Success stories compilation of game-based learning initiatives in adults education

SUCCESS STORIES – COMPILATION
OF GAME-BASED LEARNING
INITIATIVES IN ADULTS’ EDUCATION

P4I - Playing for Interculturality
Ref. 518475-LLP-1-2011-1-ES-GRUNDTVIG-GMP

Version 1 – reduced (2012)
INVESLAN (Coord.)

SUCCESS STORIES – COMPILATION OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES IN ADULTS’ EDUCATION

Work Package 2
ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES

DELIVERABLE 3
SUCCESS STORIES – COMPILATION OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES IN ADULTS’ EDUCATION

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the

P4I - PLAYING FOR INTERCULTURALITY.
views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of
the information contained thereinThis project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
Ref. 518475-LLP-1-2011-1-ES- GRUNDTVIG-GMP
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for

www.p4i-project.eu made of the information contained therein
any use which may be
p4i@inveslan.com

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE .......................................................................................................3

GLOSARY – KEY DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................6

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................9

GREEK ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES ............... 11

ITALIAN ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES .............. 26

PORTUGUESE ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES .... 45

ROMANIAN ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES ...... 66

SPANISH ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES ............ 82

UK ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES .................... 109

US ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES ..................... 125

GOOD PRACTICES – SUCCESS STORIES ..................................................................... 148

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

P4I - Play for Interculturality is a Grundtvig Multilateral project, funded by the European
Commission, ref. 518475-LLP-1-2011-1-ES-GRUNDTVIG-GMP. The project has been approved in
2011 and will be implemented within the 2 years.

While the latest tendencies point at a rather low level of adult population participation in lifelong
learning initiatives, despite the increasing efforts in promotions and diversity of programmes, the
project partners believe that the use of social games can positively influence the access of
European adults to lifelong learning experiences, increasing the access rates, offering innovative
and attractive means to develop key competences.

P4I – Play for Interculturality seeks to take step forward and create an innovative social game
that promotes apprenticeship of intercultural competences of European adults, motivating
them to take an active role and interact with other users, boosting digital socialization and
media literacy in parallel.

The present report has been developed within the framework of work package 2 “Analysis on
the use of game-based learning initiatives”, which aims at analysing the pedagogical potential
of games (with a special focus on social games) applied to competences development,
identifying those variables that influence the successful implementation of game-based learning
initiatives, as well as gathering success examples and good practices on EU and international
levels that could be used as inspirational experiences for adults training practitioners. The
implementation of the work package has been coordinated by INVESLAN (ES).

As follows, the report introduces different national realities concerning the game based learning
initiatives: Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, UK, and US national reports will be
presented respectfully. The last section of the report presents a collection of 28 good practices –
success stories that were extracted from the national reports.

More information about the project: www.p4i-project.eu

“Success stories – compilation of game-based learning initiatives in adults’ education”
INTRODUCTORY NOTE

It has to be added that all the national reports have been elaborated according to the
“Guidelines and working methodology for carrying out the analysis” that have been defined by
INVESLAN (ES). All the data and findings have been collected according the mix – based
methodology: a combination of desk research and qualitative research methods have been
applied. 4

In order to explore in detail the pedagogical potential of game based learning, as well as the
barriers to uptake of games in learning practices and skills supported by game based learning
approaches, a combination of 2 qualitative methods have been chosen: expert interviews and
group discussions with practitioners. The combination of the two chosen methods allowed us
investigate the game based initiatives from two different perspectives. Each partner has been
asked to involve minimum 6 experts on the use of innovative teaching and training
methodologies (especially those linked to games and video games), from different educational
sectors.

On the other hand, as far as group discussion, is concerned, it was organized in semi – structured
form, with the direct target group - adult training practitioners as a second method that
allowed us to explore the game based initiatives. Group discussion as a technique provided us
with significant insights from the adult training practitioners’ perspective and at the same time,
brought some added–value for the validation of the expert interview results. The participants of
the focus groups had been asked to test two games:

1. Facebook sample of story generation: http://apps.beeherd.gr/p4i-stories/

2. Irish example (3D game sample): http://neelb.arcaneindustries.co.uk/

As well as to fill in the SELF-CHECK INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

GLOSSARY – KEY DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

GLOSARY – KEY DEFINITIONS

6

Social game-based learning is an informal tool that allows the acquisition of competences in a
recreational environment. We move from “learning by doing” for the “learning by playing”,
where interpersonal learning is involved, while a social game can only be played by exchanging
information, knowledge and items with other players.

Social gaming commonly refers to playing games as a way of social interaction, as opposed to
playing games in solicitude.

We may refer to:

Educational games (Related or synonymous terms: Computer games; video games; serious
games; game-based learning; instructional games): Games in general can be defined in
surprisingly numerous ways, often changing the way games are used and perceived
(Wittgenstein, 1958). Games as a series of choices or as rule based play are popular definitions.
For the purposes of this report educational games for learning are defined as: applications using
the characteristics of video and computer games to create engaging and immersive learning
experiences for delivering specified learning goals, outcomes and experiences.

Serious games (Related or synonymous terms: Educational games; video games; game-based
learning; instructional games; sim games etc.): Michael and Chen (2006) give the following
definition: ‘A serious game is a game in which education (in its various forms) is the primary goal,
rather than entertainment’. It is worth noting that Huizinga defined games as a free activity
standing quite consciously outside ‘ordinary life’, as being ‘not serious’ (1980), following this
definition games cannot be serious. Callois similarly defined games as voluntary and therefore

GLOSSARY

also conflicts with the notion of serious games (1961: 10-11). This gives a good indication of the
kinds of contradictions found in comparisons of the available literature1.

7
Key competences: As established in “Key competences for lifelong learning: European
Reference Framework”, annex of a Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 18 December 2006 on key competences for lifelong learning that was published in
the Official Journal of the European Union on 30 December 2006/L394:

“Key competences are those which all individuals need for personal fulfilment and
development, active citizenship, social inclusion and employment. The key competences are all
considered equally important, because each of them can contribute to a successful life in a
knowledge society” (Ibid., p.3).

1 Definitions of Educational games and Serious games are taken from: JICS, “Learning in immersive worlds:
a review of game based learning”, Prepared for the JISC e-Learning Programme by Sara de Freitas, 2006:
p.10

GLOSSARY

8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9
This final report “Success stories – compilation of game-based learning initiatives in adults’
education” and its appendices contains the main conclusions of national and international
research on the design and implementation of game-based learning initiatives in adult
education and were developed within the framework of the Playing for Interculturality (P4I)
Project (Ref. 518475-LLP-1-2011-1-ES-GRUNDTVIG-GMP), Work Package 2, “Analysis on the use of
game-based learning initiatives.” It aims at analysing the pedagogical potential of games
(especially social games) applied to competences development, identifying those variables
that influence the successful implementation of game-based learning initiatives, as well as
gathering success examples and good practices on EU and international levels to be used as
inspirations for adults training practitioners. The methodologies employed were to search for
relevant information, hold focus groups of members of the target group, and interviews with
specialists in the target group members.

In each of the countries studied (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, the UK and the US) the
use of game-based learning is a rapidly growing trend that is pervading different areas of
knowledge. It has gained considerable traction and we can observe a significant qualitative
change, nevertheless there is still prevailing gap in usage, in part due to negative stereotypes of
gamers, limited expertise in ICT and in games among trainers, and a shortage of good
educational games. While there is often a lack of pedagogical design behind current social
games, the profile of social game players and gamers is increasingly broad, covering a wide
demographic across gender, age and social status that offers an opportunity for game-based
learning. Assuming the target audience to be adults, there is significant growth in their use of
social media such as Facebook and of social games at this time. The gap between access and
participation has closed significantly so that the platform on which the game would be made
available is critical to determining who would likely use it and whom else they might recruit to
participate. What drives such players to play are the desire to meet new people, to cooperate,
to try new games, find new forms of self-expression, to relieve stress, widen networks, experiment
with new identities, and the desire to compete and challenge the others. Players tend to feel
secure, respected, esteemed, empowered, in charge; they are likely to make an investment in
it.

