Presentation by Patrick ten Brink of IEEP on TEEB to WBCSD meeting 12 Mar 2010 in Switzerland

1. TEEB for Policy Makers
Patrick ten Brink
TEEB for Policy Makers Co-ordinator
Head of Brussels Office
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
WBCSD Liaison Delegate Meeting
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)
Evidence of Values, policy options and implications for business
8:30 – 15:30; 12 March 2010
Royal Plaza Hotel
Montreux, Switzerland

2. Presentation overview
Part A: TEEB
Process, content and context
Part B: Values and Decision Making
Part C: TEEB for Policy Makers
Selected elements for business

3. TEEB’s goals
TEEB’s goals
1. Demonstrate the value to the economy, to society/individuals
and wider environment – what we have & what we risk losing.
2. Underline the urgency of action, benefits of action
(opportunities), analyse costs of action
3. Show how the value of ecosystem services and biodiversity can
be assessed and where it can be useful
4. Show how we (can) take into account the value of ecosystem
services and biodiversity in our decisions and choices,
5. Identify / support solutions
6. Address the needs of policy-makers, local administrators,
business and citizens (the “end-users”)
Source: adapted from Pavan Sukhdev

4. TEEB – Final Report June 2010
TEEB reports for different end-users
TEEB D0: Ecological and
Economic Foundations
TEEB D1: TEEB for National and
International Policy-Makers
TEEB D2: TEEB for Local Policy-
Makers and Administrators
TEEB D3: TEEB for Business
TEEB D4: TEEB for Citizens

5. TEEB timeline
TEEB timeline
2008 2009 2010
D1: Engagement / Feedback / Fine-tune
D1: Feedback / input –
WBCSD Montreux
TEEB Phase I TEEB Phase II
Sep 09 TEEB Nov 09 Spring/ Summer Final TEEB
May 08 Interim report
Climate Issues D1 for / Autumn 2010 synthesis &
(CBD COP9, Bonn)
Update policy D0, D2, D3 & D4 publications
(Strömstad) makers CBD COP10
(Oct 2010,
Nagoya,
Japan)

6. Presentation overview
Major Policy Interest
G8+5
Message from Syracuse
http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/environment/env090424-summary.pdf
Bonn (COP 9)
CBD Process London (UK-Brazil co-chaired informal experts meeting) 60+countries;
Trondheim Biodiversity Conferences 100+countries
Nagoya (COP 10)
EU Message from Athens
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/conference/pdf/message_final.pdf
Message from Strömstad
http://www.se2009.eu/polopoly_fs/1.14381!menu/standard/file/Chairs%20conclusion%20Str%C3%B6mstad.pdf
Message from Madrid
http://www.fundacion-biodiversidad.es/minisites/2009/conferencia2010/doc/Prioridades_Cibeles.pdf
National Politics Benn to call on world leaders to adopt biodiversity pricing
Environment secretary says a way must be found to take account of the economic impact of decisions on biodiversity
Patrick Wintour
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/jan/25/hilary-benn-biodiversity-pricing

7. Press Echo to TEEB I, May 2008
Source: Dr Carsten Neßhöver, Heidi Wittmer & Christoph Schröter-Schlaack, Presentation in Vilm, 26.8.2008

8. TEEB for Policy Makers report
- launched 13 November 2009 - The Global Biodiversity Crisis
• Coral reef emergency
• Deforestation
• Loss of public goods…
Measuring what we manage
• BD & ecosystem service indicators
• Natural capital accounts
• Beyond GDP indicators et al
Available Solutions
• PES water, PES – REDD+
• Markets, GPP
• Subsidy reform
• Legislation, liability, taxes & charges
• Protected Areas
• Investment in natural capital et al
http://www.teebweb.org/
Responding to the value of nature

9. TEEB D1: TEEB for International
and National Policy-Makers
Available on http://www.teebweb.org/

10. Eroding natural capital base & tools for an
alternative development path
Opportunities/benefits of ESS
No net loss from 2009 level
Past loss/ Investment in natural capital +ve
degradation Halting biodiversity loss change
`
Regulation
Better governance
Economic signals :
PES, REDD, ABS (to reward benefits)
Charges, taxes, fines (to avoid degradation/damage:
Alternative natural capital Subsidy reform (right signals for policy)
Sustainable consumption (eg reduced meat)
Development path
Markets, certification/logos & GPP
Agricultural innovation
Investment in natural capital:
green infrastructure
Predicted future loss of natural capital Restoration
(schematic) – with no additional policy action
PAs
2009
What contribution can be made by the private sector and in which areas ?
2050
For what instruments? What conditions would help ?

