An intro to early medieval art: Christianity, Barbarians, Vikings, illuminated manuscripts, Carolingian era art and architecture, Charlemagne, Sutton Hoo, and more!
3. The Middle Ages
Medieval vs. Middle Ages vs. Dark
Ages
◦ 1,000 years
◦ 5th century-1500 (end of Roman Empire to
Renaissance
Early Medieval – through early 11th century
Romanesque – 11th-12th centuries
Gothic – mid 12th-15th centuries
“Barbarians”
Feudalism: patronage, family/clan ties,
personal service/labor for protection
5. 5th Century: ROME
Roman army abandons Britain
(Hadrian’s Wall)
◦ Germanic allies of Rome
◦ 410 Rome sacked by Visigoths (Galla
Placidia!)
◦ 455 Rome sacked by Vandals (after
making Carthage headquarters)
◦ 476 Ostrogoths deposed the last Roman
Emperor
Ravenna – capital until Byzantine defeat
6. 5th Century: Non-Romans
Celts – western Europe
Germanic peoples – Baltic Sea
◦ Goths head south around Mediterranean>Roman empire
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◦
◦
◦
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◦
Huns - Central Asia> Western Europe
Ostrogoths>Italy
Visigoths>Spain
Burgundians>Switzerland, Eastern France
Franks>Germany, France, Belgium
Vandals>Africa, eventually settle in Italy
ANIMAL STYLE in the arts
8. Early Medieval Christianity
St. Augustine – “The City of God”
496 – Franks convert under Clovis (ruled
481-511) and Burgundian wife, Clotilda
◦ French rulers and popes = allies
589 –Goths accept Roman Christianity
597 – Pope Gregory the Great sends
missionaries from Rome to King
Ethelbert of Kent (Christian wife, Bertha);
Augustine!
Monasteries = center of art & learning
9. Eagle Brooch – Visigothic, 6th Century,
Spain
Gilt bronze,
crystal, garnets,
etc.
5 3/8”
Cabochon:
polished,
unfaceted crystal
One of a pair
10. Cross - Church of Saint Giulia, Brescia (east of
Milan), late 7th-early 9th century
Made for
western
Christian Church
Byzantine form
Engraved
cameos and
jewels from
ancient world
Fake gems
(glass)
12. Celts & Anglo-Saxons: Sutton
Hoo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWxcQZBM3eQ
Purse cover, Suffolk, England, first half of 7th century
13. Page with a Man, Gospel Book
of Durrow, second half of 7th
century
Iona, Scotland
OR northern
England
Ink and
tempera on
parchment
Making of
illuminated
manuscripts:
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=1aDHJu9J10o
20. South Cross, Ahenny
County Tipperary,
Ireland, 8th
century, stone
Bosses= broochlike projections
Like a reliquary
cross
21. Mozarabic Art – Muslims in
Spain
Islamic and Christian exchange
711 – Islamic invaders conquer
Visigoths in Spain; “Moors” rule until
1492
732 – Charles Martel and Franks keep
Muslims out of France
Melting-pot of cultures in Spain
Mustarib – “would be Arab”
22. Beatus, Abbot of
St. Martin,
Commentary on
the Apocalypse,
8th century
Emeterius and
Senior
Bell tower and
scriptorium
Colophon – last
page; provides info
about the book’s
production
23. Battle of the bird and the
serpent, commentary on
the Apocalypse by Beatus
and commentary on
Daniel by Jerome, (detail)
Emeterius and
Ende, with
scribe Senior
July 6, 975
completion
Metaphor for
triumph of
Christ over
Satan
24. Carolingian Empire
Charles the Great (768-814 –ruled) –
Carolus Magnus (in Latin)dynasty/empire
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Western Germany
France
Lombard kingdom-Italy
Present-day Belgium and Holland
Frankish descent
Christian
Dec 25, 800 CE – Pope Leo III
crowned Charlemagne as Emperor
25. Charlemagne’s Objectives
Restore Roman Empire
Revive arts and learning
Benedictine monks/nuns
◦ Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-547) Rule for
Monasteries
◦ EDUCATION
Aachen, Germany
26. Chapel Palace at Aachen
Octagonal dome
Sixteen-sided outer wall
Soundless video about Aachen and
Lorsch Gospels by Victoria and Albert
Museum:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1l31Pp20pUQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwIKmKxu614
27. Carolingian Books
Exacting editing/copying
◦ Alcuin of York – Anglo-Saxon scholar;
corrected copy of Latin Vulgate Bible…still
in use!
◦ Majiscules vs. Miniscules
NO punctuation or spaces between words!
28. Godescalc Gospel Lectionary;
Page with Mark the Evangelist
781-783
Ink, gold, and colors
on vellum
Commissioned by
Charlemagne and
Hildegard
29. Coronation Gospels – Page with Saint
Matthew the Evangelist, early 9th century
Roman realistic;
placed in
Charlemagne’s
tomb and
removed by
Emperor Otto III
in 1000?
30. Ebbo Gospels, Page with Matthew
the Evangelist, 2nd quarter of 9th
century
Archbishop Ebbo
of Reims
Louis the Pious,
son of
Charlemagne
(ruled 814-840) –
childhood friend
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=eqC8gVxx
B-s
31. Utrecht Psalter – 2nd quarter of
9th century, Page with Psalm 23
(detail)
Old Testament Book of Psalms
32. Lindau Gospels – outer cover,
870-880
Carolingian
metalwork
Monastic workshop
under Charles the
Bald (840-877) –
Charlemagne’s
grandson
Raised jewels on
mini arcades (light
beneath)
33. VIKING ERA
Norse seamen - 350 ships
Viken – “people from the coves”
1000 – Leif Ericksson reached North
America
Famous attacks:
◦ 793 – Lindisfarne monastery
◦ 795 – Iona (off Scotland’s west coast)
35. Picture Stones at Jelling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxdaLPGoQ9g
36. Urnes Church Portal, 11th
century, Norway
11th century
doorway; building
rebuilt 12th century
Syncretism:
“gripping beasts”
and Lion of
Judah/Christ
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=We6aFOp4zsw
37. Stave Church, Borgund, Norway,
1125-1150 CE
Timber
architecture
◦ Stacked
horizontal
◦ On end + sill
Ridgepole
Rafter
Cruck
stave= huge
timber
38. Ottonian Europe
Saxon dynasty that took over after
Charlemagne’s grandson’s family died
out in the 10th century
◦ Otto I (936-973 CE)
951 – married Lombardian widow, Adelaide
962 – crowned emperor by the Pope in 962
CHURCH OVER STATE
◦ Otto II (973-983 CE)
◦ Otto III (994-1002)
983-994: Adelaide and Theophanu ruled as
regents
“Thou lofty tower of Tabara made of stone! There, over thy first roof, Emeterius sat for three months bowed down and racked in every limb by the copying. He finished the book on July 27th in the year 1008 (970, by modern dating) at the eighth hour” –Emeterius (cited in Dodwell, p 247)