A wide range of intercultural competences surfaced in the research on effective games. Those
that seemed most appropriate as learning objectives for a social game for adults were self-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

awareness of prejudices and stereotypes, the diversity of communication styles, suspending
judgment and empathy. In addition, successfully engaging players will likely promote a number
of related competences, including digital competences, collaboration, lateral and strategic
thinking, and new forms of literacy, including problem solving, analysis and creative
reconstruction of content, multitasking, critical judgment, trans-media navigation, and social 10

interactions and negotiation.

The pedagogical potential of social games to achieve these objectives and promote these
competences derives from immersive and interactive engagement; self-paced, non-linear and
branching activities with multiple outcomes; collaboration and competition; contextual learning
that can simulate real life situations, such as solving problems socially; integrated precise
performance measurement and feedback. Fun and engaging games capture curiosity and
encourage players to work and play together for their mutual growth and success.

The successful implementation of a game-based learning initiative depends on a number of
variables, not all of which are under the control of the creators. Online gamers often suffer from
slow internet connections, glitches in the platform functioning, technical literacy, even finding
friends and foes with whom to play. Since the most important variable is engagement, that the
player suspends disbelief and becomes immersed in the activities of the game which, if well
designed, result in the change in attitude and behaviour that is sought the game design,
development and deployment needs to avoid as many obstacles to this engagement as
possible.

A wide range of success examples surfaced in the search and conversations. Each of the
national reports lists a select few that should be played for inspiration. From wildly popular
commercial games such as The Sims and Farmville, to effective transformational games such as
Darfur is Dying, Peacemaker, Global Conflicts – Palestine, and PING (Poverty is Not a Game), all
share designs that bring players back, encourage them to involve others, and promote
envisioning the real world in a different way. From them designers should learn to define very
specifically what they want to achieve, provide for a variety of contexts for play (including
traditional classrooms), and find both a compelling story and engaging activities to advance it.

Taken together, the national reports are a rich collection of experience and intelligence that
should be re-visited regularly in any design, development, and deployment process involving
games to promote adult competences.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11

GREEK ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF

GAME – BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES
Prepared by: SQLearn

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

GREEK NATIONAL REPORT
12

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The survey was conducted during the elaboration of work package 2 related to the analysis of
the use of game-based learning initiatives in the partner countries. This report refers to the Greek
desktop survey conducted during the months March and April 2012.

The methodology used was to investigate on the internet for the relative information, to hold a
focus group with members of the target group and conduct interviews with specialised target
group members.

The main findings of the desktop research will be elaborated here. Attached one can find the
focus group report which was held on the 19 th April 2012, in Athens, Greece. Furthermore, the
results from the interview will be a separate attachment to this report.

Methodology followed and experts contacted

The methodology followed is as stated in the WP2 guidelines, namely to begin the investigation
into the use of game-based initiatives with desktop research and analysis of results. The desktop
research lasted for approximately 2 weeks and all results were collected in order to be analysed.
Several types of sources were investigated such as websites, blogs, newspaper articles, white
papers and reports originating from European funded projects. The primary part of the research
returned a large volume of results which needed filtering and thorough overview.

The second part of the methodology was to conduct, in parallel interviews with experts in social
games (designers, developers, gamers, trainers using them etc.) but also to conduct a focus
group with practitioners (trainers) using social / serious games. We held the focus group on the
19th April 2012, with 12 participants coming both from the trainer’s community teaching
intercultural skills and competencies but also social/serious game experts (professors)
researching how games are used in education.

NATIONAL REPORTS: GREEK NATIONAL REPORT

During the focus group (separate report has been created), the interview questions were posed
and discussed. This report will provide a summary of the discussion. The focus group had the
following structure: 13

a) Presentation of the P4i project,
b) Presentation by social game expert on the use of social / serious games in education,
c) Presentation by intercultural trainer on skills and competencies of an intercultural trainer
for adult education,
d) Experiential games about intercultural skills and competencies,
e) Discussion and presentation on the 3D game and story generator,
f) Answering questionnaires / interview questions.
The experts invited to participate in the focus group are listed under the heading Participant
Matrix. The experts we discussed with during the interview stage were the following:

1. Mrs Maria Saridaki (trainer and researcher in social games),
2. Dr Eri Giannaka (researcher and professor at a HEI),
3. Dr Panagiotis Zaharias (researcher and professor at Cyprus Open University),
4. Dr Dimitris Gouscos (professor at Athens University teaching an MA course in how social
games can be used in education,
5. Mrs Viki Zouka (Trainer of Greek language to foreigners at University of Athens and social
game blogger),
6. Mr Andreas Derdemetzis founder of CowboyTV and game developer,
7. Mr. Argyris Stasinakis, chairman of WOW Group and designer/developer of the Knowledge
Game,
8. Mr Marios Bikos IEEE chapter of University of Patras and promoter of gaming in HEI settings.

Moreover, another activity conducted related to the research stage, was a second type of
focus group held with Master students of the Athens Kapodistrian University where the P4i project
was presented and the interview questions discussed.

Finally, the last activity conducted in order to finalise this report was to attend the 1 st Gaming
Forum held in Athens, Greece on the 27th and 28th March 2012, where noted speakers of the
gaming and educational community held presentations, introduced games, held game
competitions etc.

The report will elaborate further on the findings from the above conducted activities.


GREEK MAIN FINDINGS

14
An extensive research was conducted in Greece in order to investigate the game based
learning initiative in Greece.

The report is divided into the following sections:

Social games based learning initiatives

The majority of games used in an educational setting, identified during our research phase
pointed to serious games and not social games. Serious and educational games are used
extensively for educational purposes and range from primary to tertiary education promoting
cognitive skills and knowledge to more advanced, behaviour and personal values, change.

Primary education: serious games have been developed and had their educational value
acknowledged by the Ministry of Education for teaching young people. One such game is the
“Magic Filter/Potion”.

Other initiatives come from the private and public sector where the game objective range from
planning a city (like the game Aspis) addressing professional architects, planners , citizens but
also for introducing planning in school and university curricula. Private companies have started
in the last years to promote a social character to their games, namely creating a version for
Facebook. These social games have not been fully immersed into education yet, and are mostly
used for promotional and marketing purposes. There are games that are used as supplementary
educational material and they are:

a) “Informatist” for teaching management skills,
b) “Electrocity” for environmental issues where Young students manage their own cities,
c) “Gazillionaire” used in colleges for teaching business, maths and economics,
d) “Magi and the sleeping star”,
e) “Global warming interactive” teaching how global warming influence.

Finally, a conclusion can be that social games do not necessarily teach specific school topics
such as geography or psychology but make an effort to extend and support the thought
process by surpassing the stigma that whatever is of educational nature is also boring.


The profile of social games player

From our interviews and research we received two types of information:

Research community:
15

a) 83% of Facebook users use it for online gaming,
b) More women than men play online,
c) Users wish to utilise their smart phones, the web and WEB2.0 tools and find a solutions to
access lifelong training material from there,
d) 97% of younger generations play computer and video games,
e) New devices facilitate gaming.

