The Yin and Yang of Technical and Physical Preparation

THE YIN AND YANG OF
PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL
PREPARATION
www.informedinsport.com

Paul Gamble PhD CSci HPSA CSCS
Student of
Sports Science Applied
Sport
Scientist‘Strength and
Conditioning’
Specialism
Practitioner/Auth
or different
facets of Physical
Preparation
Track and
Field
Coach

PHYSICAL PREPARATION
(‘strength and conditioning’ is generally a
misnomer)
Strength and Conditioning
Specialist
Strength Coach
Weight Room Strength Coach
• Very limited role in elite
sports, and particularly in
track and field

CONVENTIONAL HEAVY RESISTANCE
TRAINING ONLY PART OF THE PIE IN TRACK
AND FIELD ATHLETICS
Max Force,
40%
'Dynamic
Strength',
25%
'RFD'
Training,
10%
Plyos/Jumps
, 15%
Heavy
Implements,
10%
Strength/Power Development for (Glide) Shot
Put*
Illustrated Linear/Glide Shot
Put:
• Most maximum strength
dominant of track and field
disciplines
• 85% of release velocity
generated delivery phase
*Adapted from Don Babbitt presentation to
Athletics NZ Throws conference, with

THE ROLE OF THE WEIGHTS ROOM STRENGTH
COACH IS VERY LIMITED IN TRACK AND
FIELD…
DISCUS THROW*
Max Force
25%
'Dynamic
Strength'
25%
'RFD'
Training
25%
Jumps/Plyos
15%
Heavy
Implements
10%
JAVELIN*
Max Force
15%
'Dynamic
Strength'
25%
'RFD'
Training
30%
Jumps/Plyos
20%
Heavy
Implements
10%
* Adapted from Don Babbitt
presentation to Athletics NZ Throws
conference, with permission

PILLARS OF PHYSICAL PREPARATION
Capacity
Capability
Technical
• Specific work
capacity
• Tolerance to Load• Mobility, Motor Ctrl
• Function,
dysfunction
• Postures
• Movements

PHYSICAL
PREPARATIO
N
TECHNICAL
PREPARATIO
N
IMPLICATIONS
…

“KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT
EVERYTHING
AND EVERYTHING ABOUT SOMETHING”
• Optimal Practice requires Depth
and Breadth of Learning across
Disciplines
Are You the Most Capable to Fulfil
this Role?
• Best coaches worked with control
freaks willing to make exception for
selected individuals

THE CASE FOR THE SPECIALIST – FINITE
RESOURCE
GOLD STANDARD(?)… AT A COST
Can Cater for Only a Limited Number of Athletes in this way
Could Your Time and Expertise be Used Better Elsewhere?

THE CASE FOR THE SPECIALIST –
DEPTH OF KNOWLEDGE AND
UNDERSTANDING
e.g. The Specificity Paradox
Specific Adaptation to Imposed
Demands
• ‘Simulation trap’:
• Closer kinematics/bioenergetics to
target activity > immediate direct
transfer of training
• Notion ‘sport-specific’ = training
modes that resemble/simulate
competition

“
”
ALL FUNCTIONALITY IS CONTEXT
DEPENDENT,
SO THAT ONE HAS TO EXAMINE
EVERY EXERCISE IN TERMS OF THE
NEUROMUSCULAR AND METABOLIC
FUNCTIONS THAT IT IS INTENDED TO
IMPROVE
MEL SIFF PHD

BUILDING THE PILLARS (CAPACITY AND
CAPABILITY)
Simulation does not provide best development of
CAPACITY:
• Force-generating capacity of contractile
machinery
• ‘Size Principle’ re: motor unit activation
• Structural adaptation to build load/stress
tolerance of non-contractile tissues
• Physiological adaptations underpinning work
capacity
• e.g. polarised training for distance events
• Targeted development particular link(s) in

A BROADER VIEW OF ‘SPECIFICITY’
‘BIOMECHANICALLY RELEVANT’ PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE TERM TO
‘SPECIFIC’
• Define ‘Biomechanically Relevant’?:
• Kinetics
• Ground Reaction Force Vectors
(magnitude, direction)
• Angular Torques at different joints
• Kinematics
• Motion at Joints and Limb Segments
• Displacement, Velocity (direction, speed)

“FUNCTIONALITY IS CONTEXT DEPENDENT”
Biomechanically relevant?
APPROPRIATE TO DESIRED
ADAPTATION
• Consider also residual effects,
‘delayed transfer’
• ‘Sets up’/augments
response in training blocks
that follow

DYNAMIC CORRESPONDENCE?

