This document discusses fluid therapy and intravenous fluids. It covers basic physiology of body water and electrolytes, their normal distribution and values. It also discusses normal water balance, fluid intake, losses, and daily fluid requirements. Different types of intravenous fluids are classified and their uses and guidelines for fluid therapy are provided. The principles of proper fluid therapy are outlined, including indications for intravenous fluids and factors to consider for rational fluid administration.

1. Fluid Therapy
Dr.Praful Chhasatia

2. Basic Physiology
• BODY WATER
• Distribution
• Normal value
• ELECTROLYTES
• Distribution
• Normal value
• UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• Moles and millimoles
• Equivalent and milli equivalent
• Osmotic pressure
• Osmolality and osmolarity

3. Total body water
• Total body water content is about 60% of
body weight in an young adult male and about
50% in young adult fema

4. Distribution of body fiuid
• Out of total body water two third (40% of
body weight) is intracellular fiuid (ICF) and one
third (20% of body weight) is extracellular
fluid (ECF) ECF is divided into interstitial fluid
(3/4 of ECF or 15% of total body weight) and
plasma or intravascular volume (1/4 of ECF,
1/12 total body water or 5% of total body
weight)

5. Distribution of fluid volume
FluidmType Total ICF ECF Interstitial Plasma
% of Body weight 60% 40% 20% 15% 5%
Volume for 70kg 42.0L 28.0L 14.0L 10.5L 3.5L
weight

6. Normal Water balance
• Oral (or I.V.) fluid intake and urine output are
important measurable parameters of body
fluid balance .to determine daily fluid
requirement of body we need to fluid input
and loss as summarized below

7. Normal Water balance
• Insensible fliud input = 300water due to
oxidation.
• Insensible fluid loss = 500ml through skin
• =400ml through lung
• =100ml through stool
• Fluid loss- Fluid input = 1000-300ml =700ml.

8. Normal Water balance
• NORMAL DAILY INSENSIBLE FLUID LOSS =
700ML.
• Fluid loss =500ml.through moderate
sweating
• (Abnormal) =1.0-5 liter through severe
sweating/high fever
• = 0.5-3.3 liter through exposed
wound surface (burns) and body cavity
(laparatomy)

9. Normal Water balance
• High water loss during:exercise,abnormal
perspiration,pyrexia,surgery.
• This information is required to know for IV
fluid calculation
• In normal person daily fiuid requirement is
sum of urine output and insenble losses. In
normal person daily insensible loss is 700ml.
So daily fluid requirement = urine output
+700ml.

10. Distribution of Electrolytes
• Major cation is sodium in ECF and potassium
and magnesiumin ICF, while major anion is
chloride in ECF and phosphate, sulphate and
proteins in ICF.

11. Distribution of Electrolytes
Electrolytes (meq/L) ICF ECF
Sodium 10.00 142.00
Potassium 150..00 4.30
Chloride 2.00 104.00
HCO3 6.00 24.00
Calcium 0.01 5.00
Magnesium 40.00 3.00
Phosphate and sulphate 150.00 8.00

12. Major Cation Major Anion
Potassium and Sodium Phosphate Chloride and Bicarbonate
Magnesium Sulphate and protein

13. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FLUD THERAPY
• INTRODUCTION
• BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
• FLUID THERAPY
• COMPOSITION OF I. V. FLUIDS
• BIRD VIEW ON
• CHARACTERISTICS
• CLASSIFICATION OF I.V.
• FLUIDS
• PHARMACOLOGY & CLINICAL
• BASIS OF I.V FLUIDS
• 5% dextrose
• Inverted sugar solution
• Isotonic saline (0.9%NaCl)
• 5%dextrose,0.45% NaCl
• Dextrose saline
• Ringer’s lactate
• Lsolyte-G
• Lsolyte-M
• Lsolyte-P
• Lsolyte-E

14. • SPECIAL FLUIDS
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Potassium chloride
• 25% dextrose
• COLLOID SOLUTIONS
• Albumin
• Dextran
• Gelatine polymers
• Hetastrch
• Pentastarch
• GUIDELINES FOR FLUID
• THERAPY
• Fluid therapy in hypovolemia
• Monitoring fluid therapy
• CVP monitoring
• Pulmonary artery wedge
• Pressure measurement
• Methods to calculate rate of
• Fluid infusion

15. Proper fluid therapy
• Etiology of fluid deficit and type of electro lyte imbalance present.
• Associated illness (i.e.DM, HT,IHD, renal or hepatic disorders etc.)
• Clinical staus (hydration,vital data,urin output etc)
• For rational and adequate fluid therapy it is necessary to answer following
questions;
• When to give l.V.fluid and when to avoid?
• Which fluid to give and why?
• How much fluid to give and how to calculate it ?
• At which rate l,V. fluid to be infused ?
• How to calculate the drop rate ?
• 5 What are the contraindications of different types of l.V. fluids and
why ?
• 6 How to correct electrolyte problems ?
• After such detailed evaluation necessary f

16. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FLUID THERAPY
• As a principle, oral route is aiways preferred over
l.V.route. But l.V.fluid therapy has great importance in
various clinical problems.
• Basic principles ofl l.V. fluid therapy are summarized.
• Advantage
– Accurate, controlled and predictable way of
administration.
– Immediate response due to direct infusion in intravascular
compartment.
– Prompt correction of serious fluid and electrolyte
disturbance
•

17. • Indications:
• Fluid therapy is widely used for restoration of fluids and electrolytes, as a
drug carrier and for nutrition. Most common and important indications
are as mentioned below.
• Patients where oral intake not possible, surgery (intra operative and post
operative), severe vomiting and diarrhoea, un-cooperative and
unconscious patients.
• Severe dehydration and shok, where urgent and fast fluid replacement is
needed.
• S[pecial condition like hypoglycemia, where 25% dextrose is life saving.
• As a vehicle for various l.V.medication (i.e.antibiotics, chemotherapeutic
agents, insulin, vasopressor agents etc.)
• Total parenteral nutrition.
• Treatment of critical problems: Shock,cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, severe
asthma etc.
•