1. Chapter 6: ManagingChapter 6: Managing
Peace and SecurityPeace and Security
Why Conflicts Occur among NationsWhy Conflicts Occur among Nations

2. Chapter 6Chapter 6
 Chapter Overview:Chapter Overview:
– Some causes of international conflicts.Some causes of international conflicts.
– How Singapore ensures NationalHow Singapore ensures National
Security through diplomacy andSecurity through diplomacy and
deterrence.deterrence.

3. Forms of ConflictsForms of Conflicts
 All countries want to protect theirAll countries want to protect their
sovereignty and national interest:sovereignty and national interest:
a)a) Competing territoryCompeting territory
b) Conflict over scarce resourceb) Conflict over scarce resource
c) Conflict over ideological differencesc) Conflict over ideological differences

4. Lesson ObjectivesLesson Objectives
 By the end of the lesson students would beBy the end of the lesson students would be
able to:able to:
a.a. State why territorial disputes wouldState why territorial disputes would
lead to wars.lead to wars.
b.b. State why India and China went toState why India and China went to
war over territory.war over territory.

5. Map of Africa

6. Think About This!Think About This!
 How do you think the governments ofHow do you think the governments of
these countries drew their country’sthese countries drew their country’s
boundaries?boundaries?
 What determined the border betweenWhat determined the border between
countries?countries?

7. Let’s Hear From YouLet’s Hear From You
 In pairsIn pairs work out the answer to the followingwork out the answer to the following
question with your partner:question with your partner:
– What are the factors that governments take intoWhat are the factors that governments take into
account when drawing up borders.account when drawing up borders.

8. What Have WeWhat Have We
Learnt?Learnt?
 Marking of boundaries is not precise.Marking of boundaries is not precise.
 Open to dispute. Difference in views.Open to dispute. Difference in views.
 Governments may base their decisionGovernments may base their decision
on political or cultural reasons.on political or cultural reasons.

9. Sino-India WarSino-India War
 India and China among the oldest civilizationsIndia and China among the oldest civilizations
in the world.in the world.
 Throughout long history no major wars.Throughout long history no major wars.
 However went to war over territorial disputes.However went to war over territorial disputes.

10. India’s Point of ViewIndia’s Point of View
 In 1947 India gained independence fromIn 1947 India gained independence from
Britain. It inherited a frontier drawn by theBritain. It inherited a frontier drawn by the
British.British.
 Did not accept China’s interpretation ofDid not accept China’s interpretation of
border. India suspicious of China’s motivesborder. India suspicious of China’s motives
 Disputed areas:Disputed areas: Aksai Chin plateauAksai Chin plateau && NorthNorth
Eastern Frontier AgencyEastern Frontier Agency. (See map on 159). (See map on 159)

11. China’s Point of ViewChina’s Point of View
 1950s – China began to contest India’s1950s – China began to contest India’s
presence along the frontier.presence along the frontier.
 China rejected British defined border.China rejected British defined border.
– Britain was an imperial power. CommunistBritain was an imperial power. Communist
governments rejected colonialismgovernments rejected colonialism
– Britain never consulted China on border -so notBritain never consulted China on border -so not
valid.valid.
– Claim what disputed areas belonged to the peopleClaim what disputed areas belonged to the people
of China.of China.

12. Sino-Indian WarSino-Indian War
 1958 – China built a road at_________1958 – China built a road at_________
 1959 – Indian and Chinese armies broke1959 – Indian and Chinese armies broke
out along ______ and Aksai Chin Plateau.out along ______ and Aksai Chin Plateau.
 Mid-1961 China occupied territories whichMid-1961 China occupied territories which
India regarded as its own.India regarded as its own.
 1962 Official war broke out between India1962 Official war broke out between India
and China.and China.

13. Sino-Indian War 1962Sino-Indian War 1962
 Was a short war. Ended as quickly as itWas a short war. Ended as quickly as it
began.began.
 Territorial conflict has not yet beenTerritorial conflict has not yet been
resolved.resolved.
 India and China signed an agreement inIndia and China signed an agreement in
2005 to address the border issue in a fair2005 to address the border issue in a fair
and reasonableand reasonable

14. Lesson 2: Conflict amongLesson 2: Conflict among
nationsnations
 Three reasons:Three reasons:
a)a) Competing territoryCompeting territory
b)b) Conflict over scarce resourceConflict over scarce resource
c)c) Conflict over ideological differencesConflict over ideological differences

15. Lesson 2: Conflict AmongLesson 2: Conflict Among
NationsNations
 You may have learnt from GeographyYou may have learnt from Geography
class that the Earth’s resources areclass that the Earth’s resources are
unequally distributed.unequally distributed.
 Some countries have more of oneSome countries have more of one
resource than another. These includeresource than another. These include
organic and non-organic resources.organic and non-organic resources.

16. Atlantic CodAtlantic Cod

17. Iceland’s Point of viewIceland’s Point of view
 Iceland main natural resource is fishing.Iceland main natural resource is fishing.
 Depends on fishing for survivalDepends on fishing for survival
 Wanted zone of fishing around Iceland.Wanted zone of fishing around Iceland.
 Fishermen from other countries could notFishermen from other countries could not
fish there.fish there.
 Believed that Over fishing caused FishBelieved that Over fishing caused Fish
stocks to decreasestocks to decrease
 Iceland’s National interest threatened.Iceland’s National interest threatened.

