3. DEFINITION
• Osteoarthritis is characterized by degenerative
joint changes that cause
– Pain
– Tenderness
– limited range of motion
– Crepitus
– Inflammation
4. CLASSIFICATION
• Primary OA :
– The common joints affected are the weight
bearing joints
– It commonly affects knees, hips, lumbar or
cervical spine
• Secondary OA :
– It occurs in any joint that might have sustained
injury due to trauma or gout or
inflammation, some years ago, which goes on
produce wear & tear changes
5. ETIOLOGY
• Primary osteoarthritis appears to be caused by
the cumulative effects of repetitive occupational
or recreational joint use (with professions such as
baseball pitchers, ballet dancers, dock workers)
• which leads to a destruction of the cartilage
when individuals are in their 50s and 60s
• Degenerative changes are usually age-
related, but may also occur as a result of
fractures and other mechanical abnormalities
6. ETIOLOGY cont…
• There may also be a genetic predisposition
• Secondary osteoarthritis is associated with an
underlying medical condition (e.g., Wilson's
disease, acromegaly, hemochromatosis, hypop
arathyroidism)
• which can often be treated, resulting in a
resolution of the osteoarthritis
7. ETIOLOGY cont…
• Bony hypertrophy causing gross deformities
• Limited range of motion
• Subluxation (incomplete or partial dislocation)
8. Risk Factors
• Increasing age
• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity
• Major trauma
• History of inflammatory joint disease
• Metabolic disorders
(e.g., hemochromatosis, acromegaly, calcium
pyrophosphate deposition disease [CPPD])
• Congenital bone and joint disorders
• Certain occupations (e.g., baseball players, ballet
dancers, dock workers)
9.
10. Signs and Symptoms
• Morning stiffness or stiffness after inactivity
for less than 15 minutes
• Joint pain, worsened by movement and
improved with rest (in severe cases, constant
pain)
• Soft tissue swelling
• Bony crepitus (crackling noise with
movement)
12. DIAGNOSIS
• Laboratory Tests-
– Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
– Urinalysis
– Synovial fluid analysis to rule out
CPPD, gout, septic arthritis
– Serum analysis to rule out RA factor.
13. DIAGNOSIS cont…
• Pathology/Pathophysiology
– Irregular loss of cartilage, especially in weight-bearing
joints
– Joint space narrowing
– Synovial inflammation (synovitis)
– Bony sclerosis (eburnation)
– Bone cysts
– Increased number of osteophytes (spurs) at joint
margins, the radiologic hallmark of osteoarthritis
– Periarticular muscle wasting
– Areas of cartilagenous repair, but inferior repair tissue
– Gross deformity, loose bodies, and subluxation
14. DIAGNOSIS cont…
• Imaging
– X rays—to detect joint space narrowing as cartilage is
lost, bony sclerosis, bony cysts, osteophytosis
– Arthroscopy—to diagnose osteoarthritis
– Myelography—to evaluate patients preoperatively