NECESSITY OF STRUCTURAL
ADAPTATION
“YOU MUST
HAVE GOOD
TYRES”

POLARISED NATURE OF STRENGTH/POWER
TRAINING

THE MISSING STEPS IN BETWEEN…
• ANALOGOUS TO EXERCISE
STRATIFICATION PROPOSED BY
BONDARCHUK
• ‘Special Preparatory’
• Variations/Permutations of
Conventional Strength Exercise
• Coherent Progression

“
”
ELITE PERFORMANCE IS ACHIEVED BY
DOING THE RIGHT THINGS IN THE
CORRECT WAY OVER A CONSISTENT
PERIOD…
ANDREAS BEHM

BALANCING YIN OF CONSISTENCY AND YANG
OF TRAINING VARIATION
• GOAL OF CONSISTENT,
UNINTERRUPTED PHYSICAL AND
TECHNICAL PREPARATION
• Avoid ‘training gaps’
• ‘TUNING’ REQUIRES CONSISTENCY
• Concept of ‘Work Loops’ (Jim
Martin PhD)
• CONNECTIVE TISSUES ESPECIALLY
RESPOND TO CONSISTENCY IN
LOADING
• ‘Tendons Hate Change’ – Prof Jill
Cook
• TRAINING VARIATION IS A
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF
TRAINING
• Avoid Plateaus in Stimulus-
Response
• Guard against Training
Monotony
• VARIATION IS INTEGRAL TO
DIRECTING ADAPTATION AND
PROGRESSION
• VARIATION IS FAVOURABLE FOR

CONSISTENCY AND VARIATION AT THE LEVEL
OF THE MACRO-, MESO- AND MICROCYCLE
• IDENTIFY CRITICAL TECHNICAL ASPECTS
OF THE EVENT (KPI’S)
• If CRITICAL should be Accounted for
Year-Round
• PROGRAMMING TECHNICAL TRAINING
BY KEY ‘THEMES’
• Critical themes (variations thereof)
for weekly sessions consistent
across cycles
• VARIATION ACHIEVED VIA COHERENT
PROGRESSION THROUGHOUT
MACROCYCLE
• DEVELOPMENT PHYSICAL
DETERMINANTS (KPI’S) FOR EVENT
SHOULD FEATURE CONSISTENTLY
YEAR-ROUND
• PROGRAMMING OF PHYSICAL
PREPARATION SHOULD
MIRROR/SUPPORT TECHNICAL SESSION
THEMES
• i.e. within Micro-, Meso-, Macro-
cycle
• VARIATION ACHIEVED VIA COHERENT
PROGRESSION ACROSS SUCCESSIVE

THE CASE FOR VARIATION – BENEFITS OF A
BROAD AND DEEP PLAYBOOK FOR EXERCISE
SELECTION
• EXPOSURE ARRAY STIMULI
FAVOURS NEUROPLASTICITY,
ADAPTABILITY
• Developing Global Athleticism is
Important
e.g. Ashton Eaton
• Assuming there is Purpose and
Coherence Variation in Exercise
Selection is Beneficial

BASIC COMPETENCIES FOR
(ALL) PRACTITIONERS
Physical
Performan
ce
Therapy
Technica
l
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
(CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY):
• Functional Anatomy
• Kinesiology…
• Human Movement
(Fundamental, including Gait)
• Global Athletic Movement
• Sport, Event Specific (Technical
Model)

ATTENTION TO
DETAIL AND EYE
FOR MOVEMENT
• REINFORCE HIGH STANDARDS
• Attention to Detail
• Constant Vigilance!
• Contingent Upon Practitioners’
Understanding of Athletic Movement,
Specifics Technical Model
• Requires Highly Developed ‘Eye’
• Engenders Attention, Directed Mental
Effort
• Mutual Understanding
• Common Language
“THE MOST
EFFECTIVE
SCREENING TOOL IS
A VIGILANT COACH”
- DAN PFAFF

ASSUME NOTHING… ATHLETES CAN BE
HIGHLY PROFICIENT COMPENSATORS

FINAL PILLAR OF PHYSICAL PREPARATION:
SUPPORTING TECHNICAL MODEL/SKILL
ACQUISITION
‘CONSTRAINTS-LED’ APPROACH
• Tools to acquire ‘feel’ relevant
postures, movements
• Appropriate Task Constraints
e.g. Load Applied Right Places…
• Creates/Provides Context, Cues
Cross Over
• Analogy-Based Coaching…

SUPPORTING TECHNICAL MODEL/SKILL
ACQUISITION
RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
• Ballistic Movements
• Load Projected/Released at
Termination
• Applicable Throws, Jumps, Sprints
• ‘Feedforward’ Motor Control
• ‘Pre-programmed’ (anticipated
demands)
• Feedforward Loop Refined Repeated

THANK YOU…
Athletics New Zealand
AltisWorld
Sian Victoria Allen PhD
Informed Practitioner in Sport
Website
Amazon Author Page
YouTube Channel
Twitter Feed
…FURTHER
INFO:

The Yin and Yang of Technical and Physical Preparation

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