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1.
Computers Are Your Future ©
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 2 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Inside the System Unit
3.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 3 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 What You Will Learn . . . Understand how computers represent data Understand the measurements used to describe data transfer rates and data storage capacity List the components inside the system unit List the components on the motherboard How a CPU processes data
4.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 4 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 What You Will Learn . . . Factors that determine a microprocessors performance The types and purpose of memory in a computer system The physical connectors on the exterior of the system unit
5.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 5 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Describing Hardware Performance Hardware performance refers to the amount of data a computer can store and how fast it can process the data Mach Speed Socket 478 ATX Motherboard Intel Pentium 4 2.4Ghz Processor 80 GB 7200 RPM Hard Drive 512 MB DDR SDRAM Memory Module System Case
6.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 6 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 OFF ON 0 1 OR = 1 bit 1 0 0 0 001 1 0 0 0 01 1 OR = 1 Byte = 1 Byte OFF 0 0 How Computers Represent Data Bit (Binary digit) – On or off state of electric current; considered the basic unit of information; represented by 1s and 0s (binary numbers) Byte – Eight bits grouped together to represent a character (an alphabetical letter, a number, or a punctuation symbol); 256 different combinations ON
7.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 7 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 1000 bits = 1 kilobit (kb) 1,000,000 bits = 1 megabit (mb) 1,000,000,000 bits = 1 gigabit (gb) Bits Kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), and gigabits per second (Gbps) are terms that describe units of data used in measuring data transfer rates Example: 56 Kbps modem
8.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 8 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1,048,576 Bytes = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1,043,741,824 Bytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes = 1 Terabyte (TB) Bytes Kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte are terms that describe large units of data used in measuring data storage Example: 20 GB hard drive
9.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 9 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 0 10 0 001 1 = 4 = 4 Representing Characters: Character Codes Character codes translate numerical data into characters readable by humans American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – Eight bits equals one character; used by minicomputers and personal computers Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) – Eight bits equals one character; used by mainframe computers Unicode – Sixteen bits equals one character; over 65,000 combinations; used for foreign language symbols ASCII 0 001 11 1 1 EBCDIC
10.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 10 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 ASCII and EBCDIC Code
11.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 11 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The System Unit The system unit is a boxlike case that houses the computer’s main hardware components A footprint is the space taken up on the desk by the computer Form factor refers to the way the internal components are mounted in the unit
12.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 12 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Desktop Notebook Personal Digital Assistant Types of System Units
13.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 13 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Inside the System Unit Motherboard (mainboard) – Large printed circuit board with thousands of electrical circuits Power supply – Transforms alternating current (AC) from wall outlets to direct current (DC) needed by the computer Cooling fan – Keeps the system unit cool Internal Speaker – Used for beeps when errors are encountered Drive bays – Housing for the computer’s hard drive, floppy drive, and CD-ROM / DVD-ROM drives
14.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 14 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The Motherboard The motherboard provides the centralized connection point for the computer’s components Most components are integrated circuits (chips) Chips carry electrical current and contain electronic switches or transistors
15.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 15 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The Central Processing Unit: The Microprocessor CPU CPU socket Central processing unit (CPU) – A microprocessor that interprets and carries out instructions given by software. It controls the computer’s components
16.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 16 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Components of the CPU Control unit – Coordinates and controls all parts of the computer system Arithmetic-logic unit – Performs arithmetic or logical operations Registers – Temporarily store the most frequently used instructions and data
17.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 17 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The Control Unit The control unit manages four basic operations (fetch, decode, execute, and write-back) The four-step process is known as the machine cycle or processing cycle The processing cycle consists of two phases: Instruction Cycle – Fetch – Gets the next program instruction from the computer’s memory – Decode – Figures out what the program is telling the computer to do Execution Cycle – Execute – Performs the requested action – Write-back (Store) – Writes (stores) the results to a register or to memory
18.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 18 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The Arithmetic-Logic Unit The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs basic arithmetic and logic operations Adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides Compares alphanumeric data
19.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 19 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Microprocessor Performance Data bus width – The number of pathways within the CPU that transfer data; they are measured in bits (8, 16, 32, or 64) Word size – The maximum number of bits of data that the CPU can process at one time (8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, or 64 bits) System Clock – electronic circuit that generates pulses at a rapid rate and synchronizes the computers internal activities
20.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 20 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Microprocessor Performance Operations per cycle (clock speed) – The number of clock cycles per second measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) Superscalar operations – Carrying out more than one instruction per clock cycle Pipelining operations – Feeding a new instruction into the CPU at every step of the processing cycle
21.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 21 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Parallel Processing Parallel processing involves using more than one CPU to improve performance Complex instruction set computer (CISC) – A chip that includes special-purpose circuits that carry out instructions at high speeds Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) – A chip with a bare-bones instruction set that results in a faster processing speed than CISC chips
22.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 22 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Intel Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Cyrix Motorola (Apple) Pentium IVPentium MMX Pentium III Popular CPUs
23.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 23 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 The Chipset A chipset is a collection of chips that provide the switching circuitry needed to move data throughout the computer
24.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 24 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Input/Output Bus The input/output bus provides a pathway so that the microprocessor can communicate with input/output devices An input/output bus contains expansion slots which hold expansion cards PCI (Personal Computer Interface) slots are receptacles in which expansion cards are inserted. They support Plug and Play (PnP) devices. PCI slots Expansion Card
25.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 25 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Memory is the term used to describe devices that enable the computer to retain information. Program instructions and data are stored in memory chips for quick access by the CPU. Read-Only Memory (ROM) Flash Memory
26.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 26 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Virtual memory: Part of the hard disk is reserved as RAM When RAM modules become full, the CPU accesses the hard disk to store and retrieve data Virtual memory is slower than RAM FUL L Virtual Memory
27.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 27 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is a type of memory that stores information temporarily so that it’s available to the CPU RAM is volatile; the memory’s contents are erased when the power is turned off Each byte of memory has a unique location or memory address
28.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 28 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Types of RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – A memory chip that needs to be refreshed periodically or it will lose its data Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is synchronized with the computer’s system clock Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) uses a fast bus to send and receive data within one clock cycle. It is faster than SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) is a type of SDRAM that can send and receive data within one clock cycle
29.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 29 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 KEYBOARD CPU RAM MONITOR CLICK ONCE TO BEGIN ANIMATION Processing a Word W E B W W EW E E B B B
30.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 30 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Cache Memory Primary cache (Level 1 or L1) – Located within the CPU chip, it is the memory that the microprocessor uses to store frequently used instructions and data Secondary cache (Level 2 or L2; Backside Cache) – Located near the CPU, it is the memory between the CPU and RAM Cache memory is faster than RAM
31.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 31 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Drive bays On/off switch Reset button Indicator lights FRONT BACK Outside the System Unit The front panel contains drive bays, various buttons, and indicator lights Connectors and ports are physical receptacles located on the back to connect peripheral devices to the computer
32.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 32 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Types of Connectors PS/2 port (mouse port) – Special serial port to connect mouse.PS/2 port (keyboard port) – Special serial port to connect keyboard.Universal Serial Bus (USB) – Allows up to 127 devices to be connected at a time. Serial port – Data flows in a series of pulses, one after another one bit at a time; slow data transfer rate. Parallel port – Data flows through eight wires allowing the transfer of eight bits of data simultaneously; faster than serial ports. VGA connector – A 15 pin connector used for monitorsGame port – A connector for high speed access for graphics-intensive interaction. Sound card connectors – Also called jacks, sound card connectors accept stereo mini-plugs. Microphone, line-in, line-out, and speaker connectors are plugged into the card. Point and click on a connector below to view information about it. Click again to remove the text.
33.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 33 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Small computer system interface (SCSI) port – A parallel interface that enables up to eight devices to be connected to it 1394 (FireWire) port – A high-speed connection for up to 63 devices Infrared Data Association (IrDa) port – Infrared signals are used to communicate between peripheral devices and the system unit Other Types of Connectors
34.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 34 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Telephone – modem interface Network – larger than telephone jack PC card slot – notebook computers have slot for PC cards Sound card connectors – Mic – microphone input Line In – input from audio devices Line Out – output to another audio device Speaker – output to external speakers TV/sound capture – turns computer into a TV tuner Additional Ports and Connectors
35.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 35 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Summary • The basic unit of information is the bit • Large units of data are called kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB) • The system unit contains the motherboard, which is a circuit board that provides receptacles for chips and input/output buses • The central processing unit (CPU) contains the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). It manages the four basic operations (fetch, decode, execute, and write-back). • The CPU processes data in a four-step cycle called a machine cycle. The CU manages four basic operations: fetch, decode, execute, and store.
36.
© 2006 Prentice-Hall,
Inc Slide 36 Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Summary continued • The CPU’s performance is measured by the data bus width, operations per second, speed, and cache memory • Random access memory (RAM) is the computer’s main memory. It is volatile. • There are various types of RAM, including dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), and double data rate (DDR) SDRAM • Computers have ports such as serial ports, parallel ports, SCSI ports, USB ports, FireWire ports, and IrDA ports to connect input/output devices
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