Educators’ community (adult training practitioners):

Social games are not widely used for training purposes since the actual trainers themselves, did
not use them during their training. Their description of the social gamer is that they are younger
people playing computer and video games.

Gamer community (game developers):

From the interview question posed to them, they have not made any specific analysis of the
gamer profile for their game design. They know the information from the gamers profile and from
the gaming competitions that are being conducted globally. They are aware that gamers
come from diverse backgrounds, geographical locations and age groups and that the average
age of a global gamer is 37 years.

Analytics are very important so that education is integrated with game design.

Sample testing

The sample testing of the two games presented returned the following comments:

a) Both games are very easy to use,
b) Interaction is medium to very much although not so engaging (story generator),
c) 3D game gave only the first person experience and asking questions between the game
make the user lose their game immersion,
d) Story generator needs more interaction.


Analysis of pedagogical potential of the use of games (with a focus of social games) for adult
learning

Social games and serious games in an educative setting are still not widely use and we believe
that their potential is not fully utilised. Moreover, we found out that there is a lack of 16
pedagogical design behind the social games we have identified and they are used for
information awareness campaigns, promotion campaigns and gaming.

The new generation of trainees and pupils are ready for games in education but research
depicts that their teachers and trainers are not. We do not prepare our children for the
necessary change but for the world that we know and not the world they will get to know! This is
a major drawback and the research community is trying to change it, hence the organisation of
the 1st Gaming Forum 2012 aimed at discussing trends in game design and its application in
entertainment, education and marketing.

Another factor that might influence the Greek community and trainees to play more games and
become more efficient is the high unemployment rate among youth reaching 36.1% (Jan 2012
figure) forcing hence, the trainers community to increase their use (games) in education.

Identification of success elements of social games for education

The success elements or characteristics of what makes a social game useful for educational
purposes relate always to the pedagogical design and analysis of the target group for which it is
targeting.

According to Mr. Jacob Nielsen, member of the British Council in Copenhagen, Denmark, there
are certain steps one must follow in order to ensure a game as an efficient educational tool.
These are:

a) Prepare the game properly and allow time following the game end, to follow up with the
trainees.
b) Ensure that there is diversity in the teams that play the game, this diversity will bring
diverse experience and allow for enhanced exchange of know-how.
c) Bring in external advisors / experts to build strong case studies.
d) Ensure that there is real-world testing – this element is very important because the
trainees will see how real people react to their decisions. They game they designed was
about planning a city.
e) The fun factor is key.


f) Have small prizes to act as motivator.

Other elements surfaced during our research were:

a) Careful interaction activities need to be designed allowing for individual as well as social 17
interaction.
b) Link learning objectives to gaming content.
c) Assessment and its structure / position in the game is very important as not to distract the
trainee from the game.
d) Ensuring that the trainees understand that this is part of the educational activity.

Learning identification and evaluation

If proper educational objectives have been set learning can be identified in the game.
Evaluation needs to be carefully positioned in order not to distract the user from the game.
Perhaps, evaluation can take place when ending the game and not within the actual game.
However, this always depends on the skills, knowledge or behaviour you wish to enhance.

Barriers to uptake of games in learning practice

The Greek research, trainers and game developers community agreed that one major barrier is
the mentality towards gaming in Greece. Gaming has a negative connotation which is different
to the rest of the world.

Another barrier of using games in the learning practice is the fact that the necessary
background is lacking by the actual trainers and it is not in their mentality. One example from a
school teacher: children on a school trip should experience nature (identify tree leaves) with
their hands and where not allowed to take pictures on their mobile phones and share with their
friends.

Other barriers are the lack of ICT infrastructure in schools and state universities. There is a contrast
between private training providers who usually have state-of-the-art equipment in their
classrooms and experiment with new technologies in training delivery.

The main conclusion is that serious and social games need to be introduced from a central
perspective into the national curricula.


Skills supported by game-based learning approaches

Skills supported can be the following:
18

a) ICT basic skills since users learn how to use the Internet, a computer, social media.
b) Netiquette skills for online and group communication.
c) Critical thinking competencies since their actions/decisions influence the outcome of the
game.
d) Organising group activities and work as part of a group.
e) Share information and knowledge and also learn to learn (informally).
f) Role-playing skills.
g) Negotiation skills.
h) Communication skills.

Summary for the self-check intercultural sensitivity questionnaire

The main focus group was held on the 19th April where 13 people attended. At the end of the
focus group, a questionnaire was distributed among them related to the knowledge and skills of
the group on intercultural sensitivity issues. The results gathered are the following:

a) Q: History: the majority (more than 50%) stated that particular knowledge in history was
not necessary in order for them to conduct their work. Only 1 reply was given related to
this which thought that history knowledge facilitated their work,
b) Q: Social sciences: the majority (60%) answered that it is quite useful to have social
sciences background in order to teach a group in intercultural skills and competencies,
c) Q: Geography: the answers to this question were divided where 50% thought that
knowledge (and interest) in such an area is not so important, the other 50% though
differently. The conclusion is that it depends on the group of trainees each trainer has,
d) Q: Native language: 50% thought that good knowledge in the native language is
essential for trainers while the other 50% thought it as not so important,
e) Q: Language and society: the same replies as native language,
f) Q: Non-verbal language: although this was a good question for discussion and of
interest, the trainers agreed (60%) that it not so important to have such knowledge in
these topics,


g) Q: Mathematics: the most important part was the ability of problem-solving, although
answers were divided. i.e. the majority 70% answered that they were neutral to
knowledge and importance,
h) Q: Relation human vs. Nature: the majority 50%, thought that this is of very low
importance and not specific knowledge is needed for their work, 19

i) Q: ICT: almost all agreed that this is of high importance and their knowledge should be
very high in this area,
j) Q: Level of use of ICT tools as a game: 80% answered that they use ICT tools as games,
k) Q: Use of ICT in education: again almost all use ICT tools for educational purpose (learn),
l) Q: Satisfaction with the research method: (was slightly changed by us to read: how
satisfied are in you the research that is being conducted in Greece related to the use of
ICT / games in education): the answers were: 40% satisfied, 30% not so satisfied, 30% not
satisfied at all.


RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

The recommendations and conclusions reached following the two focus groups conducted are
20
the following: (they are being separated according to field)

For the intercultural trainer – skills and competences

• How can an intercultural trainer prepare for teaching such groups of trainees? Best is if
they have undergone experiential training so that they are aware of their own abilities, skills /
competences in the area.

• Is special knowledge required (i.e. history, geography etc) for the trainer to conduct their
work better? No, these are issues they should focus on before the training.

• Culture is of outmost importance i.e. using ICT should be a habit and a training tool for
the trainers already in their education.

• Trainers should be aware of their stereotypes and prejudices.

• How can a trainer remain neutral? By experiential experiences and training they realise
their potential, skills and way of teaching. Moreover, they learn to prepare their lesson plans
better.

For the use of social / serious games in education

• Veteran game users à get involved easier in an educational process where games are
involved.

• The Greek education / trainer community is not fully ready to use social games in adult
education.

• There are a growing community of Greek game developers.

• Controlled vs. free learning environment. Which is best suited for our target group?

Classroom vs. game

• When should we include interaction in the game? In order not to interfere with the game
immersion – interaction should be carefully planned.

• Shock experience in game – can be a useful method.


• User interaction - careful planning on how interaction between users should be designed.

• Perhaps we can design based on gender in order to motivate users (scenarios).

• What peripheral advantages can be drawn from the game i.e. learn ICT, learn history,
21
learn about geography etc.

Greek results:

• Low ICT experience among trainers and educators.

• There are many differences between other EU countries and Greece – in particular how
and when they use ICT in education.

• There are big differences between the different age groups.

