External Systems

Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter NineChapter Nine
External SystemsExternal Systems

Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
 The history of and developments at theThe history of and developments at the
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
 Uniform Crime ReportingUniform Crime Reporting andand National CrimeNational Crime
Victimization SurveyVictimization Survey
 National Incident-Based Reporting SystemNational Incident-Based Reporting System
 Potential Sources of government informationPotential Sources of government information
 Government vs. Commercial databaseGovernment vs. Commercial database
 Regional information sharing schemesRegional information sharing schemes

Sources of InformationSources of Information
Two broad classifications of records aTwo broad classifications of records a
police officer might access:police officer might access:
 Public RecordsPublic Records – Available to the– Available to the
public and about something that haspublic and about something that has
happenedhappened
 Investigative RecordsInvestigative Records – About things– About things
that are going on. More restrictive sothat are going on. More restrictive so
a case in not compromised.a case in not compromised.

External sources of information are oftenExternal sources of information are often
more extensive than local sources:more extensive than local sources:
 Offenders move around leaving an informationOffenders move around leaving an information
trailtrail
 Small agencies do not have the resources toSmall agencies do not have the resources to
maintain large or extensive databasesmaintain large or extensive databases
 Many crimes are complex and cross-Many crimes are complex and cross-
jurisdictionaljurisdictional
Sources of InformationSources of Information

National Crime Information CenterNational Crime Information Center
 First database with nationwide accessFirst database with nationwide access
 Each participating agency is responsibleEach participating agency is responsible
to enter, update and delete their ownto enter, update and delete their own
recordsrecords
 Local agencies can query NCIC through aLocal agencies can query NCIC through a
statestate control terminal agency (CTA)control terminal agency (CTA)
 TheThe Interstate Identification Index (III)Interstate Identification Index (III)
receives offender information from CTAsreceives offender information from CTAs

NCIC 2000NCIC 2000
 Has reduced fingerprint and photographicHas reduced fingerprint and photographic
information of wanted persons to digitalinformation of wanted persons to digital
informationinformation
 Allows agencies to submit sameAllows agencies to submit same
information in a digital formatinformation in a digital format
 Ultimately will allow police officers toUltimately will allow police officers to
access fingerprint and photograph dataaccess fingerprint and photograph data
from their patrol vehiclesfrom their patrol vehicles

 NCIC 2000 provides the softwareNCIC 2000 provides the software
application free of chargeapplication free of charge
 System is designed to run withSystem is designed to run with
standard computer andstandard computer and
communications equipmentcommunications equipment
 Local agencies must acquire theLocal agencies must acquire the
hardware necessary to run the softwarehardware necessary to run the software
NCIC 2000NCIC 2000

Legal questionsLegal questions
A police officer can checkA police officer can check
for warrantsfor warrants
during a brief detention.during a brief detention.
 Can the officer take theCan the officer take the
person’s fingerprints?person’s fingerprints?
 Is the officer escalatingIs the officer escalating
the detention by takingthe detention by taking
the prints?the prints?
 Is taking a fingerprintIs taking a fingerprint
during a detention aduring a detention a
seizure (4seizure (4thth
amendment)?amendment)?
Photograph provided by Cross Match Technologies, Inc

Safety IssuesSafety Issues
During a traffic stop, the violator has moreDuring a traffic stop, the violator has more
prefect information than the officer.prefect information than the officer.
 The violator knows if he was onlyThe violator knows if he was only
speeding or fleeing from a crime scene.speeding or fleeing from a crime scene.
 With this lack of information, approachingWith this lack of information, approaching
the violator for a print is dangerous.the violator for a print is dangerous.
 The violator could take this opportunity toThe violator could take this opportunity to
flee or attack the officerflee or attack the officer

Uniformed Crime ReportsUniformed Crime Reports
The U.S. Department of Justice hasThe U.S. Department of Justice has
two programs that gather statisticstwo programs that gather statistics
on crime:on crime:
 Uniformed Crime Reports (UCR)Uniformed Crime Reports (UCR)
 National Crime Victimization SurveyNational Crime Victimization Survey

UCRUCR
 Agencies voluntarily report crimes to theAgencies voluntarily report crimes to the
FBI monthlyFBI monthly
 Consists of crimes categorized as Part I orConsists of crimes categorized as Part I or
Part IIPart II
 Eight Part I crimes: Homicide, ForcibleEight Part I crimes: Homicide, Forcible
Rape, Robbery, Aggravated Assault,Rape, Robbery, Aggravated Assault,
Burglary, Larceny/Theft, Motor VehicleBurglary, Larceny/Theft, Motor Vehicle
Theft, and ArsonTheft, and Arson

