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Gardner’s Art Through the Ages,
                           12e
                         Chapter 7
         The Silk Road and Beyond:
       The Art of Early China and Korea

                        Chapter 26
   From the Mongols to the Modern
       The Art of Later China and Korea


                                    1
China and Korea




                  2
Key Ideas
• Philosophies of Laozi & Confucius permeate all aspects of
  Chinese thought, including fine arts.
• Calligraphy is the most respected Chinese art form.
• Various Chinese painting formats include handscrolls,
  hanging scrolls, fans, and album leaves.
• Chinese architecture is based on courtyard-style houses
  that express the Chinese philosophy about family & social
  position.
• Chinese art has a fondness for the monumental & grand.




                                                              3
Historical Background
• Family dynasties
• 1st united ruler = Emperor Shih Huangdi: political unity;
  rules of language/writing; standard weights/measures &
  currency; started Great Wall; promotion based on
  achievement, not family
• Tang dynasty = 618-906
• Kublai Khan dynasty= 1215-1294
• Ming dynasty = 1368-1644
• Patrons = state or religion, or literati (for themselves,
  highly individualized)
• Daoism = religious journey in search of self-expression
  (Laozi); oneness w/ nature; yin/yang
• Confucius = behavior, relationships, duty; respect
                                                              4
Chinese architecture
•   Atrium-based, walled to keep out world
•   Elders lived with family - Confucian
•   Wood
•   Tiled roofs, long eaves tilted at end
•   Walls not support of building – used to keep out weather
•   Interior supports building




                                                               5
Chinese art & sculpture
• Scrolls – and (horizontal) & hanging (vertical) – not just
  decorative, but meant to be examined & put away
• Read right to left; paper, silk; painting & text combined
• Red squares are artist or owner ID
• Landscape highly prized; represent philosophical idea
• Crowded & empty space – yin & yang
• Porcelain – shapes + designs, glaze
• Monumental sculpture (terracotta army)
• Intricate miniatures
• Jade is prized medium



                                                               6
Figure 7-1 Yangshao Culture vases, from
Gansu Province, China, mid third
millennium BCE. Earthenware.


                                          7
Figure 7-2 Guang, probably
from Anyang, China, Shang
dynasty, twelfth or eleventh
century BCE. Bronze, 6 1/2”
high. Asian Art Museum of San
Francisco, San Francisco (Avery
Brundage Collection).
                                  8
Figure 7-3 Standing figure, from Sanxingdui, China, ca. 1200–
1050 BCE. Bronze, 8’ 5” high, including base. China Cultural
Relics Promotional Center, Beijing.


                                                                9
Figure 7-4 Bi (disk), from Jincun(?), China, Eastern Zhou dynasty, fourth to third century BCE. Nephrite, 6 1/2” in diameter.
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City.                                                                                  10
Figure 7-5 Army of the First Emperor of Qin in
pits next to his burial mound, Lintong, China, Qin
dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Painted terracotta, average
figure 5’ 10 7/8” high.

                                                     11
Art and Religion
• The artistic influence of Buddhism and the Silk Road




                                                         12
Figure 7-8 Model of a house, Han dynasty, first
century CE. Painted earthenware, 4’ 4” high. Nelson-
Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City.


                                                       13
Figure 7-9 Shakyamuni Buddha, Zhao Dynasty, Period
of Disunity, 338. Gilded bronze, 1’ 3 1/2” high. Asian Art
Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco (Avery Brundage
Collection).

                                                             14
Figure 7-10 GU KAIZHI, Lady Feng and the Bear, detail of Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, Period of
Disunity, late fourth century. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 9 3/4” X 11’ 4 1/2”. British Museum, London.



                                                                                                                          15
Figure 7-11 Shakyamuni and
Prabhutaratna, Northern Wei dynasty,
518. Gilded bronze, 10 1/4” high.
Musée Guimet, Paris.

