Webinar 2 - Patient and Visitor Involvement: The Hand Hygiene Missing Link?
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Examine the rise in Antibiotic Resistant Organisms and review the Chain of Transmission with emphasis on the portal of entry, and how a focused patient hand hygiene program may be what’s missing in our goal of lower healthcare associated infections and colorizations.
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Webinar 2 - Patient and Visitor Involvement: The Hand Hygiene Missing Link?
- 1. Patient and Visitor Involvement: The Hand Hygiene Missing Link? Jim Gauthier, MLT, CIC CHICA-Canada Past President Providence Care, Kingston, ON CPSI April 2013 1
- 2. Objectives • Review some of our issues with antibiotic resistant organisms • Discuss the importance of keeping our patient’s hands clean 2
- 3. Courtesy of Ministry of Health and Long Term Care - Ontario 3
- 4. Where Do We Spend Our Time? • Focus on – Reservoir – Mode of Transmission 4
- 5. Reservoir • Patient Screening – Admission Screening • Isolation 5
- 6. Admission Screening • MRSA – Nares, perianal or groin, wounds, exit sites • VRE – Stool or rectal swab • CDI – No screening readily available • Other ARO’s – Problems with culture media or standardization, what to look for? 6
- 7. Admission Screening Problems • Cost – PCR can be pricey but quick - $75 • Turn Around Time (TAT) – PCR is quick – same day – Some culture techniques can take up to 5 or 7 days if mixed culture • Snap shot of that day, that site 7
- 8. Contact Precautions • Jim has problems with this! 8
- 9. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS WE JUST FOUND OUT THAT THIS PATIENT HAS A BUG THAT COULD BE CARRIED TO THE NEXT PATIENT. NOW WE REALLY MEAN YOU HAVE TO PERFORM HAND HYGIENE AND TRY NOT TO SOIL YOUR UNIFORM! WE ARE NOT SURE ABOUT THE GUY NEXT DOOR, YET, SO DO WHATEVER YOU WANT! 9
- 10. 10
- 11. Mode of Transmission • Contact – Direct – Indirect • Droplet • Airborne 11
- 12. Mode of Transmission – Contact • Hand hygiene – Alcohol hand rub – Soap and water • Variety of agents • Equipment cleaning – Single patient use – Fomites such as toilets, tubs, etc. 12
- 14. 14
- 15. Infectious Agent • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Parasites • Prions 15
- 16. Acronyms on the Increase? • MRSA - Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – stable to climbing • VRE - Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci • CDI - Clostridium difficile Infection – still causing outbreaks • ESBL – Extended Spectrum Beta- lactamase producing organisms 16
- 18. Newer Acronyms • NDM-1 – New Delhi metallo-beta lactamase • CRE/CPE – Carbapenem resistant or carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_metallo-beta-lactamase_1 18
- 19. 19
- 20. Susceptible Host • Age • Immunosuppression • Diabetes • Burns • Surgery • Lines • Immunizations 20
- 21. 21
- 22. Portal of Exit • Body Fluids (Blood, etc.) • Skin • Feces • Mucous Membranes – Routine Practices 22
- 23. WARNING!! This patient has: –Skin! –Feces! –Mucous Membranes! PERFORM HAND HYGIENE AFTER CONTACT WITH THIS PATIENT OR THEIR ENVIRONMENT! 23
- 24. Hi Healthcare Person I have Skin, Feces and Mucous Membranes! Please sanitize your hands after contact with me or my surroundings 24
- 25. 25
- 26. Portal of Entry - MRSA • Common colonization site of nares • HOW? • Healthcare workers and noses? • Patient and Nose? 26
- 28. Portal of Entry - MRSA • Skin – Broken skin – opportunistic with own organism • Decolonization and SSI rates (Hacek 2008) – Perineum / perianal – GI tract? • Tubs • Linen • Patient hands 28
- 29. Portal of Entry - VRE • Two entrances – Rectal or oral • Rectal – Scopes – tubs – fingers – gloves 29
- 30. Portal of Entry - VRE • Oral • Is it us? 30
- 32. Portal of Entry – CDI • Same as previous slides – Oral, rectal – Possible food based (Rodriguez-Palacios 2007) • Might explain some of the community related illness 32
- 33. Portal of Entry – CDI • Proton Pump Inhibitors – Possible problem – Conclusion: Clean patient’s hands! (Metz 2008) • Rates lower with hand hygiene program for both staff and patients (Drudy 2007) 33
- 34. Portal of Entry – CRE • Let me guess…oral, rectal • Can find in wounds, insertion sites 34
- 35. Portal of Entry – Our Patients • Ward 2003 – ‘Improving Patient Hand Hygiene’ • If they don’t wash at home, won’t wash in the hospital • Educate staff • Provide information – Pamphlet, Verbally, Posters 35
- 36. Our Patients • Unable to access facilities – Immobile – Attached to equipment • IV, monitors • Ardizzone 2013 – Surgical pain – Surgical dressings 36
- 37. Our Patients • Patients want – More signs – Better Reminders – Personal hand sanitizers 37
- 38. Hand Sanitizer Bottle Label FOR PATIENT USE Keep on overbed table If necessary, please ask for assistance to use this product 38
- 39. Portal of Entry – Our Patients • Banfield et al – 2005. • ‘Could hospital patients’ hands constitute a missing link?’ • Excellent review article • Not a lot of studies that look at patient hands 39
- 40. Our Patients • Studies did find potentially pathogenic bacteria on patient’s hands (Hedin 2012, Istenes 2013) • Outbreak strains present • Bed-ridden patients have higher numbers • Patients help patients! (Tomic 2008) 40
- 41. Our Patients • If not given the chance, won’t be able to do their hands • Need to make sure patients can do it! • Hand wipes a good idea (Burnett 2008) 41
- 42. Patients/Volunteers • Study looking at education methods for parents visiting PICU (Chen 2007) • Used video versus poster • Video group had better technique – Overall no significant difference in compliance • Patients and Visitors better than physicians at 57% (Randle 2010) 42
- 43. Children/Visitors • Observation on paediatric unit • General and Oncology • No education over the presence of ABHR • Visitors lower at 23% • Need program for children (Randle 2012) 43
- 44. Staff Awareness • Surveys recognize that staff think patient hand hygiene is a good idea (Burnett 2008, 2009) • Staff felt HH more important after going to the toilet than before meals – Need to explain concept of fecal oral spread and the role of the environment 44
- 45. Does it Work? • Gagne 2010 • Could not get rates down • 4 full time and 4 part time attendants hired • Met patients and visiting relatives at door • Verbal and pamphlet • Encourage to clean hands at least twice per day • Used 70% with 0.5% Chlorhexidine 45
- 46. Results Impressive 2002-3 2003-4 Reduction MRSA Infections per 1000 Admissions 10.6 5.2 51% MRSA BSI 1.3 0.2 85% MRSA Resp 4.9 1.5 69% Ratio MRSA BSI / MSSA BSI 59% (13/22) 14% (2/14) 76% MRSA Mortality 0.7 0.2 71% 46
- 47. Projected Savings • $688,843! • May have prevented 51 infections – MRSA infection ~ $14,360 – MRSA BSI ~ $27,083 – Staffing was $170,000 47
- 48. Patient Moments Landers 2012 1. After using the toilet, bedpan, or commode 2. When returning to room after test or procedure 3. Before eating, drinking, taking medicine, or putting anything in your mouth 48
- 49. Patient Moments 4. When visibly dirty 5. Before touching any breaks in the skin (wounds, dressing, tubes or any care procedure (dialysis, IV drug administration, injections) 6. Before dialysis, contact with IV lines or other tubes 49
- 50. Patient Moments 7. After coughing, sneezing, or touching nose or mouth 8. Before interacting with visitors and after they leave 9. When there is concern about whether hand are clean 50
- 51. Jim’s Additional Moments 1. Leaving a wheelchair - New pamphlet for patients 2. After pet therapy (Lefebvre 2006) 51
- 52. CPSI • “How to help prevent healthcare- associated infections: a patient and family guide” • www.handhygiene.ca 52
- 53. Patient Assessment • Alcohol hand rub on overbed table • Observe if they can depress plunger • Observe if they can adequately cover hands • ‘Flag’ patient if they require assistance 53
- 54. Our Patients • Use of volunteers? http://images.buycostumes.com/mgen/merchandiser/17757.jpg54
- 55. 55
- 56. Summary • We need more emphasis on patient hand hygiene • We need more incentive (Schweon 2011) – Joint Commission, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services • We need more studies (Banfield 2005, Burnett 2008, 2009, Schweon 2010, Randle 2012, Landers 2012, Istenes 2013) 56
- 59. Super Patient Hand Hygiener 59
- 60. References • Ardizzone LL, et al. Patient hand hygiene practices in surgical patients. AJIC 2013 – in press • Banfield KR, et al. Could hospital patients’ hands constitute a missing link? J Hosp Infect 2005;61:183– 188 • Burnett E, et al. Hand hygiene: what about our patients? Br J Infect Control 2008;9(1):19-24 • Burnett E. Perceptions, attitudes, and behavior towards patient hand hygiene. AJIC 2009;37:638-42 • Chen YC, et al. Effectiveness of hand-washing teaching programs for families of children in paediatric intensive care units. J Clin Nurs 2007;16:1173-9 60
- 61. References • Drudy D, et al. Emergence and control of fluoroquinolone-resistant, toxin a–negative, toxin b– positive Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:932-940 • Gagne D, et al. Systematic patients’ hand disinfection: impact on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection rates in a community hospital. J Hosp Infect 2010;75:269-72 • Hacek DM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal decolonization in joint replacement surgery reduces infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(6):1349-1355 61
- 62. References • Hedin G. et al. Occurrence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on the hands of hospital patients before and after the introduction of patient hand disinfection. APMIS 2012;120:802-7 • Istenes N, et al. Patients’ potential role in the transmission of health care-associated infections: prevalence of contamination with bacterial pathogens and patients attitudes toward hand hygiene. AJIC 2013 In Press. • Landers T, et al. Patient-centered hand hygiene: the next step in infection prevention. AJIC 2012;40:S11-S17. 62
- 63. References • Lefebvre SL, et al. Prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in Ontario: implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:458–466 • Metz DC. Clostridium difficile Colitis: Wash your hands before stopping the proton pump inhibitor. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2314–16 • Randle J, et al. Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect 2010;76:252-5 • Randle J, et al. An observational study of hand hygiene complaince in paediatric wards. J Clin Nurs 2012; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04103.x 63
- 64. References • Rodriguez-Palacios A, et.al. Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007:13(3):485- 7 • Schweon SJ, et al. A realistic approach towards hand hygiene for long-term care residents and health care personnel. AJIC 2011;39:336-8 • Tomic V. Has the time come to recommend the use of alcohol-based hand rub to hospitalized patients? ICHE 2008;29(10): 987-8 • Ward D. Improving patient hand hygiene. Nursing Standard 2003;17(35):39-42 64