National Crime VictimizationNational Crime Victimization
SurveySurvey
NCVS statistics come from the victimsNCVS statistics come from the victims
themselves.themselves.
 Complements the UCR informationComplements the UCR information
 Many victims do not report crimesMany victims do not report crimes
 UCR and NCVS together provide aUCR and NCVS together provide a
more comprehensive picture on crimemore comprehensive picture on crime

DifferencesDifferences
UCRUCR
 Rape: only reportsRape: only reports
female victimsfemale victims
 Legal definitions ofLegal definitions of
crimes importantcrimes important
because of specificbecause of specific
intentintent
NCVSNCVS
 Rape: reports bothRape: reports both
male and femalemale and female
victimsvictims
 Does not reportDoes not report
homicide, arson,homicide, arson,
commercial crimescommercial crimes
and crimes againstand crimes against
children under 12children under 12

SimilaritiesSimilarities
 Both UCR and NCVS give lawBoth UCR and NCVS give law
enforcement personnel informationenforcement personnel information
that can be used strategicallythat can be used strategically
 Data have little or no tactical valueData have little or no tactical value
 Information provided is a flat fileInformation provided is a flat file

National Incident-Based ReportingNational Incident-Based Reporting
SystemSystem
 NIBRSNIBRS reports all the crimesreports all the crimes that occurredthat occurred
during a single occurred or incident (e.g.,during a single occurred or incident (e.g.,
Burglary, Assault, Murder, Arson)Burglary, Assault, Murder, Arson)
 UCR follows theUCR follows the hierarchyhierarchy rulerule
 NIBRS looks at a crime and all of itsNIBRS looks at a crime and all of its
components as an incident (the elements)components as an incident (the elements)

 Likely to replace UCR in the futureLikely to replace UCR in the future
 Significantly more detailed, so there will beSignificantly more detailed, so there will be
more common information available tomore common information available to
analyze cross-jurisdictional crimesanalyze cross-jurisdictional crimes
 Will require police officers to spend moreWill require police officers to spend more
time completing reports and reducetime completing reports and reduce
available timeavailable time
 Eventually, agencies will more effectiveEventually, agencies will more effective
Byproducts of NIBRSByproducts of NIBRS

Government DatabasesGovernment Databases
 The Regional Information Sharing SystemsThe Regional Information Sharing Systems
(RISS)(RISS) www.iir.com/RISSwww.iir.com/RISS
 National Drug Pointer Index (NFPIX)National Drug Pointer Index (NFPIX)
www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/ndpix.htmwww.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/ndpix.htm
 National Tracing CenterNational Tracing Center
www.atf.govwww.atf.gov
 National White Collar Crime CenterNational White Collar Crime Center
www.nw3c.orgwww.nw3c.org
 Financial Crime Enforcement Network (FinCEN)Financial Crime Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
www.fincen.govwww.fincen.gov

Driver’s License andDriver’s License and
Motor Vehicle Registration InformationMotor Vehicle Registration Information
 State or local police officers accessState or local police officers access
driver’s license information through thedriver’s license information through the
agency RMS to the state authorityagency RMS to the state authority
 Accessing license information fromAccessing license information from
another state is done through NLETSanother state is done through NLETS
(National Law Enforcement(National Law Enforcement
Telecommunications System)Telecommunications System)

Commercial Sources of InformationCommercial Sources of Information
 Began with catalog salesBegan with catalog sales
 Evolved into direct marketing and marketEvolved into direct marketing and market
surveyssurveys
 Direct marketers began sharingDirect marketers began sharing
information with marketers of non-information with marketers of non-
competitive goodscompetitive goods
 Companies forms that collect, organize,Companies forms that collect, organize,
and sell information.and sell information.

 Personal information firms also collectPersonal information firms also collect
information from public recordsinformation from public records
(marriages, deaths, births, civil actions,(marriages, deaths, births, civil actions,
arrests, etc)arrests, etc)
Commercial Sources of InformationCommercial Sources of Information

Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Explore Forensic Science atExplore Forensic Science at
www.forensicprofiles.comwww.forensicprofiles.com

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