                                       16
Figure 7-12 Vairocana Buddha, disciples, and bodhisattvas, Longmen Caves, Luoyang, China, Tang dynasty, completed 675.
Buddha, approx. 44’ high.                                                                                              17
Figure 7-13 Paradise of Amitabha, Cave 172, Dunhuang, China, Tang dynasty, mid eighth century. Wall painting, approx. 10’
high.                                                                                                                   18
Figure 7-15 Attributed to YAN LIBEN, Emperor Xuan and attendants, detail of The Thirteen Emperors, Tang dynasty, ca.
650. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, detail: 1‘ 8 1/4” X 1’ 5 1/2”; entire scroll, 17’ 5” long. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
                                                                                                                                   19
Figure 7-16 Palace ladies, detail of a wall painting in the tomb of Princess Yongtai, Qianxian, China, Tang dynasty, 706. Approx.
5’ 10” X 6’ 6”.
                                                                                                                             20
Figure 7-17 Neighing Horse, Tang dynasty, eighth to ninth century. Glazed earthenware, 1’ 8” high. Victoria and Albert
Museum, London.
                                                                                                                         21
Figure 7-18 FAN KUAN, Travelers among Mountains and Streams,
Northern Song period, early eleventh century. Hanging scroll, ink and
colors on silk, 6’ 7 1/4” X 3’ 4 1/4”. National Palace Museum, Taibei.


                                                                         22
Figure 7-19 Attributed to HUIZONG, Auspicious Cranes, section of a handscroll, Northern Song period, 1112. Ink and colors
on silk, 1’ 8 1/8” X 4’ 6 3/8”. Liaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang.



                                                                                                                      23
Figure 7-20 Meiping vase, from Xiuwi, China, Northern
Song period, twelfth century. Stoneware, Cizhou type,
with sgraffito decoration, 1’ 7 1/2” high. Asian Art
Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco (Avery
Brundage Collection).
                                                        24
Architectural Basics in Early China
• View architectural basics and plans on page 200 in the
  textbook.
• Examine early temples and later pagodas.




                                                           25
Figure 7-21 Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, Liao
Dynasty, 1056.



                                                       26
Figure 7-22 Plan and cross-section of Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, Liao Dynasty, 1056. (after L. Liu)


                                                                                                               27
Figure 7-23 MA YUAN, On a Mountain Path in Spring, Southern Song period, early thirteenth century. Album leaf, ink
and colors on silk, 10 3/4” X 17”. National Palace Museum, Taibei.

                                                                                                                     28
Figure 7-24 ZHOU JICHANG, Arhats Giving Alms to Beggars, Southern
Song period, 1184. Ink and colors on silk, 3’ 8” X 1’ 9”. Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston.


                                                                           29
Figure 7-25 LIANG KAI, Sixth Chan Patriarch Chopping
Bamboo, Southern Song period, early thirteenth century.
Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 2’ 5 1/4” high. Tokyo
National Museum.

                                                          30
Figure 7-27 Shakyamuni Buddha, at entrance to
cave temple, Sokkuram, Korea, Great Silla, 751–774.
Granite, approx. 11’ high.


                                                      31
Figure 26-1 GUAN DAOSHENG, Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain, Yuan dynasty, 1308. Section of a handscroll, ink on
paper, 9 1/8” x 3’ 8 7/8”. National Palace Museum, Taibei.



                                                                                                                 32
Figure 26-2 WU ZHEN, Stalks of Bamboo by a Rock, Yuan dynasty, 1347.
Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 2’ 11 1/2” x 1’ 4 5/8”. National Palace
Museum, Taibei.


                                                                        33
Figure 26-3 HUANG GONGWANG, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, Yuan dynasty, 1347–1350. Section of a
handscroll, ink on paper, 1’ 7/8” x 20’ 9”. National Palace Museum, Taibei.



                                                                                                      34
The Ming Dynasty




Figure 26-5 Aerial view of the Forbidden City, Beijing, China, Ming dynasty, 15th century and later.