• Formal education is still more important and sought after than informal education /
training.

• When changes come from central government / i.e. initiatives and schemes, they are
better and more quickly integrated within the educational system.


REFERENCES:

[1] Anagnostou K. Serious Games or simple games in Education?, accessed March 2012,
22
from http://thinkinggamer.wordpress.com/2010/ 01/28/serious-games-or-games/

[2] Blog Kiosterakis.gr Serious Games accessed April 2012, from
http://www.kiosterakis.gr/new/epikairothta/education/549-serious-games

[3] Derdemetzis A. presentation from the 1st Gaming Forum Athens, “Gaming is not a
Crime” Greece, 27th March 2012

[4] Gounari M. When serious games are introduced in education accessed April 2012, from
http://www.gameover.gr/Serious-Games.17821.html?article_page=1

[5] Initial Vocational Training Centre AKMI, accessed March 2012 from http://www.iek-
akmi.gr/paroxes/ekpaideytika-proterimata

[6] Karalis T, & Raikou N, Greek national report of EU Project Development of Innovative
Methods of training the trainers, Athens, Greece 2010

[7] Klopfer E., Osterweil S., Salen K. Moving learning games forward, MIT 2009

[8] Meimaris M. & Gouscos D., Minutes from the conference ECGBL 2011 (European
Conference on Game Based Learning) organised on the 20-21st October 2011, by University of
Athens

[9] Mourlas K. et all, Serious Games Showcase and Best Practices 2011, accessed April 2012
from http://old.media.uoa.gr/sgsbest2011/

[10] Mouzakis Ch. Training Adults – Using The New Technologies in Training Adults,
Athens, Greece 2006

[11] Nielsen J. British Council, presentation from 1st Gaming Forum Athens, “Future City
Game / Social Game as an educational tool”, Greece 27th March 2012

[12] Papanis E., Greek Social Research blog, Educational, Psychological and Sociological
Research, accessed March 2012 from http://penthileus.blogspot.com /
http://epapanis.blogspot.com/2011/02/e.html


[13] Papastamos V. et all A proposition: Using electronic games (serious games) in
teaching History in secondary education, accessed March 2012 from
http://blogs.sch.gr/billbas/

[14] Pappa A, Video games in the classroom, Alibreto, accessed March 2012 from 23
http://alibreto.gr

[15] Pappas J. Dr, Who plays serious games – LUDUS Project, Conference 22 Feb 2010,
Ioannina, Greece


ANNEX: Participant Matrix

Greek focus group held on the 19/4/2012 in Athens, Greece
24
Social games player (games
Name and surname Age Gender Occupation Education played)

Mrs Maria Psaraki 25-35 F Trainer Tertiary No
Farmville, Restaurant,
Cafeworld, Amnesty game,
Empire, Smurfs, Knowledge
games, Greek games,
Instructional Treasure Island, Jems, online
Mrs Christina Karra 25-35 F designer Tertiary quiz/ contests.

Mr Giorgos Simopoulos 36-45 M Trainer Tertiary No games

Role playing games: Mass
Effect, Eve, World of Warcraft,
Mrs Biki Zouka 25-35 F Trainer Tertiary Diablo

BakeryStory, CityStory,
Mrs Christina Instructional Farmville, BrainChallenge,
Kanellopoulou 25-35 F designer Tertiary Smurfs

Who has the biggest brain
(playfish through Facebook)
Word Challenge (playfish
through Facebook)
Geo Challenge (playfish
Mrs Eri Giannaka 25-35 F Researcher Tertiary through Facebook)

Mrs Maria Saridaki 25-35 F Trainer Tertiary

Mr Dimitris Mylonas 25-35 M Researcher Tertiary Farmville
Junior
Instructional
Mrs Maria Lianou 25-35 F designer Secondary Sims, angry birds
Junior
Instructional
Mrs Lia Tsiatsouli 25-35 F designer Tertiary
Developer
social
Mr Antonis Friggas M 25-35 games Doctoral 8ballBull, Sims, Angry Birds
Instructional Angry Birds, SecondLife,
Mrs Sofia Tsiortou F 36-45 designer Tertiary Backgammon
Professor /
Mr Panagiotis Zaharias M 36-45 researcher Tertiary EveOnline


2nd seminar / focus group held on the 24/4/2012 in Athens, Greece (University of Athens, MA
course)

25
Name and surname Age Gender Occupation Education

Mrs Asteria Marantou 25-35 F Teacher Tertiary

Mrs Anastasia Kaltsoula 25-35 F Teacher Tertiary

Mrs Evjenia Tertiary
Siampanopoulou 25-35 F Teacher

Mrs Menia Mavraki 25-35 F Teacher Tertiary

Mrs Antonia Seresly 25-35 F Teacher Tertiary

Mrs Katerina Fragkiskou 25-35 F Teacher Tertiary

Dr. Dimitris Gouscos 36-45 M Professor Tertiary


26

ITALIAN ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF

Prepared by: CNIPA PUGLIA


ITALIAN NATIONAL REPORT
27

DESK RESEARCH

“What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N- [for Net]-
generation or D-[for digital] - generation. But the most useful designation I have found for them is
Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of
computers, video games and the Internet.”

The “digital natives”, that means the young generations of boys and girls that, since 1990, were
born and grown up with Internet “love to play more than older generations”. Most of them had
access to games and virtual worlds all lifelong and so they take for granted the high
involvement and the active participation. They know what an extreme, positive activation
means and when they don’t experience it, they feel bored and frustrated. They don’t have any
reason to feel like that: it’s much more difficult to work well in less motivated environments with a
low feedback and few challenges when you grow up playing sophisticated games”.

When we study educational paths addressed to young people today we have to take into
consideration that they are the first generation of students that have been constantly in touch
with new information technology and communication tools: mobile phones, DVD players,
laptops, desktops and videogames are part of their lives since their births and are integrating
part of their everyday life. “Engage Me or Enrage Me”, this is the slogan of new generation.

This kind of debate is concerning the trainers of the 21st century, showing a greater and greater
interest towards the so-called “serious game” and they consider also the fact to show its
efficiency to the people who weren’t born in the digital era too and that were approaching the
digital world during the years, in different stages of their lives, being fascinated by this world. This
last kind of people is called, always by M. Prensky, Digital Immigrants.

“Today’s serious game is serious business” this is how Sawyer , well-known expert of this topic, that
has the quality of making the word serious game famous, explains that the first word “serious” is
referred to the aim of the game and the reason why it has been created, that is why he refers to
serious videogames as “information applications realized by researchers and industrials with the

NATIONAL REPORTS: ITALIAN NATIONAL REPORT

aim of using those videogames and technologies for objectives that go beyond the simple
entertainment".

The serious game is used with many different purposes and to explain or simulate any situation
and topic, the fields that use this tool include from the medical ones to the military ones, 28
enterprises, politics, religion, and ethics and so on. For instance, the videogames used at school
with a didactic aim, reveal themselves as an efficient mean to explain to young people and
children topics that could have been too complex if covered in a different way.

Furthermore, always regarding the didactics, the serious game seems to be in line with the
digital language the young use nowadays and are perfect interpreters.

Michael and Chen, two experts in educational videogames, seem to agree with this kind of
observations about the serious games. In their book “Serious Games: Games that Educate,
Train and Inform” they describe videogames as: “ …a voluntary activity, obviously separate
from real life, creating an imaginary world that may or may not have any relation to real life
and that absorb the player’s full attention. Games are played out within a specific time and
place, are played according to established rules, and create social groups out of their players.”

So the primary objective of serious game is to teach something and do it in a pleasant and
enjoyable way.