11. Presentation overview
Part A: TEEB
Process, content and context
Part B: Values and Decision Making
Part C: TEEB for Policy Makers
Selected elements for business

12. Integrating Economic Values into
Policy Assessment
“I believe that the great part of miseries of mankind are brought upon
them by false estimates they have made of the value of things.”
Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790
“There is a renaissance underway, in which people are waking up
to the tremendous values of natural capital and devising
ingenious ways of incorporating these values into major resource
decisions.”
Gretchen Daily, Stanford University

13. Ecosystem Services - multiple benefits from ecosystems
Ecosystem Services
Provisioning services Many services from the same resource
• Food, fibre and fuel
• Water provision
• Genetic resources
Regulating Services
• Climate /climate change regulation
• Water and waste purification
• Air purification
• Erosion control
• Natural hazards mitigation
• Pollination
• Biological control
Cultural Services
• Aesthetics, Landscape value, recreation and
tourism
• Cultural values and inspirational services
Supporting Services
• Soil formation Important to appreciate the whole set
of eco-system services
+ Resilience - eg to climate change

14. Ecosystem Services and awareness of values
Provisioning services
• Food, fibre and fuel Market values – known and generally taken into account
in decision making on land use decisions
• Water provision
• Genetic resources Value historically oft overlooked; priv. sector exceptions
Regulating Services
• Climate /climate change regulation Value long ignored, now being understood
• Water and waste purification
• Air purification Value often overlooked
• Erosion control
• Natural hazards mitigation
• Pollination Value oft appreciated only after service gone
• Biological control
Cultural Services
• Aesthetics, Landscape value, recreation and Sometimes value implicit in markets
tourism
• Cultural values and inspirational services Rarely values calculated
Supporting Services
• Soil formation Decision making is biased towards short
term economic benefits as the (long-term)
+ Resilience - eg to climate change
value of ecosystem services is poorly
understood.

15. Taking account of public goods
…can change what is the “right” decision on land/resource use
US$ Based only on private gain, the “trade- Shrimp Farm
/ha/yr off” choice favours conversion….. Mangroves
$12,392/ha
10000
$9632/ha
After
Adding Storm
Public protection
5000 Benefits
From
mangroves
$1220/ha Fishery
$584/ha nursery
$584/ha
private profits private private
0 profits profits Net of public
less costs of
subsidies restoration
needed
after 5 years
If public wealth is included, the “trade-off”
choice changes completely…..
-ve $11,172/ha
Source: Barbier et al, 2007

16. Valuation and policy making:
from valuing natural assets to decisions
To underline the value of natural assets & help determine where ecosystem
services can be provided at lower cost than man-made technological alternatives
e.g. water purification and
provision, carbon storage, flood control
Conservation / restoration
Investment decision
e.g. New Zealand – Te Papanui Park - water
e.g. USA-NY – Catskills-Delaware watershed
e.g. Saltillo City, Mexico – Zapaliname mountains
e.g. Venezuela and PAs to avoid sedimentation
e.g. Vietnam and restoring/investing in Mangroves
- cheaper than dyke maintenance

17. Valuation and policy making:
from valuing natural assets to decisions
Create Political support for new (fiscal) instruments
eg UK landfill tax, building on valuation of damage of using landfills for
waste disposal.
To communicate the need for and influence the size of payments
for ecosystem services (PES).
Valuation can be useful for municipalities setting up PES for activities
leading to clean water provision – and also private sector (eg Vittel)
&
at international/national level in discussions on design and future
implementation of REDD (reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Degradation) and REDD+
Political and public support for action
Instrument Choice
Instrument design

