTATION 3 1997 2006 1.8 teraflops 1.8 teraflops 150 m2 0.08 m2 800.000 W < 200 W
  • 4. Čar razvoja … • Biološka inspiracija ali muha enodnevnica? AIM 9X Sidewinder Komar (Culex pipiens) Teža: ~85 kg Teža: ~2 g Cena: ~100k USD Cena: prosto dostopno Oba imata izjemno učinkovit IR sistem vodenja, vendar komar lahko naredi še kaj drugega (reprodukcija).
  • 5. Moore-ov zakon … • 1993 – Numerical Wind Tunnel • 2004 – BlueGene/L – 140 jeder, 235 Gflops – 32.768 jeder, 91.750 Gflops • 1996 – CP-PACS/2048 • 2005 – BlueGene/L – 2.048 jeder, 614 Gflops – 131.072 jeder, 367.000 Gflops • 1997 – ASCI Red • 2007 – BlueGene/L – 9.152 jeder, 1.830 Gflops – 212.992 jeder, 596.378 Gflops • 1999 – ASCI Red • 2008 – Roadrunner – 9.632 jeder, 3.207 Gflops – 129.600 jeder, 1.456.704 Gflops • 2000 – ASCI White • 2009 – Jaguar – 8.192 jeder, 12.288 Gflops – 224.162 jeder, 2.331.000 Gflops • 2002 – Earth-Simulator • 2010 – Tianhe-1A – 5.120 jeder, 40.960 Gflops – 186.368 jeder, 4.701.000 Gflops
  • 6. Ne-ublažen pritisk … • 2010 – 22 nm elementi tranzistorjev – odstotek napak se povečuje • 2018 – predvideno 18 nm – atomski procesi posegajo v funkcionalnost tranzistorja • večanje zapornih tokov in tunelski efekt skozi oksidno plast vrat
  • 7. Ekonomija možganov … • "outside-in" and "bottom-up“ pristopa sta komplementarna • oblikovanje organizacije možganov – ekonomski kompromis adaptivnega zniževanja stroškov med “ožičenjem” in vrednostjo topoloških vzorcev
  • 8. Velika možganska dirka … • 1016 - 1017 FLOPS (2014) – potrebno za simulacijo možganov podgane • 1019 - 1020 FLOPS (2025) – potrebno za nevrološko simulacijo človeških možganov
  • 9. Pomnilno-procesna celica … • Primerjava poti hipotetičnega bita podatkov – razlika med arhitekturo možganov in standardnega računalnika
  • 10. Pomnilno-procesna celica … • Korelacijsko učenje s pomočjo memristorja – medcelične povezave kot simulacija sinaptičnih povezav
  • 11. Možganski vmesniki … • Človeški možgani predstavljajo kompleksen sistem, ki izraža bogato časovno-prostorsko dinamiko – neposredno merjenje kortične aktivnosti (EEG, MEG) • zaznavanje ritmičnih ali manj ritmičnih nihanj zunaj celičnih tokov možganske skorje in nekaterih globljih struktur Kaj razmišljaš? Ne vem… Pa ti?
  • 12. Pripomočki za invalide … • Elektronsko sledenje premikov oči
  • 13. Možganski vmesniki … • Vizualno izzvani potenciali enakomernega stanja – najbolj obetavnih modalnost ne-invazivnih možganskih vmesnikov • preprosta namestitev, kratek čas treninga, visoka informacijska prenosna hitrost – merjeno kot EEG signalizacija na zatilnični regiji
  • 14. Možganski vmesniki … • Binokularno vzbujanje s fazno razliko med očesi – odvzem signala na O1 in O2 – poveča število hkratnih simbolov – ITR – zmanjša neprijeten občutek f=f1=f2, ϕ2≠ ϕ1
  • 15. Možganski vmesniki … Spektralni SSVEP odziv 1 Stimulacija Odziv Normiran odziv (dB) 0 -1 -2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Frekvenca (Hz)
  • 16. Možganski vmesniki … SSVEP odziv pri vzbujanju f=21 Hz 8 6 Amplituda (µV) 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 Frekvenca (Hz)
  • 17. Možganski vmesniki … • SSVEP odzivi (višji harmoniki) 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 f1=9Hz, f2=14Hz, 2f2+f1 (37Hz) 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 f1=9Hz, f2=14Hz, f2-f1 (5Hz), 3f1(27Hz), 3f2-f1(33HZ)

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. First slide
  2. Final slide