18. Britain’s Point of viewBritain’s Point of view
 Britain also had fishing industry.Britain also had fishing industry.
 By limiting the areas they could fish,By limiting the areas they could fish,
revenue for British fishermen wouldrevenue for British fishermen would
decrease.decrease.
 Refused to acknowledge Iceland’s newRefused to acknowledge Iceland’s new
boundary.boundary.
 Need to protect their interests even if forceNeed to protect their interests even if force
had to be used.had to be used.

19. Iceland-Britain WarIceland-Britain War
(Cod War)(Cod War)

20. ReferencesReferences
 Prices of Atlantic Cod: 1400 British pounds perPrices of Atlantic Cod: 1400 British pounds per
tonne of landed Cod.tonne of landed Cod.
 http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/163/the-atlantic-cod-http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/163/the-atlantic-cod-
the-potential-for-farming-in-shetlandthe-potential-for-farming-in-shetland
 http://g4bp.freeuk.com/nigelhadley/codwar.htmhttp://g4bp.freeuk.com/nigelhadley/codwar.htm
 http://www.vanaqua.org/aquanewshttp://www.vanaqua.org/aquanews

21. Lesson 2: Conflict amongLesson 2: Conflict among
nationsnations
 Three reasons:Three reasons:
a)a) Competing territoryCompeting territory
b)b) Conflict over scarce resourceConflict over scarce resource
c)c) Conflict over ideologicalConflict over ideological
differencesdifferences

22. The Korean War 1950-The Korean War 1950-
19531953
• End of WWII: USA and USSR two majorEnd of WWII: USA and USSR two major
powers.powers. (why were they major powers?)(why were they major powers?)
• USSR =USSR = Communism – No elections.Communism – No elections.
Leaders are appointed.Leaders are appointed.
• USA =USA = Democracy – ElectionDemocracy – Election
campaigns, citizens get to choosecampaigns, citizens get to choose
byby

23. Korea DividedKorea Divided
 After the war, Japan was defeated and leftAfter the war, Japan was defeated and left
Korea.Korea.
 USSR (Soviet Russia) occupied the NorthUSSR (Soviet Russia) occupied the North
 US & Allies occupied the SouthUS & Allies occupied the South
 UN (United Nations) called upon KoreanUN (United Nations) called upon Korean
leaders to hold elections to elect aleaders to hold elections to elect a
government to reunite North and Southgovernment to reunite North and South

24. Korea DividedKorea Divided
 1947 - USSR refused the election and1947 - USSR refused the election and
installed a communist regime in the North.installed a communist regime in the North.
 1948 – South Korea held elections, US1948 – South Korea held elections, US
supported elected South Koreansupported elected South Korean
government.government.

25. Korean WarKorean War
 North to reunite Korea under communism.North to reunite Korea under communism.
 South to reunite Korea under democracy.South to reunite Korea under democracy.
 Fearing spread of communism, USA and itsFearing spread of communism, USA and its
allies defended South. Under UN forces.allies defended South. Under UN forces.
 North Korea supported by China defendedNorth Korea supported by China defended
North against Korean attacks.North against Korean attacks.
 China did not join the war yet.China did not join the war yet.

26. Korean WarKorean War
 1951 – fearing that China itself would be1951 – fearing that China itself would be
threatened (Why?). China also joined thethreatened (Why?). China also joined the
war against the US and allies (UN).war against the US and allies (UN).
 China pushed UN troops into SouthChina pushed UN troops into South
Korea.Korea.
 Stalemate from 1951 to 1952.Stalemate from 1951 to 1952.
 August 1953 – an agreement was signedAugust 1953 – an agreement was signed
to stop the fighting and a DMZ* betweento stop the fighting and a DMZ* between
North and South Korea was created.North and South Korea was created.

30. RecallRecall
 What were the causes of the KoreanWhat were the causes of the Korean
War?War?
 Why did China, US and USSR becomeWhy did China, US and USSR become
involved?involved?
 How was the Korean War resolved? IsHow was the Korean War resolved? Is
it a satisfactory solution?it a satisfactory solution?

31. How do countries manageHow do countries manage
conflictsconflicts
 Take a look at Figure 6.5 in textbook. With yourTake a look at Figure 6.5 in textbook. With your
partners, work out:partners, work out:
– Which ways are peaceful ways of resolving conflictsWhich ways are peaceful ways of resolving conflicts
– Which ways are non-peacefulWhich ways are non-peaceful
 2 mins to do this.2 mins to do this.

32. Simple QuizSimple Quiz
Arrange the steps towards conflict in orderArrange the steps towards conflict in order
 Countries resolve crisis through talkingCountries resolve crisis through talking
(negotiation).(negotiation).
 Sometimes conflict spreads beyond nationalSometimes conflict spreads beyond national
boundaries.boundaries.
 Armed conflict will followArmed conflict will follow
 Stronger side will force weaker side to agree toStronger side will force weaker side to agree to
certain terms.certain terms.
1
2
3
4