18. Valuation and policy making:
from valuing natural assets to decisions
Inform impact assessment of Proposed legislation & policies
Creating and improved evidence base
Valuable for new marine legislation in UK: establishment of Marine Conservation
Zones on the basis of ecosystem service benefits
Impact assessment within European Commission - change around 2/3rds of
policies for the better & often low-cost investment (Evaluation Partnership 2007; Jacobs 2006)
Valuable for EU Water Framework Directive
Improve legislative design and implementation
Trend: we can expect future legislation (and its implementation) to
ever increasingly take the value of nature into account

19. Valuation and policy making:
from valuing natural assets to decisions
Inform land-use decision - Creating and improved evidence base
– eg India: Floodplain between Yamuna River and Delhi.
Choice: convert floodplain / embankment plan or not
Evidence showed that ecosystem benefits exceeded opportunity costs of conversion.
>> Delhi government halted embankment plan of Yamuna until further order
- e.g. Opuntia scrubland in Peru
Choice: maintain scrubland or move to agriculture?
Analysis of value of provisioning services (e.g. fruit and cochineal), regulating services
(nursery and refugium services), erosion control and supporting services (soil formation)
>> even if only some of the intangible benefits considered, the value of the scrubland
higher than direct revenues from agriculture.
Avoid socially less good investment decisions

20. Valuation and policy making:
from valuing natural assets to decisions
Evaluate damage to natural resources to determine appropriate compensation,
e.g. under liability regimes in the US and the EU – Exxon Valdez, Erika
e.g. Indian Supreme court: compensation payments for forested land conversion
Court rules
Court rulings
Expect increasing
attention in future?
Sea deadzones & Ag?
Pollution impacts?
Damage to resources?

21. Seeing the whole picture – timescales for
benefits
To address short-term bias - important to understand the timescale of benefits
• A review of 112 studies in 80 MPAs (marine protected areas) : fish populations, size & biomass all
dramatically increased inside reserves, allowing spill-over to nearby fishing grounds (Halpern 2003).
• Eight years after designation of Kenya’s Mombasa Marine National Park, fish catches around
the park had reached three times the level of those further away (McClanahan and Mangi 2000)
• For other MPAs, benefits after 5, even after 3 years.
Help demonstrate the sense of the measures
• to those facing potential impacts on activities
• to wider benefits to society
Identifying and Implementing transition
measures to address short-term needs
critical for stock recovery phase.
What Advice do WBCSD members have for dealing with sectors/activities, where there is a need to
integrate medium and long term interests, but this comes at a (short term)cost (opportunity cost)?

22. Part B Summary
Values and Decision Making
Under-valuing biodiversity and the ecosystem services it supports has
contributed to the loss of natural capital
Historically, many values have been invisible
Increasingly values are understood and available
Increasing use in policy assessment and policy choices.
Real world effects – on policies, instruments, investments, results.
More steps are needed to appreciate
and respond to the value of nature
The whole picture of benefits and
costs need to be appreciated – the
here and now, the over there and over
time, the private and public
http://hattoriforth.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83549e5d069e20120a6ebb5b0970b-800wi
…is this enough to work out what to do? …always better to look at the whole board

23. Presentation overview
Part A: TEEB
Process, content and context
Part B: Values and Decision Making
Part C: TEEB for Policy Makers
Selected elements for business

24. Presentation overview
Part B: Using Economics-based Policy Instruments
for Biodiversity and Ecosystem services
The Global Biodiversity Crisis
Measuring what we manage
Available Solutions
• Rewarding benefits: PES, REDD+, ABS,
tax relief & fiscal transfers, Markets, GPP
• Subsidy reform
• Addressing losses : Regulation legislation,
liability, taxes & charges, offsets, banking
• Protected Areas
• Investment in natural capital et al
Responding to the value of nature
http://www.teebweb.org/