                                                                                                       35
Lacquer in the Ming
                                        Dynasty


Figure 26-8 Table with drawers, Ming dynasty, ca. 1426–1435. Carved red lacquer on a wood core, 3’ 11” long. Victoria
and Albert Museum, London.                                                                                              36
Court Painters vs. the Literati
• Examine the different styles of the Ming Dynasty court
  painters and the Literati, along with their philosophical
  differences.




                                                              37
Figure 26-9 SHANG XI, Guan Yu Captures General Pang De, Ming dynasty, ca. 1430. Hanging scroll, ink and colors on
silk, 6’ 5” x 7’ 7”. Palace Museum, Beijing.
                                                                                                                    38
Figure 26-10 SHEN ZHOU,
Lofty Mount Lu, Ming dynasty,
1467. Hanging scroll, ink and
color on paper, 6’ 4 1/4” x 3’ 2
5/8”. National Palace
Museum, Taibei.




                   Figure 26-11 DONG
                   QICHANG, Dwelling in the
                   Qingbian Mountains, Ming
                   dynasty, 1617. Hanging scroll,
                   ink on paper, 7’ 3 1/2” x 2’ 2
                   1/2”. Cleveland Museum of
                   Art.                             39
Figure 26-14 GIUSEPPE CASTIGLIONE (LANG
SHINING), Auspicious Objects, Qing dynasty, 1724.
Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk, 7’ 11 3/8” x 5’ 1
7/8”. Palace Museum, Beijing.

                                                            40
Art in the People’s Republic of China




Figure 26-16 YE YUSHAN and others, Rent Collection Courtyard (detail of larger tableau), Dayi, Sichuan Province,
China, 1965. Clay, approx. 100 yards long with life-size figures.                                                  41
Figure 26-17 XU BING, A Book from Heaven, 1988.
Installation at Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 1991. Movable-type prints and
books.

                                                        42
Figure 26-19 CHONG SON, Kumgang
Mountains, Choson dynasty, 1734. Hanging scroll,
ink and colors on paper, 4’ 3 1/2” x 1’ 11 1/4”.
Hoam Art Museum, Kyunggi-Do.

                     © 2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd.   43
Figure 26-20 SONG SU-NAM, Summer Trees, 1983. Ink on paper, 2’ 1 5/8” high. British Museum, London.