The expression serious game became popular after the birth of the Serious Game Initiative in
2002, an association that dealt only with the research and development about serious
videogames. Thanks to the growth of this association, the term serious videogame was included
in common language and had the visibility it deserved, considering we are talking about a
market of millions dollar. In the website dedicated to the initiative, the association explains what
are its aims through its studies that are significant to understand the real extent of this:

“Serious Game Initiative is focused on the use of games to explore new challenges about
management and public sector. Part of its global features is to help creating a productive link
between electronic videogames and different projects that concern fields such as education,
health, training and public policy”.

The serious games represent only a part of the tools used for educational, learning and practical
purposes related to the use of computer. In fact, according to the aim they have we can talk e-
learning, edutainment, game-based learning and digital game-based learning.

The first concept, the one of e-learning, concerns the possibility to learn exploiting the Internet
and consequently the possibility to spread distance information.


E-learning is not limited to school education and university but it is used for company training
and organizations that have offices in different cities.

The Edutaiment is a form of entertainment with the aim of educating and enjoying. The purpose
is to socialize people in entertainment activities such as TV programmes, videogames, films and 29
websites. The term edutaiment is a neologism created by Bob Heyman. The expression was born
by the merging of two words: educational and entertainment. The term edutainment is also
used to refer to the sector of e-learning that tries to transfer key concepts in a funny way. This
method can also be used fruitfully to cover delicate issues such as ethics, diversity and sex
education.

As far as game-based learning, it is defines as a branch of serious games, that deals with the
results, concerning learning process, that are achieved using teaching games. The reasoning
that underlies the intuition to use game as a tool to learn is clearly expressed by the following
statement by Marc Prensky:

“There is no reason that a generation can memorize over 100 Pokemon characters with
all their characteristics, history and evolution can’t learn the names, population, capitals and
relationships of all the 101 nations in the world”.

The characteristics of GBL (game-based learning) are first of all to use competitive exercises
that stimulate the students to defy each other or against themselves in order to be motivated to
learn better, they often use elements of imagination that involve the players in learning activities
that follow the path of a story and furthermore, with the aim of creating a really instructive
game, the trainer has to be sure that learning the notions of the game are actually aimed at the
score and the win of the game itself.

Besides the fact that learning through a game is really attractive to young people, the GBLs, if
structured in a correct way, can motivate students to better know and encourage them to learn
from their mistakes.

The digital game-based learning (DGBL) are closely connected with the GBLs, the only
difference being that they refer only to games that are digital and therefore can be used only
with the support of a personal computer. The DGBLs are the most popular educational games
and the attention of studies is focusing on them, and it is not difficult to guess why, since it is not
strange to find children who can use technology better than an adult a computer.

The logic behind the processes of learning that we want to trigger with the use of serious game is
the one learning by doing. In recent years, this expression has become quite popular since it was
found to be in many respects, one of the best strategies to learn when it is not intended only as


a mean to memorize, but also to "understand". To understand and memorize, therefore, it seems
that the best strategy is to do it by practically experiencing, through work, through the actions
that are more stuck in memory. Since the objective, whatever the target we are addressing to, is
not mechanical actions or concepts randomly, to really understand we gave to activate
pathways that stimulate reflection and thought. The knowledge must be internalized; we must 30

reflect, think and be aware (learning by thinking).

The development of the serious games industry is becoming an object of interest and
investigation and this is also proved by the fact that in Europe there are many programs that
have it in Europe, one among all the LUDUS project.

Objective of the project LUDUS is the creation of a European network for the transfer of
knowledge and dissemination of good practices in the innovative field of serious games. In the
context of the project LUDUS, a part of the activities for promotion, transfer of knowledge and
creation of a network of experts, will take place in South East Europe. These activities aim to
promote training and skills development and the capacity of local firms and other actors
involved in the field of serious games. LUDUS activities include, among others, the analysis of the
state of the art of serious games, a survey on the availability and interest of the ICT companies in
the South East of Europe for the development of serious games, the organization of workshops,
conferences, training courses, competitions, open labs, creating an online database of experts
and other stakeholders, to build a website and a reference library, prepare promotional
activities and a guide of good practices.

The demographics show a constant increase of interest in the use of serious games. 31% of EU
citizens aged between 16 and 49 are active players and European players’ average age is 30
years. Statistics reveal that this type of game is now an essential part of everyday life for a
significant portion of the population, regardless of age, gender and social status, which can be
seen as an indicator of familiarity with this type of technology and at the same time, as
evidence of the importance of the game itself and, consequently, of serious games in general.

The study “Citizen As Partners Information Consultation and Public Participation in Policy Making”
by OECD (Organization for the Development of Cooperation and Development) has outlined
an important framework for participatory policies of EU members. The report emphasized the
need to strengthen the link between citizens and institutions, both national and European Union,
in particular, stressed the need to make citizens participate in decision-making, supporting the
traditional means of participation and consultation with the use of new ICT (Information and
Communication Technologies).


Projects such as E-VITA (project co-founded by the General Directorate of Education and
Culture of the European Commission within the Lifelong Learning Programme, Key Activity 3)
that integrate Game Based Learning with concepts of inter-generational learning or VoiceS ,
that has the aim of promoting the dialogue among European citizens and their regional
representatives of European parliament or local assemblies in order to build a mutual relation of 31

change and trust, confirm the importance, pertinence and functionality of serious games.

The “Videogamers in Europe 2010” study, realized by GameVision on behalf of the Interactive
Software Federation of Europe (ISFE), shows that in Italy, adults play less than those in EU
countries. Only 17% of adults are used to playing videogames. Italy is one of the EU countries
where the adult generation do not have a high rate of video-gamers.

Only 17% of people in Italy play videogames, while the European average is 25%. On the other
hand, 76% of players play online games, while the European average is 71%. According to the
statistics, 73% of people play free games and 22% play ‘pay per play games’. Italy shows the
highest proportion of playing games on a “pay to play” basis.

Italian players play mostly with games which are available on social networks and online, as
opposed to videogames. One out of five Italian players takes part in multiplayer online games.
The games which are most used are casual games such as puzzle, board, trivial and card
games (played by 55%).

According to the European average, Italian players play 59% for fun, 53% to relax and 39% to
pass time.

Particularly in Italy, there is a large rate of players; however they are not used to buying
videogames. This suggests that they have a low budget for gaming and there is a consequent
impact on the level of piracy.

Normally, artificial systems such as computers, robots and telecoms networks, collect information
about and interact with the environments they inhabit. This raises the question of how to build
artificial systems that adapt to their environment. The attempt to answer this question has
brought together researchers from a broad range of theoretical and technological disciplines.
Building an artefact that knows its environment requires on the one hand a Theory of
Knowledge, on the other a broad range of scientific and technical know-how. In other words, it
requires collaboration between psychologists, philosophers, biologists, engineers, computer
scientists, physicists and mathematicians. The collaboration between these researchers in these
different disciplines has already produced important theoretical and practical results. To further
promote this collaboration, the EU has created a Network of Excellence that brings together key


workers in the area. The staff of the NAC laboratory is part of this effort and it belongs to the
University of Naples Federico II. The focus of the lab's activity is to reproduce psychobiological
phenomena in artificial systems using Evolutionary Robotics and Artificial Life techniques. Several
of the key researchers come from the Laboratory for Adaptive Robotics and Artificial Life -
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council. They are involved 32

to extend this approach to create effective new technologies that support psychological
processes (learning, decision making, entertainment, etc.).

In according with learning process NAC Lab has developed many projects. One of these is the
pilot project LearnToLead, created to design, implement, and test a novel, online approach to
training in team leadership (see Good Practice section).