25. Ecosystem Services
Public Goods and Private Goods
Provisioning services
• Food, fibre and fuel Market values
• Water provision
Potential Market values
• Genetic resources
– eg water supply PES; -eg ABS
Regulating Services Potential Market values
• Climate /climate change regulation – eg REDD & water purification PES
• Water and waste purification - Avoided cost of purification
• Air purification
• Erosion control Social value – health, wellbeing
• Pollination
• Biological control Opportunity cost: Lost output or
cost of alternative service provider
Cultural Services
• Aesthetics, Landscape value, recreation and Market values : eco-tourism
tourism
• Cultural values and inspirational services
Social value – identity et al
Supporting Services
• Soil formation Creation of markets, development of
pricing mechanisms one set of solutions
+ Resilience - eg to climate change to level the economic playing field

26. Rewarding Benefits through payments & markets
Tools that reward the provision of ecosystem services and promote the
greening of supply chains, include:
• Payments for Ecosystem services (local, national, international) PES
• Access and benefits sharing (ABS)
• Tax based mechanism and public compensation mechanisms
• Green markets and fiscal incentives (Certification, premia markets, GPP)
+ investment in natural capital (conservation/restoration/new green
infrastructure)

27. Payments for Ecosystem
Services (PES)
Payments for Ecosystem Service (PES): PES can be defined as a
voluntary transaction where a well-defined ecosystem service (ES) (or
land-use likely to secure that service) is « bought » by at least on ES
buyer from at least one ES provider, if and only if the ES provider secures
ES provision (conditionality) (adapted from Wunder 2005)
• PES offer considerable potential to raise new funds for biodiversity or
to use existing funding more efficiently.
• Both the public and private sectors can play a role in establishing PES in
different contexts.
• PES have proven to be a highly flexible tool, providing both direct and
indirect rewards for various ecosystem services and biodiversity
conservation at a range of different scales (496 hectares in an upper watershed
in northern Ecuador) to much larger scales (e.g. 4.9 million hectares of sloping farmland
reforested in China.

28. PES – Practice: Payments for
Specific Ecosystem services
PES: payments to ensure the provision of a specific service
• Managing forest & agricultural land to ensure water quality - New York
(Catskills-Delaware watershed); Saltillo city, Mexico (Zapalinamé mountains),
• To cleanse coastal waters in Sweden
• to protect groundwaters in many European countries & parts of Japan
– Public - eg Germany
– Private - eg Vittel mineral water, France
• Carbon storage/sequestration via farm management is rewarded in
New Zealand & via forest management in Costa Rica & Uganda & REDD+
• PES are also used to tackle external threats that could undermine service
provision e.g. for removal of invasive alien species through South
Africa’s Working for Water Programme
What example of practice do you know of re private sector PES ?
What do you see as the perspectives for private sector engagement in PESs?

29. PES for provision of multiple services from a given area
• Costa Rica’s PSA (Pagos por Servicios Ambientales) supports a bundle of
four services - carbon sequestration, hydrological services preserving
biodiversity and landscape beauty.
• PES schemes to combine improved groundwater quality with increased
biodiversity are found in e.g. Germany and Bolivia (Los Negros watershed)
• PES schemes primarily for biodiversity conservation include the
Bushtender programme (Victoria, Australia) and the US Conservation
Reserve Programme.
Are there any examples of PES for multiple services from the private sector?

30. PES: payment levels and opportunity costs
Payment levels vary widely in practice
• Costa Rica, PSA: for forest conservation US$ 64 per ha/yr in 2006. Portela &
Rodriguez 2008; Pagiola 2008 in Wunder & Wertz-Kanounnikoff 2009;
• Mexico’s PSA-H: for preservation of cloud forest US$ 40 per ha/year;
for other tree-covered land US$ 30 per hectare/year Muñoz-Piña et al. 2007.
• Vittel mineral water, France Perrot-Maître 2006; Wunder and Wertz-Kanounnikoff 2009
– Ave. payments are EUR 200 ha/year over a five year transition period and
– up to 150,000 EUR per farm to cover costs of new equipment.
– Contracts are long-term (18-30 years),
– with payments adjusted to opportunity costs on a farm-by-farm basis.
PES will be able to address the opportunity costs in some cases only. Other
or complementary measures needed.
Are there any examples of private PES with insights on addressing opportunity costs?

31. REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Major potential for this instrument (deforestation ~17% of global GHG emissions)
One of the few areas given fairly solid support at the UNFCCC’s Copenhagen COP
Probably a very significant scope for private sector engagement
What private sector carbon offset agreements/investments are there ?
And what lessons can be drawn from these?
What does the private sector see as opportunities and necessary/helpful conditions to
help engage industry in the solution?

32. Tax and compensation measures
Tax breaks and other compensation mechanisms offer an important
‘thanks’ and incentives for efforts.
Considerable potential to integrate and reward ecological concerns in land,
property and income taxes
They are only rarely used for this purpose.
Tax incentives for conservation easements and ecological gifts in North America
By 2005, land trusts held conservation easements on over 2.5 million hectares (6.2 million acres)
Canada: The Ecogift Programme (introduced in 2001).
Tax benefits to owners of ecologically sensitive land if they donate it (fully or partially) to
specified recipients to manage sustainably / conserve the natural habitat.
The Netherlands, savers and investors can obtain exemption from a capital gains tax if
they invest in specified green projects or capital funds.
Example of practice re available for and use by private sector?

33. Access and Benefits sharing
Countries benefited little from genetic resources sourced from their territory.
A fairer and more efficient regime is needed that can establish clear rights for local
people, encourage the conservation of genetic resources in situ and facilitate
discoveries and their application across a range of sectors.

34. “My father said: You must never try to make all the
money that's in a deal.
Let the other fellow make some money too, because if
you have a reputation for always making all the
money, you won't have many deals.”
J. Paul Getty
The current ABS discussions do not appear to be proceeding at an adequate
rate for positive final result in Nagoya (though strong interest to address this).
What insights/advice do WBCSD member have for making progress?

35. Greening Markets
Market (niches) for products & services demonstrating conservation benefits:
products with reduced direct impacts on biodiversity, due to adoption of more
efficient or low-impact production and processing methods
e.g. for reduced impact forestry - FSC, PESC certified timber
e.g. for fisheries, MSC certification;
products with reduced indirect impacts on biodiversity as a result of decreased
pollution load
e.g. biodegradable detergents – eco-labelled products
products and services based on the sustainable use of ecosystem services
and biodiversity
e.g. ecotourism or biotrade.
These are less and less “niches”; and more and more “mainstreamed”
Private sector role here critical – what insights would you wish to share with TEEB?

36. Green Public Procurement
Green Public Procurement (GPP) means that public purchasers take account of
environmental factors when buying products, services or works. A product or
service can only qualify as ‘green’ if it goes beyond what is required by law and
beyond the performance of products commonly sold in the market.
GPP rapidly developing since the early 2000s;
Now being mainstreamed by environmentally ambitious governments.
EU: government purchases alone exceeds 1,500 bn EUR/year,16% of EU GNP.
European Commission proposed to MS - by 2010, 50% of purchasing should be GPP.
The Netherlands: nat. government intends to purchase 100% green by 2010, with levels of
50 to 75% for local and regional governments.
Many other large economies – including Japan, China, New Zealand, Korea and the US –
also have formal policies in place that stimulate GPP
Major tool for greening the supply chain; direct link (demand side pull) to certification of
products and services (supply side) Trend in increased GPP can be expected.
To what extent is the private sector “reading the writing on the wall” to respond?
What are fine examples of Green private procurement ?

37. Subsidy reform
- increase share of the “good” subsidies
still relevant, targeted, effective, positive impacts, few negative effects
- remove/reform the “bad" subsidies
no longer relevant, waste of money, important negative effects
- reform the “ugly” subsidies
badly designed – eg inefficient, badly targeted, potential for negative effects
Source: building on Sumaiia and Pauly 2007

38. Aggregate subsidy estimates
for selected economic sectors
Over $ 1 trillion per year in Subsidies
Most sensible use of funds? Or potential for reform?