                                                                                                      44

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China

  • 1. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 12e Chapter 7 The Silk Road and Beyond: The Art of Early China and Korea Chapter 26 From the Mongols to the Modern The Art of Later China and Korea 1
  • 3. Key Ideas • Philosophies of Laozi & Confucius permeate all aspects of Chinese thought, including fine arts. • Calligraphy is the most respected Chinese art form. • Various Chinese painting formats include handscrolls, hanging scrolls, fans, and album leaves. • Chinese architecture is based on courtyard-style houses that express the Chinese philosophy about family & social position. • Chinese art has a fondness for the monumental & grand. 3
  • 4. Historical Background • Family dynasties • 1st united ruler = Emperor Shih Huangdi: political unity; rules of language/writing; standard weights/measures & currency; started Great Wall; promotion based on achievement, not family • Tang dynasty = 618-906 • Kublai Khan dynasty= 1215-1294 • Ming dynasty = 1368-1644 • Patrons = state or religion, or literati (for themselves, highly individualized) • Daoism = religious journey in search of self-expression (Laozi); oneness w/ nature; yin/yang • Confucius = behavior, relationships, duty; respect 4
  • 5. Chinese architecture • Atrium-based, walled to keep out world • Elders lived with family - Confucian • Wood • Tiled roofs, long eaves tilted at end • Walls not support of building – used to keep out weather • Interior supports building 5
  • 6. Chinese art & sculpture • Scrolls – and (horizontal) & hanging (vertical) – not just decorative, but meant to be examined & put away • Read right to left; paper, silk; painting & text combined • Red squares are artist or owner ID • Landscape highly prized; represent philosophical idea • Crowded & empty space – yin & yang • Porcelain – shapes + designs, glaze • Monumental sculpture (terracotta army) • Intricate miniatures • Jade is prized medium 6
  • 7. Figure 7-1 Yangshao Culture vases, from Gansu Province, China, mid third millennium BCE. Earthenware. 7
  • 8. Figure 7-2 Guang, probably from Anyang, China, Shang dynasty, twelfth or eleventh century BCE. Bronze, 6 1/2” high. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco (Avery Brundage Collection). 8
  • 9. Figure 7-3 Standing figure, from Sanxingdui, China, ca. 1200– 1050 BCE. Bronze, 8’ 5” high, including base. China Cultural Relics Promotional Center, Beijing. 9
  • 10. Figure 7-4 Bi (disk), from Jincun(?), China, Eastern Zhou dynasty, fourth to third century BCE. Nephrite, 6 1/2” in diameter. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City. 10
  • 11. Figure 7-5 Army of the First Emperor of Qin in pits next to his burial mound, Lintong, China, Qin dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Painted terracotta, average figure 5’ 10 7/8” high. 11
  • 12. Art and Religion • The artistic influence of Buddhism and the Silk Road 12
  • 13. Figure 7-8 Model of a house, Han dynasty, first century CE. Painted earthenware, 4’ 4” high. Nelson- Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City. 13
  • 14. Figure 7-9 Shakyamuni Buddha, Zhao Dynasty, Period of Disunity, 338. Gilded bronze, 1’ 3 1/2” high. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco (Avery Brundage Collection). 14
  • 15. Figure 7-10 GU KAIZHI, Lady Feng and the Bear, detail of Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, Period of Disunity, late fourth century. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 9 3/4” X 11’ 4 1/2”. British Museum, London. 15
  • 16. Figure 7-11 Shakyamuni and Prabhutaratna, Northern Wei dynasty, 518. Gilded bronze, 10 1/4” high. Musée Guimet, Paris. 16
  • 17. Figure 7-12 Vairocana Buddha, disciples, and bodhisattvas, Longmen Caves, Luoyang, China, Tang dynasty, completed 675. Buddha, approx. 44’ high. 17
  • 18. Figure 7-13 Paradise of Amitabha, Cave 172, Dunhuang, China, Tang dynasty, mid eighth century. Wall painting, approx. 10’ high. 18
  • 19. Figure 7-15 Attributed to YAN LIBEN, Emperor Xuan and attendants, detail of The Thirteen Emperors, Tang dynasty, ca. 650. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, detail: 1‘ 8 1/4” X 1’ 5 1/2”; entire scroll, 17’ 5” long. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 19
  • 20. Figure 7-16 Palace ladies, detail of a wall painting in the tomb of Princess Yongtai, Qianxian, China, Tang dynasty, 706. Approx. 5’ 10” X 6’ 6”. 20