Moreover, related with the last tendencies, 2 young Italian developers are creating a different
platform of social game but all their project are recent and available in beta version. These
games are different because they pretend to make the users very active in the way of thinking,
cooperating and acting on the real life. The first game is called Edgeryders and has created by
an Italian developer Mr. Alberto Cottica (see Good Practice section), the second game is a
“social activity game“ called Piqueon, it has created by Mr. Daniele Portaluri. Both represent a
new way of gaming interaction.

NATIONAL RESEARCH

Following the guidelines of WP2, before the focus group, we selected the possible candidates,
and experts of serious and social game, to submit them the semi-structured face to face
interviews. The recruitment of experts was made through a research on Internet, followed by
Phone calls and mail Exchange to evaluate their competence related to the field covered.
From a list of 15 people we selected 6 experts and, during the month of April 2012, we submitted
them a semi-structured interview according to WP2. The interviews were carried on at home with
the interviewees, recorded with a digital recorder, and then listened to, analysed, protocoled
and filed.

The interviewees were:

1. Daniele Portaluri (Social game creator)

2. Carla Ruggeri (Journalist and researcher)

3. Livio Preite (Teacher and trainer)


4. Piero Petrelli (ITC developer)

5. Riccardo Rizzo (ITC teacher)

6. Francesco Baccaro (ITC developer/designer)
33
From the analysis of the answers, the results emerged were:


The last trends prove that we’re experiencing a greater and greater use of this kind of games,
above all for children. Learn enjoying it is easier and more motivating. The social game,
furthermore, trains to the confrontation, enables to involve a very high number of users, destroys
any architectural barrier. It’s becoming an easy and fast system. The most known social games
and most successful are, according to the interviewees: The Sims Social, available also on
Facebook, Cityville, Second Life, Foursquare, Peacemaker, Oilproject (with over 9000 students,
it’s the greatest school online in Italy), Piqueon, EdgeRyders, StreetMood, Learn to Lead and
Eutopia. Furthermore, the territorial potential of the application of serious game could be used
as a tool to promote every territory, the artistic and natural beauties, arts and crafts and the
typical features of the context of reference.
The experts have recommended the social games based learning initiatives below:

• Learn to Lead (pilot project);

• Oilproject;

• Edgeryders;

• Eutopia.

The profile of social games player

From the interviews carried out the typical adult player is between 30/40, interested in digital
technology, Internet and videogames (particularly console), curious and attentive to the news
in this field. The player tends to be diligent in the initial phase of approach and knowledge of the
game and becomes less and less fond of it, except if the system does not introduce such
innovations periodically to maintain a constant level of interest for the user. What pushes the
player to play is the desire to meet new people, try new games, the curiosity to test new
applications and the desire to compete and challenge the others.


Sample testing

All the interviewees have tested the game 3D NEELB2. Everybody expressed a positive 34

judgement about the use of 3D environments and interactive avatar for the purposes of the
project. At the same time they suggested to improve the game speed of interaction and
graphic elements.

Analysis of pedagogical potential of the use of games (with a focus of social games) for adult
learning

In this case the different backgrounds and professional experiences of participants emerged. In
fact, those engaged in teaching activities and formal education prefer the use of serious games
like Second Life or Oilproject, where they regularly organize social cultural and educational
events. The ones who do not work in schools, would rather participate in less formal
environments and creative ones such as Piqueon and Edgeryders, where users have to
complete less structured missions and the solutions are not unique but depend on the
participant's intelligence.

Participants highlighted that the major pedagogical advantage of using social games, the
ability to have a customized experience of the technological means (computer). Even
socializing is an important aspect of social games. It also allows you to break down any barrier,
both physical and social, since it interacts in a "non place", not necessarily a mirror of a real
context. Furthermore, the same advantages, when considered in absolute terms that means
constantly compared with the experiences of real life, could become disadvantages in terms of
release from everyday life, representing the biggest disadvantage. Another disadvantage is the
low possibility to control the content uploaded. As for the skills that can be supported by games
(social games), it was determined that there are no limits to that effect. As regards the
approach to learning, everyone agreed that there is an objective approach, but it must always
be measured and studied in relation to the peculiar characteristics of the target group to which
the social game is addressed.

The experts have recommended the pedagogical potential of the use of games below:

• language skills;

• communication skills;

• technical skills;


• opening-mind;

• keeping in touch with many users;

• implementation of knowledge;
35
• sharing and comparing experiences from real life to digital environment;

• learning process based on non-formal education;

• keeping information about several interests;

• involving the player in the decision making process;

• increasing social skills and self-empowerment.

Identification of success elements of social games for education

The elements of success of social games for education, from the interviews carried out, are the
result of the intrinsic nature of them as they are accessible to all and represent an element of
change and innovation. They also allow an easy learning and playing, they have in themselves
mechanisms that stimulate a better involvement of the player who does not feel at some point
the stress due to learn at any cost.
We list the elements of success that were identified:

- nice and suitable graphic environment (Mr. Daniele Portaluri is working on the new graphic
version of Piqueon);

- non formal environment (success elements of Edgeryders);

- active involvement of the user: make feel the player as an important person and bringing
“something new” (main success elements of Edgeryders);

- immediate gratitude and self-esteem;

- the success of the action depends above all to each individual (supported by the other
players);

- good competition and ability in problem solving;

- no mark or formal evaluation;


- clear and defined rules;

- tutorials for gaming (video-tutorial).

Learning identification and evaluation
36

The interaction in interactive environments is easy and the learning as quick as the game is
interesting. From the experience of the participants results that there is often a greater inclination
to virtual rather than physical interaction. Learning can be measured by feedbacks with
compulsory access that is taken seriously only if the game is funny. If you are in a class the
encouragement could come from the teacher in the classroom, whether it is an informal
environment, it provides rewarding moments that stimulate to keep. Of course the ones who are
stimulated to learn and play above all for this rewarding mechanism, is of minor importance.
We should consider that in Italy all game learning based initiatives are quite recent and belong
to university research sector or private entrepreneurial attempts.

Barriers to uptake of games in learning practice

The barriers have been identified:
- from a technical point of view as the broad band, the cost of connection and the
multimedia tools.

- from a socio-pedagogical point of view, the trainers are few and few ones are really
able to manage the educational situations on the cutting edge.

- language barriers.

Skills supported by game-based learning approaches

It's been difficult to identify areas universally valid for every kind of learner. However, you can
find common elements that lead to define some areas more appreciated than others. They
were foreign language, IT skills above all for the use of social networks, entrepreneurship and
cultural insights, and then in order of importance educational subjects such as mathematics and
social sciences.
The skills supported in LearnToLead game are:

- competition and cooperation;

- leadership skills;

- team working;


- effectiveness and efficiency;

- competencies in “people management”, resource management and organization.

The skills supported in Edgeryders game are:
37
- influence common future of Europe;

- share the social responsibility;

- build a positive cooperation between citizens;

- share information and good practice between citizens and institutional body.

The skills supported in Piqueon game are:

- technical skills through video, photos and media contents ;

- responsible competition;

- communication skills;

- creativity and social activism;

- learning through the actions of other users.

FOCUS GROUP

As has been explained, it should be considered that in Italy, all game learning based initiatives
are relatively recent and belong to university research sectors or small entrepreneurial attempts.

The participants of the focus group have been informed about these initiatives, however none
of them have experience with the social games which are recommended by the experts (only 4
participants have experience with Edgryders).

The focus group was held in Lecce on 27th April 2012 with the participants selected following the
guidelines of WP2. The group of participants is composed by eleven people selected among
teachers, trainers and people practising social game based learning.

The focus group was led by Doct. Maurizio Melito, supported by the sociologist Cosimo
Botrugno.

The participants selected are:


1. Mr. Salvatore Cappilli (Graphic designer, ITC teacher)

2. Mr. Daniele Martina (Psychologist and Trainer)

3. Mrs. Alessandra Alfarano (Public Body Employed/sociologist)
38
4. Mr. Pierpaolo Ingrosso (ITC Teacher, E-tutor)

5. Mr. Salvatore Logica (Video Maker/practitioner)

6. Msr. Irma Zabulionyte (graphic designer)

7. Mr. Giovanni Avantaggiato (Community developer)

8. Mrs. Mariangela Schito (Italian teacher)

9. Mrs. Cecilia Catanzariti (Informal trainer/project manager)

10. Mrs. Nunzia Delle Donne (Intercultural Trainer)

11. Paola De Pascali (Intercultural trainer)

In detail:

The activities began at 9.00 with a short presentation of the project P4I made by Doc. Maurizio
Melito, where the main aspects of the project have been presented and the general objectives.
Then every participant was given a SELF-CHECK INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY and, after 20
minutes, all the tests have been filled in and hand over.

The purpose of such questionnaire, as outlined in WP2, was to make the participants reflect on
their intercultural skills before proceeding with a debate on the use of social games of the
participants The questionnaires were developed in order to have an immediate feedback of
sensitivity of participants to the topic covered.

The debate was opened with a brief introduction by Mr. Melito on the use of social games,
which was followed by the activity "my avatar" that was carried out as follows: each participant
was asked to draw on a sheet the typical interface of their favourite social game, to give
motivations to the actions of their avatar and to explain why the avatar exists and to explain the
interaction of the avatar with the environment.


From the following analysis of the works we can see that:

a) The most popular games among participants are:

- Second Life (6 participants)
39
- Foursquare (6 participants)

- Cityville (6 participants)

- Sims Socials (4 participants)

- Edgeryders (4 participants)

- The World of Warcraft (3 participants)

- Farm Ville (3 participants)

- The Sims 3 (2 participants)

- The Peacemaker (1 participant)

b) The main common motivations of players are:

- Widen the contact network overcoming the territorial distances (7)

- Know the “different” through the virtual representation channels (5)

- To disguise yourself and have a new identity (5)

c) The main skills supported resulted to be

- Gratitude and satisfaction

- Learning a foreign language through the commands of the game and the interactions
with other users

- Giving value to the relational aspect

- Growth and personal enrichment

- Learning the use of technology

d) The main activities carried out during the game were:

- Cooking/eating


- Listening to music

- Smoking

- Talking on the phone
40

From 10 to 10:15 we had a coffee break followed by the test of the game 3D NEELB2. Every
participant had the opportunity to have access and complete the game to participate to the
following focus group. Furthermore, every participant was asked to take notes of the answers
given to every single question of the game.

At 11.30 the focus group was opened.

To start the discussion, we asked the participants to give their opinion about the game NEELB2,
from that some critical points emerged:

- Lack of personalization and characterization of the avatar

- Slow game dynamics

- Limited interaction with other characters

Of course the group had understood very well the aims of the sample game and expressed a
strong curiosity in knowing the following implementations of the game.

Then, starting from the academic definitions of the three terms, Mr. Maurizio Melito began the
focus group so that participants compared the answers given.

Shortly after the debate has been focused on how the use of social games can foster
intercultural attitudes at the expense of discrimination. A first critical aspect detected during the
debate was that, when a participant (Alessandra Alfarano) noted that although the social
games offer the opportunity to interact with an unlimited number of users, it happens that the
greatest number of interactions exchanged by players are made within a limited circle. This
phenomenon, according to Alessandra, does nothing but reinforce prejudices, stereotypes and
discriminatory acts of their group.

The answers of the group were many, but in the end it was agreed that it would be interesting to
create a game where everyone is led to be born, grow and live in different ethnic communities,
in order to make a virtual experience interacting with those communities most victims of
discrimination.


A second topic introduced by Mr. Melito concerned the use of social games as learning tool for
adults about interculturality.

The younger participants have immediately agreed about the need and the usefulness of this
type of games in schools, like civic education. A question asked by a participant (Mr. Giovanni 41
Avantaggiato) has suggested a number of critical points arguing that it is very difficult to
influence the behaviour of adults because they have stereotypes and prejudices deeply rooted
in their social actions. Some have supported the statement of Giovanni, others have argued that
the number of people that approaches social games also includes a significant number of
adults who, though attracted to these games, might be able to change their mental barriers in
a virtual environment.

Another topic emerged from these observations concerns the digital divide in Italy. Daniele
Martina in fact, states that it is a phenomenon that is still too relevant and which helps to move
away the adults from the world of technology, at least as concerns the field of learning. Peter
Petrelli, however, answered back by saying that the university reforms and the use of e-learning
platforms not necessarily academic has greatly reduced the digital gap, designing interfaces
more and more intuitive and standardized.

The focus group ended with greetings and the organizers thanking all participants for their
involvement.


CONCLUSION REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

42

In conclusion few ones added some comments, but from the few comments we could extract
the following recommendations:

1. Present the social game in an appropriate way. This allows a positive approach. This can
happen in the classroom or, if it is an informal environment, via web.

2. The information and clarity avoid moments of default.

3. An appropriate system of tutoring helps to develop the path in a correct way as video, text
and picture, etc.).

4. Divide the game into steps and stop many times for clarifications and discussion in order to
consolidate the knowledge that can be a help.

5. Sometimes, repeating the game allows all the participants to be at the same level to go on
with another study.


REFERENCES:

(1) Jane McGonigal ( 2011), La realtà in gioco, Apogeo 43

(2) Mark Prensky (2001) Digital Natives, digital immigrants, from www.marcprensky.com

(3) Bryan Bergero (2006) Developing serious game, Thomson Delmar Learning

(4) Michael David, Chen Sande (2005) Serious Game, games that educate train and
inform, Thomson Course Technology

(5) Ben Sawyer (2010) from www.bensawyer.net

(6) Susi Tarja, Johannesson Mikael, Backlund Per (2007) Serious game - An Overview, from
www.autzones.net

(7) Castronova Edward (2007) Exodus to the Virtual World focus, Palgrave Macmillan

(8) OECD (2001) Citizen As Partners Information Consultation and Public Participation in
Policy Making

(9) Luciano Gallino (2004) Dizionario di sociología Report Focus, UTET

(10) Asi Burak, Eric Keylor, Tim Sweeney (2007) PeaceMaker: A Video Game to Teach Peace,
from http://www.etc.cmu.edu

(11) Marc Prensky (2005) Engage Me or Enrage Me, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 40

(12) S. Hall (1997) Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices Report
Focus, Sage in association with The Open University

(13) B. M. Mazzara (1997) Stereotipi e pregiudizi Report Focus, Il Mulino

(14) GameVision Europe (for ISFE) (2010) Video gamers in Europe 2010, from
http://gamevisionresearch.com


Annex: Participants profile matrix

Social games
player (games 44
Name and surname Age Gender Occupation Education played)
Second life,
Graphic designer, ITC The World of
Mr. Salvatore Cappilli 50 M teacher Warcraft
Pychologist and Degree in Foursquare,
Mr. Daniele Martina 31 M Trainer psychology The Sims social
Second life,
The Sims
Mrs. Alessandra Public Body Degree in social,
Alfarano 35 F Employed/sociologist sociology Foursquare
Degree in
Economy Second life,
Mr. Pierpaolo Ingrosso 52 M ITC Teacher, E-tutor and finance Farm Ville
Degree in Foursquare,
environment Edgeryders,
Video sciences The World of
Mr. Salvatore Logica 31 M Maker/practicioner (bachelor) Warcraft
Degree in
business Second life,
technology The Sims 3
Mrs. Irma Zabulionyte 30 F Graphic designer (bachelor)
The Sims
social, The
peacemaker,
Mr. Giovanni Community Scientific The World of
Avantaggiato 46 M developer diploma Warcraft
Foursquare,
Degree in Edgeryders,
Mrs. Mariangela Schito 28 F Italian teacher litterature The Sims 3
Second life,
Informal The Sims
trainer/project Degree in social, Farm
Mrs. Cecilia Catanzariti 46 F manager pedagogy Ville
Degree in
social Foursquare,
sciences Edgeryders,
Mrs. Paola De Pascali 28 F Intercultural trainer (bachelor) Farm Ville
Second life,
Degree in Foursquare,
Mrs. Nunzia Delle Donne 52 F Intercultural Trainer sociology Edgeryders


45

PORTUGUESE ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF

Prepared by: SPI


PORTUGUESE NATIONAL REPORT
46

INTRODUCTION

P4I - Play for Interculturality is a Grundtvig Multilateral project, funded by the European
Commission. The project has been approved in 2011 and will be implemented within the 2 years.

P4I – Play for Interculturality seeks to take a step forward and create an innovative social game
that promotes apprenticeship of intercultural competences of European adults, motivating
them to take an active role and interact with other users, boosting digital socialization and
media literacy in parallel.

The present report comprises Portuguese contribution to WP2, pertaining the preparation of
national research on the use of innovative teaching methodologies (especially those linked to
games and video games), from different educational sectors.

The main objectives of this report are:

• To analyse the pedagogical potentials of games and social games applied to
competences development.

• To identify those variables influencing the successful implementation of game-based
learning initiatives.

• To detect good practices in the EU or international level.

• To gather success examples that could be used as inspirational experiences for adults
training practitioners.

Followed methodology and contacted experts

National research comprised two sources of information. On the one hand, desk research
regarding case studies on social games based approach to education and training. On the
other hand, qualitative research involving adult training practitioners and experts on the use of

NATIONAL REPORTS: PORTUGUESE NATIONAL REPORT

innovative teaching methodologies (preferably linked to games and video games) from
different educational sectors.
Desk research was designed to collect main references and reports on the investigation object:
social games based learning initiatives. A summary was prepared on the findings, including the
extensive list of reports and references consulted. Desk research was based on internet search of 47

investigation object keywords, in English and Portuguese: social games, learning, education,
adults. It was also limited to Portuguese based initiatives.

Qualitative methodology comprised expert interviews and focus groups. Expert interviews aimed
at collecting in-depth information and provide spontaneous feedback on game based learning
initiatives and their pedagogical potential.

A total of six experts from different areas of expertise were contacted and interviewed. The
names and occupation are presented in the following table:

Table 1. Experts interviewed.
Name and
Occupation Institution Area of expertise
surname
Education and Distance
Maria João eLearning expert Personal eLearning Learning
Spilker Business manager business Personal Learning
Environments
History and digital games
Filipe Game-based learning University of Coimbra – Educational technology
Penicheiro expert Interdisciplinary institute ICT applications for cultural
heritage
Teacher training
University of Coimbra –
Teresa Pessoa Professor Reflexive pedagogy
Psychology Faculty
ICT
3D Environments for
Take the Wind (business
Teresa Pinto Business Manager education
enterprise)
mLearning
Ana Amélia University of Coimbra –
Professor Digital games
Carvalho Psychology Faculty
Content structure
Content engineering
University of Coimbra –
Interaction experience design
Licinio Roque Professor Informatics Engineering
Software engineering
Department
Information Systems

Group discussions provided insights from an adult training practitioner’s point of view. They could
also bring added-value for expert interviews results validation. A total of four trainers were
present in the Focus Group session organised on April 23rd 2012. As a result of low turnout a
second focus group was scheduled for May 4th. For this meeting there were six trainers on
attendance.


MAIN FINDINGS


Social games based learning initiatives have always been present. However, only in recent years
48
its full potential has been realised and as a result, according to interviewed experts, it is a fast
growing trend.

Promoting social skills through initiative games is one of the most relevant educational methods
with a strong impact on a student motivation and learning process. Cognitive classroom
management integrates different teaching techniques, where games adopt an important
place. Those game based initiatives help teachers and trainers to deliver many different types of
contents and at the same time they can create a rich, dynamic and inclusive educational
context, where learners are the main part of the learning process. However, these games should
be combined with formal educational methods, giving students a more solid background.

Thus, the process of “gamification” of learning is rapidly pervading different areas of knowledge.
Albeit still in its infancy, it has been successfully integrated in educational environments, the main
reason being its perceived positive effects on learning.

Whilst there has been some research into potential uses of digital games in the classroom, only a
few evaluation methodologies have been made public, already suggesting relevant impact on
student and trainee knowledge attainment and motivation.

Regarding its use, there are two main theoretical approaches:

• A behavioural approach, which views education as knowledge transmission. Game
based learning approaches are therefore better carried over through quizzing, and as such
there is no exploration, no stimulus, and not every area of knowledge can be taught through
gaming.

• A student-centred approach, where active apprenticeship is encouraged. Aligned with
this view, games are more complex and exploratory, demanding new pedagogical strategies
and methodologies. The teacher is key and classroom delivery is more important than the
game itself.

In both frameworks a wide variety of games typology is allowed.

Serious games are a very successful trend. Albeit the ludic quality of the game is still present, the
adjective “serious” does invite immediate perspective and reflexion. There are a number of
games referenced:


• “PING” (Poverty Is Not a Game) used to promote poverty awareness in classrooms;

• “Third world farmer”, where the player is responsible for a small area of land in central
Africa, and has to “endure the hardships of 3rd world farming”, including natural and human-
made disasters; 49

• “Façade”, a relationship centred game, where couple friction needs to be managed by
the player.

• “Global conflicts – Palestine, an adventure game that addresses issues like tolerance.

The last game is related to the “SIMS” franchise, and has been used for pedagogical purposes in
Portugal. The commercial version is laden with stereotype so it is pretty useful. It also allows a
number of interculturality issues to be explored, namely offering the chance of solving personal
dilemmas.

There is a complementary trend regarding the exploration of “alternate reality games” (or ARG)
for education. These games have a more pervasive quality about them, and use “ubiquitous
communication technologies to immerse gamers in fictional adventures which digitally augment
everyday reality”. A traditional ARG is “Scavenger Hunt”, but it can adopt more complex and
technology intensive forms. “Ludocity” webpage has a host of varied games destined to such
contexts.

“Second Life” virtual world has also been used in learning environments, namely roleplaying.
These environments have a powerful effect of immersion that enables a person to take on
another perspective, something unfeasible in real life. As such, moving beyond simulation, such
platforms are helpful in varied sociological contexts. They have also been used in psychological
contexts; albeit a deep level of specialised accompaniment is required.

The usual procedure is to immerse the player with an “avatar”, gifted with a given personality
and situation. Goals in these learning environments may vary between reaching a physical
objective related to a subject, i.e., having a successful conversation with a number of people, or
skilfully performing tasks. It has also been used to give the opportunity of playing the role of a
minority group member or a victim of abuse, i.e., bullying or cyber bullying.

History teaching in Portugal has received a considerable enhancement with the development
of a number of games adapted for education. One example is Soure 1111, further discussed in
this report (see case studies). Game integration in the classroom increased attainment of
complex subject matters, such as political context of the era, social roles and inequalities,


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