39. Fisheries Subsidies
Fisheries subsidies ~ US$30-34 bn/yr: only ~7bn “good”, 20bn “bad”
“Small” compared to other subsidies – Agriculture, transport, energy
Large relative to sector (~ US$ 90bn/yr landed value) and
Major impacts (stock collapse, species composition, damage to ecosystems)
Figure: State of exploitation of selected stock / species groups, 2004
28% over-exploited, 52% fully exploited, remaining 20% moderately exploited or
underexploited (some low margin/uneconomic) (FAO 2006 and FAO 2008)

40. Subsidies & “Sunken Billions”
Contribution of fisheries harvest sector to the global economy ~US$
50billion/ year less than it could be (World Bank and FAO 2008)
Non optimal resource management, driven, in part, by subsidies
leading to “too many fishers chasing too few fish”

41. Since ‘60s - Europhication caused “dead-zones”:
Regularly ~405 coastal dead-zones

42. Biofuels
An example of complex relationship between
renewable energy subsidies and env. damaging
impacts & interests across range of actors.
US$11bn/yr (‘06: US+EU+Canada) (GSI 2007, OECD 2008)
Cost of reducing CO2 ~ US$ 960 to 1700/tCO2
equiv. (OECD 2008)
Biofuels subsidies generally not cost effective:
cf EU-ETS: ~ US $ 30-50 / t
avoided deforestation and degradation,
soil quality maintenance, carbon and Ag.
Effect opposite to stated objective:
Where biofuels fom converted forest lands –
there may be net increase of emissions
Urgent need to review biofuels policies / instruments
Support other (natural capital) solutions, notably those that lead to ESS

43. Yet reforming EHS > potential benefits
• Reduce the use of resource intensive inputs, thus saving resources (for
society/the economy now and for future generations) & causing less pollution
>> Lesser pressure on the nature capital stock
• Increase competitiveness by exposing subsidised sectors to competition and supporting
future competitiveness by resource availability
• Level the playing fields / fix market distortions by making resource prices
reflect resource value, and making polluters pay for their pollution.
• Overcome technological ‘lock-in’ whereby alternative, less established, and possibly
more environmentally-friendly, technologies and practices are unable to compete on an equal basis with
the subsidised sector
>> Move to a more resource efficient economy
• Enable governments to divert budget to other areas (e.g. education, poverty,
PES, energy saving)
>> Good governance in a time of crisis Which subsidies would the
private sector welcome
reform focus and how?

44. Offsets (no net loss+) to Habitat Banking
When appropriately designed and effectively regulated, offsets and biodiversity
banks can be efficient market-based instruments that help businesses compensate for
the residual unavoidable harm from development projects.
Over 30 countries now require some form of compensation for damage to
biodiversity or have established programmes requiring offsets.
Legal requirements for offsets include Brazil, South Africa, Australia and the United
States (Bean et al. 2008; Carroll et al 2007).
United States: More than 400 wetland banks have been established, creating a market
for wetland mitigation worth more than $3 billion/year.
70+ species banks; can trade between $100mn & $370mn in species credits/yr. (Bayon
2008; DECC 2009)
What lessons / examples do you have re offsets that work (economically & BD)?
What insights have you re habitat banking – what do you see as potential for this
instrument and appropriate enabling conditions?

45. Trading systems
Not just CO2 and Sulphur trading - also
ITQs (individual tradable quotas) and fisheries in New Zealand: rebuilt stock and
some of very few to achieve conservation target of less than 10% stock collapse
Tradable water use quotas in Zhangze City, China
Minle County: irrigation districts allocated water rights certificates, reducing water
used for irrigation
Tradable development rights in Montgomery county - by 2008 50,000ha of prime
land preserved.
Habitat banking: USA, Australia.
Scope for new/broadened markets (for which issues, where geographically?)
What lessons/insights do you have from practice – eg enabling conditions?