  • 21. Figure 7-17 Neighing Horse, Tang dynasty, eighth to ninth century. Glazed earthenware, 1’ 8” high. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 21
  • 22. Figure 7-18 FAN KUAN, Travelers among Mountains and Streams, Northern Song period, early eleventh century. Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk, 6’ 7 1/4” X 3’ 4 1/4”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. 22
  • 23. Figure 7-19 Attributed to HUIZONG, Auspicious Cranes, section of a handscroll, Northern Song period, 1112. Ink and colors on silk, 1’ 8 1/8” X 4’ 6 3/8”. Liaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang. 23
  • 24. Figure 7-20 Meiping vase, from Xiuwi, China, Northern Song period, twelfth century. Stoneware, Cizhou type, with sgraffito decoration, 1’ 7 1/2” high. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco (Avery Brundage Collection). 24
  • 25. Architectural Basics in Early China • View architectural basics and plans on page 200 in the textbook. • Examine early temples and later pagodas. 25
  • 26. Figure 7-21 Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, Liao Dynasty, 1056. 26
  • 27. Figure 7-22 Plan and cross-section of Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, Liao Dynasty, 1056. (after L. Liu) 27
  • 28. Figure 7-23 MA YUAN, On a Mountain Path in Spring, Southern Song period, early thirteenth century. Album leaf, ink and colors on silk, 10 3/4” X 17”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. 28
  • 29. Figure 7-24 ZHOU JICHANG, Arhats Giving Alms to Beggars, Southern Song period, 1184. Ink and colors on silk, 3’ 8” X 1’ 9”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 29
  • 30. Figure 7-25 LIANG KAI, Sixth Chan Patriarch Chopping Bamboo, Southern Song period, early thirteenth century. Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 2’ 5 1/4” high. Tokyo National Museum. 30
  • 31. Figure 7-27 Shakyamuni Buddha, at entrance to cave temple, Sokkuram, Korea, Great Silla, 751–774. Granite, approx. 11’ high. 31
  • 32. Figure 26-1 GUAN DAOSHENG, Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain, Yuan dynasty, 1308. Section of a handscroll, ink on paper, 9 1/8” x 3’ 8 7/8”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. 32
  • 33. Figure 26-2 WU ZHEN, Stalks of Bamboo by a Rock, Yuan dynasty, 1347. Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 2’ 11 1/2” x 1’ 4 5/8”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. 33
  • 34. Figure 26-3 HUANG GONGWANG, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, Yuan dynasty, 1347–1350. Section of a handscroll, ink on paper, 1’ 7/8” x 20’ 9”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. 34
  • 35. The Ming Dynasty Figure 26-5 Aerial view of the Forbidden City, Beijing, China, Ming dynasty, 15th century and later. 35
  • 36. Lacquer in the Ming Dynasty Figure 26-8 Table with drawers, Ming dynasty, ca. 1426–1435. Carved red lacquer on a wood core, 3’ 11” long. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 36
  • 37. Court Painters vs. the Literati • Examine the different styles of the Ming Dynasty court painters and the Literati, along with their philosophical differences. 37
  • 38. Figure 26-9 SHANG XI, Guan Yu Captures General Pang De, Ming dynasty, ca. 1430. Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk, 6’ 5” x 7’ 7”. Palace Museum, Beijing. 38
  • 39. Figure 26-10 SHEN ZHOU, Lofty Mount Lu, Ming dynasty, 1467. Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper, 6’ 4 1/4” x 3’ 2 5/8”. National Palace Museum, Taibei. Figure 26-11 DONG QICHANG, Dwelling in the Qingbian Mountains, Ming dynasty, 1617. Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 7’ 3 1/2” x 2’ 2 1/2”. Cleveland Museum of Art. 39
  • 40. Figure 26-14 GIUSEPPE CASTIGLIONE (LANG SHINING), Auspicious Objects, Qing dynasty, 1724. Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk, 7’ 11 3/8” x 5’ 1 7/8”. Palace Museum, Beijing. 40
  • 41. Art in the People’s Republic of China Figure 26-16 YE YUSHAN and others, Rent Collection Courtyard (detail of larger tableau), Dayi, Sichuan Province, China, 1965. Clay, approx. 100 yards long with life-size figures. 41
  • 42. Figure 26-17 XU BING, A Book from Heaven, 1988. Installation at Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1991. Movable-type prints and books. 42
  • 43. Figure 26-19 CHONG SON, Kumgang Mountains, Choson dynasty, 1734. Hanging scroll, ink and colors on paper, 4’ 3 1/2” x 1’ 11 1/4”. Hoam Art Museum, Kyunggi-Do. © 2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd. 43
  • 44. Figure 26-20 SONG SU-NAM, Summer Trees, 1983. Ink on paper, 2’ 1 5/8” high. British Museum, London. 44