46. Addressing losses through pricing
taxes/charges/fees and fines
+liability and compensation
Instruments to make the full costs of loss visible and payable

47. Taxes & polluter pays principle
Incentive effect & revenue raising effect
Pesticides tax: 20 SEK/kg (in 2002) 65 % reduction in use (Sjöberg, 2007)
Fertiliser taxes or taxes on excess nutrients: Decrease in product use 20-30% in
the Netherlands, 11-22% in Finland, 15-20% in Sweden & 15% in Austria. (Ecotec 2001)
Plastic bag tax: Ireland (2002). 33 cents per bag at checkout. Plastic bag consumption
dropped by 80% from 1.2 billion to 230 million bags in the first year, generating tax
revenues (US$ 9.6 million) earmarked for a green fund.
Landfill tax: UK £1 billion of contributions paid from landfill operators to env. projects
…also energy taxes, carbon taxes, NOx, SOx taxes, range of product taxes etc
Progress Politically difficult but necessary
Potential for innovation by private sector in response?
In what areas would the private sector value government taxes (eg water use?) to help
ensure resource availability for valuable inputs?

48. Charges / taxes for raising revenues
Mexico increased gasoline tax by 5.5% in October 2007. 12.5% of proceeds will go to
support investments in the env. sector, including PA management (Gutman & Davidson 2007);
Bonaire National Marine Park (BNMP), Antilles: BNMP dive tags US $ 25 in
2005: + entrance fees. (Slootweg and van Beukering et al. 2008; Stinapa Bonaire 2009)
USA, duck hunters - required to purchase Federal Duck Stamps. 98% of
revenue ($50 mn/yr) goes directly to the purchase/lease of wetlands. (www.fws.gov/duckstamps).
Entrance fees for the Galapagos Islands 100$ for international tourists; Revenues
(> US$3 mn/yr) to improve the management of the National Park (Vanasselt, 2000)
Water abstraction charge: Australia - for the Murray River basin; revenues
earmarked for wetland restoration and salt interception schemes (Ashiabor 2004);
Water abstraction charge: Germany - some revenues to farmers to help change
farming practice – for lesser nitrogen in water/cleaner drinking water + biodiversity gains in
extensive farms. Link to PES
Reforestation charge in Liberia: 5US$/m3 of logged wood, reinvested

49. Charges & full cost recovery
Water pricing:
e.g. Many EU Member States (e.g. Netherlands, UK) have moved towards full cost
recovery for water; significant changes in water pricing for most newer Member States
In the Czech Republic, water pricing gradually increased from €0.02/m3 before 1990
to €0.71/m3 in 2004. Between 1990 and 1999, water withdrawals decreased by 88%
(agriculture), 47% (industry) and 34% public water mains).
Waste:
e.g. Korea: volume based waste fee: 1994 to 2004: 14% reduction in municipal
waste
Greater application of full cost recovery in many countries (water, waste, energy)
Business can respond by factoring charges in, and by adopting innovation
Gradual transition important to address affordability/social concerns

50. Where can the private sector contribute to the
alternative development path ?
Opportunities/benefits of ESS
No net loss from 2010 level
Past loss/ Investment in natural capital +ve
degradation Halting biodiversity loss change
`
Regulation & standards
Trading and new markets
PES, REDD, ABS
Charges, taxes, fines, EHS reform – and innovation
Alternative natural capital
Sustainable production and consumption
Development path Reduced footprint
Markets, certification/logos & GPP
Investment in natural
capital
Predicted future loss of natural capital Restoration
(schematic) – with no additional policy action & offsets
Donations
2010 2050
Where do you see the major potential for private sector contribution ?

51. •It is arguably in the long term interests of both private sector and the society at large that
Biodiversity and ecosystem services be preserved/invested in.
•The TEEB vision is one of seeing biodiversity as natural capital – as important a capital
base as man-made capital or social and human capital.
•It is also one of taking the value of nature into account in measurement, in policies and
associated measures – such that natural capital is not run down, but rather invested in.
•Where do you see areas of common vision and opportunities for common / coordinated
solutions?
•Where do you see potential conflicts of incentives/interests ?
•What can usefully be done to enable joint progress ?
• We’d welcome general comments & debate as well as specific comments/suggestions re
the D1 report that is available on the web.
• The D1 report will be updated (in book form) and take into account work from D3 and any
contributions that fit in D1 remit.

53. Thank you
Patrick ten Brink
TEEB for Policy Makers Coordinator
ptenbrink@ieep.eu
TEEB for Policy Makers report
http://www.teebweb.org/
TEEB Contributors include:
Major funders: