The document discusses transcoding video files for both access and preservation purposes. Transcoding involves converting a video file from one format to another, such as converting a preservation master file to a smaller file that can be more easily streamed online for access. Transcoding can improve access by reducing file sizes and switching to popular codecs, while preservation transcoding focuses on migration to more efficient or supported codecs. The document provides examples of how various properties of a video file, such as frame size and rate, are manipulated during the transcoding process.

1. TRANSCODING for ACCESS and PRESERVATION Screening the Future Skip Elsheimer, A/V Geeks Dave Rice, AV Preserve 2011-03-15

4. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION intro of digital video why transcode? transcoding assembly line transcoding for access transcoding for preservation

9. Y Cb / Cr Colorspace

12. Transcoding Process DV NTSC to DV PAL < File size : 36000000> File size : 36144000< Duration : 00:00:10.010> Duration : 00:00:10.040< Height : 480> Height : 576< Pixel aspect ratio : 0.889> Pixel aspect ratio : 1.067< Frame rate : 29.970> Frame rate : 25.000< Frame count : 300> Frame count : 251< Chroma subsampling : 4:1:1> Chroma subsampling : 4:2:0

13. Transcoding Process Film to Betacam < Size : Large and round> Size : Small and rectangular< Frame Size : ~8k> Frame Size : 720x486< Frame rate : ~24.000> Frame rate : 29.970< Chroma subsampling : none> Chroma subsampling : 4:2:2 < Colorspace : RGB? > Colorspace : YUV < Interlacement : None (Progressive) > Interlacement : Interlaced

17. 100816 MPEG-4 68580 Windows Media 61985 AVI 49879 RealMedia 43106 JPEG 32318 Flash Video 28937 MPEG Audio 28617 MPEG-PS 13300 QuickTime 5979 OGG 4057 GIF 3365 ShockWave 2940 MPEG Video 1411 DivX 914 Matroska 907 PNG 582 ZIP 480 DV 421 BDAV393 MPEG-TS364 WebM300 SubRip296 Wave191 AMR189 ADTS117 DVD Video113 GZip 66 Bitmap 65 MZ 57 AIFF 56 7-Zip 49 MXF 38 FLAC 31 AC-3 27 CDXA/MPEG-PS A/V Container Popularity (# by use) within Internet Archive original video uploads

20. 81625 MPEG-4 Visual68283 AVC43226 VC-133854 RealVideo 420374 H.26320131 MPEG-2 Video16793 VP616021 WMV211907 MPEG-1 Video 9502 M-JPEG 7880 RealVideo 3 6530 Sorenson 3 4865 WMV1 4272 Theora 1376 Dirac 1308 DV1131 DVCPRO1063 RLE 938 Sorenson 1 935 Cinepack 594 Indeo 4 577 Road Pizza 508 RGB 422 xvid 364 VP8 335 MS Video 252 WVP2 225 TechSmith 225 RealVideo 2 205 M-PNG A/V Video Codec Popularity (# by use) within Internet Archive original video uploads

25. 24025 29.97021285 25.00010213 30.000 7265 15.000 2297 23.976 2150 14.985 1370 7.500 954 12.000 813 24.000 748 20.000 723 8.000 568 10.000 516 29.000 466 29.900 368 11.988 359 59.940 291 7.000 225 60.000 206 12.500 167 14.970 120 15.170 119 50.000 Video Frame Rate Popularity (# by use)

26. 3775 720x480 @ 4:3 2956 720x480 @ 3:2 556 720x480 @ 16:9 13 720x480 @ 1.600 4 720x480 @ 1.296 4 720x480 @ 2.2:1 4 720x480 @ 4.615 3 720x480 @ 2.227 2 720x480 @ 1.636 2 720x480 @ 1.666 1 720x480 @ 1.863 1 720x480 @ 2.35:1 Sampling of the Display Aspect Ratios of 7,321 videos with 720x480 frame size

30. Transcoding Use Case: Democracy Now! DVCam miniDV CD-R .dv .flac .mpeg .h264 Internet Archive .mp4 .mp3 .ogg .mp4 .ogv DVD-R CD-R Created during broadcast

31. • ffmpeg -i camels.avi -vn -acodec libfaac -ab 64k -ac 2 temp.aac • ffmpeg -an -deinterlace -i camels.avi -s 320x240 -r 20 -vcodec rawvideo -pix_fmt yuv420p -f rawvideo - 2>/dev/null | ffmpeg -an -f rawvideo -s 320x240 -r 20 -i - -f yuv4mpegpipe - 2>/dev/null | x264 --bitrate 512 --vbv-maxrate 768 --vbv-bufsize 1024 --profile baseline --pass 1 /dev/stdin --demuxer y4m -o temp.h264 • ffmpeg -an -deinterlace -i camels.avi -s 320x240 -r 20 -vcodec rawvideo -pix_fmt yuv420p -f rawvideo - 2>/dev/null | ffmpeg -an -f rawvideo -s 320x240 -r 20 -i - -f yuv4mpegpipe - 2>/dev/null | x264 --bitrate 512 --vbv-maxrate 768 --vbv-bufsize 1024 --profile baseline --pass 2 /dev/stdin --demuxer y4m -o temp.h264 • mp4creator -c temp.h264 -r 20 t2.mp4 • mp4creator -c temp.aac -interleave t2.mp4 • ffmpeg -i t2.mp4 -acodec copy -vcodec copy -metadata title=&quot;Camels at a Zoo - http://www.archive.org/details/camels&quot; -metadata year=&quot;2004&quot; -metadata comment=&quot;license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/&quot; camels_512kb.mp4 • mp4creator -optimize camels_512kb.mp4

34. qtmux qtmux --metadatatype metadata -o out.mov inVideo.mov inAudio.mov use -siv to activate save-in-placemultiple metadatatypes and input videos welcome accepted metadatatypes: Album, Artist, Author, Chapter, Comment, Composer, Copyright, CreationDate, Description, Director, Disclaimer, EncodedBy, FullName, Genre, HostComputer, Information, Keywords, Make, Model, OriginalArtist, OriginalFormat, OriginalSource, Performers, Producer, Product, Software, SpecialPlaybackRequirements, Track, Warning, Writer, URLLink, EditDate also accepted are metadatatypes of 4 characters starting with @

35. qtmedia -File- &quot;/Users/daverice/Downloads/B03774-12.mov_bitc.mov&quot;-Info- Hinted: No Ref Movie: No Size: 600.00 x 480.00 Duration: 32.00 seconds DataRate: 90077.97 bytes/secs BitRate: 0 bits/secs User Data: ©enc: &quot;WITNESS Media Archive oris: &quot;E007653 (WITNESS Media Archive); Prior source: B03774 (WITNESS Media Archive); FCP Reel Value: B03774 cmmt: &quot;Master (Generation). name: &quot;[Screening of ON THE FRONTLINES in Gasorwe, Nuyinga, and Mwaro] (3869) perf: &quot;Bukeni Tete Waruzi genr: &quot;Raw prod: &quot;P-OTF On the Frontlines: Child Soldiers in the DRC. keyw: &quot;Child Soldiers, Film and Video Screenings, WITNESS Events, WITNESS Partners, WITNESS, Burundi, Africa, Gasorwe, Nuyinga, Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), Mwaro cprt: &quot;WITNESS/AJEDI-ka

36. Inspection: http://mediainfo.sourceforge.net / VideoCount : 1AudioCount : 1TextCount : 11Video_Format_List : AVCVideo_Language_List : enAudio_Format_List : DTSText_Format_List : ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASS / ASSText_Language_List : en / fr / es / sv / da / fi / hu / ro / de / cs / slFolderName : /Users/daverice/Projects/samples/samples2FileName : matroska+h264+dca+0x0000+memory-usageFileExtension : mkvFormat : MatroskaFileSize : 262144000Duration : 8437088Duration/String3 : 02:20:37.088OverallBitRate : 248563Encoded_Date : UTC 2007-05-30 07:44:45File_Modified_Date : UTC 2010-02-21 12:59:57File_Modified_Date_Local : 2010-02-21 07:59:57Encoded_Application : mkvmerge v2.0.2 ('You're My Flame') built on Feb 21 2007 23:40:55Encoded_Library : libebml v0.7.7 + libmatroska v0.8.1Encoded_Library/String : libebml v0.7.7 + libmatroska v0.8.1Cover : Yes

37. VideoUniqueID : 1Format : AVCFormat_Profile : [email_address] Format_Settings : CABAC / 8 Ref FramesCodecID : V_MPEG4/ISO/AVCDuration/String3 : 02:20:37.104Width : 1920Height : 800PixelAspectRatio : 1.000DisplayAspectRatio : 2.400FrameRate : 23.976ColorSpace : YUVChromaSubsampling : 4:2:0BitDepth : 8ScanType : ProgressiveDelay/String3 : 00:00:00.000Title : Letters From Iwo Jima (2006)Encoded_Library/Name : x264Encoded_Library/Version : core 55Encoded_Library_Settings : cabac=1 / ref=5 / deblock=1:-6:-6 / analyse=0x3:0x133 / me=umh / subme=7 / brdo=1 / mixed_ref=1 / me_range=16 / chroma_me=1 / trellis=1 / 8x8dct=1 / cqm=2 / deadzone=21,11 / chroma_qp_offset=0 / threads=3 / nr=0 / decimate=1 / mbaff=0 / bframes=3 / b_pyramid=1 / b_adapt=1 / b_bias=0 / direct=3 / wpredb=1 / bime=1 / keyint=250 / keyint_min=25 / scenecut=40(pre) / rc=2pass / bitrate=6546 / ratetol=1.0 / rceq='blurCplx^(1-qComp)' / qcomp=0.60 / qpmin=10 / qpmax=51 / qpstep=4 / cplxblur=20.0 / qblur=0.5 / ip_ratio=1.40 / pb_ratio=1.30 / aq=1:0.3:15.0Language : en Inspection: http://mediainfo.sourceforge.net /

38. AudioUniqueID : 881684881Format : DTSFormat/Info : Digital Theater SystemsCodecID : A_DTSDuration/String3 : 02:20:37.088 BitRate_Mode : CBRBitRate : 1509750Channel(s) : 6ChannelPositions : Front: L C R, Side: L R, LFESamplingRate : 48000SamplingCount : 404980224Resolution : 24BitDepth : 24Delay/String3 : 00:00:00.000Delay_Source : ContainerStreamSize : 1592236701Title : Japanese DTS 5.1 (1.5mbps)Text #1UniqueID : 3861542542Format : ASSCodecID : S_TEXT/ASSCodecID/Info : Advanced Sub Station AlphaCodec : S_TEXT/ASSLanguage : en Inspection: http://mediainfo.sourceforge.net /

39. Defining ‘Lossless’ Quicktime DV PCM Raw Video lossless h264 MP4 Original Quicktime: 125 MB Resulting Lossless MP4: 187 MB

40. Quicktime DV PCM Raw Video lossless h264 MP4 Original Quicktime: 125 MB Resulting Lossless MP4: 187 MB Raw Decompressed Video: 512 MB Defining ‘Lossless’ lossless process

41. codec= raw uyvy422 , bitdepth=8, frameSize=720x486 1210 Megabytes / minute codec= jpeg2000 , bitdepth=8, frameSize=720x486 409 Megabytes / minute (encoded random video samples with openjpeg) codec= ffv1 , bitdepth=8, frameSize=720x486 354 Megabytes / minute (encoded random video samples with ffmpeg / libavcodec) codec= dv50 , bitdepth=8, frameSize= 720x480 422 Megabytes / minute Comparison of Data Rates All scenario assume 29.97 fps, 4:2:2 and stereo 16 bit, 48,000 kHz audio

42. Verifying ‘Lossless’ ffmpeg -i 5129-B04312_DV-PAL_720x576.mov -f framemd5 -an -Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from '5129-B04312_DV-PAL_720x576.mov': Duration: 00:55:14.04, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 301 kb/s Stream #0.0(eng): Audio: pcm_s16be, 48000 Hz, 2 channels, s16, 1536 kb/ Stream #0.1(eng): Video: dvvideo, yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 64:45 DAR 16:9], 28800 kb/s, PAR 118:81 DAR 295:162, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 2500 tbn, 25 tbc Stream #0.2(eng): Data: tmcd / 0x64636D74Output #0, framemd5, to 'pipe:': Stream #0.0(eng): Video: rawvideo, yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 118:81 DAR 295:162], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 90k tbn, 25 tbcStream mapping: Stream #0.1 -> #0.0Press [q] to stop encoding0, 0, 622080, 9f7be428173e13d64a52ad75838b01230, 3600, 622080, e03f0dd12d7764100a201c378e732acc0, 7200, 622080, d6a0038f274dba8ce0a2e5b2015442900, 10800, 622080, a8dd7615d180b42a771cd071f1e37f160, 14400, 622080, 3c542b25edc7cf358c82400324f5f26e0, 18000, 622080, 41f456d4dae64dce0bf6dda30809d8550, 21600, 622080, 9018249d3224ecc89b474d97514220fd0, 25200, 622080, 1b9a03d8c21b5247f0f87c8d02b2542e0, 28800, 622080, 10214f13c0b7f18af715b359ed0263280, 32400, 622080, a7fa46bcff6ba19767d2587a8ec748770, 36000, 622080, c7e15c5a303755d759dfa6b0d99a69980, 39600, 622080, d2ff6b07d43d96296998e8be47a72ec80, 43200, 622080, 8a5477da7f834320e99b97b0642c2904

43. Verifying ‘Lossless’ ffmpeg -i 5129-B04312_DV-PAL_720x576_lossloss.mp4 -f framemd5 -t 0.5 -an -Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from '/Users/daverice/Desktop/samples/5129-B04312_DV-PAL_720x576_lossloss.mp4': Duration: 00:00:32.96, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 45531 kb/s Stream #0.0(eng): Video: h264 (High 4:4:4 Predictive), yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 118:81 DAR 295:162], 45467 kb/s, PAR 131:90 DAR 131:72, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25 tbn, 50 tbcOutput #0, framemd5, to 'pipe:': Stream #0.0(eng): Video: rawvideo, yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 131:90 DAR 131:72], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 90k tbn, 25 tbcStream mapping: Stream #0.0 -> #0.0Press [q] to stop encoding0, 0, 622080, 9f7be428173e13d64a52ad75838b01230, 3600, 622080, e03f0dd12d7764100a201c378e732acc0, 7200, 622080, d6a0038f274dba8ce0a2e5b2015442900, 10800, 622080, a8dd7615d180b42a771cd071f1e37f160, 14400, 622080, 3c542b25edc7cf358c82400324f5f26e0, 18000, 622080, 41f456d4dae64dce0bf6dda30809d8550, 21600, 622080, 9018249d3224ecc89b474d97514220fd0, 25200, 622080, 1b9a03d8c21b5247f0f87c8d02b2542e0, 28800, 622080, 10214f13c0b7f18af715b359ed0263280, 32400, 622080, a7fa46bcff6ba19767d2587a8ec74877

48. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein Time and place of execution Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT ) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin ce leb rating Eid ul-Adha . [4][5][6] Report s con flict as to the exact time of t he executio n, with some so urc es rep ort ing the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10. [4][6][7] The execution took place at the joint Iraqi-American military base Camp Ju sti ce , lo cat ed in Kazimain , a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad . Camp Justice was previo usly used by Saddam as his military i ntellige nce headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai , where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar , who were executed on January 15, 2007.

49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein Time and place of execution Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT ) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin ce leb rating Eid ul-Adha . [4][5][6] Report s con flict as to the exact time of t he executio n, with some so urc es rep ort ing the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10. [4][6][7] The execution took place at the joint Iraqi-American military base Camp Ju sti ce , lo cat ed in Kazimain , a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad . Camp Justice was previo usly used by Saddam as his military i ntellige nce headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai , where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar , who were executed on January 15, 2007. mediainfo saddam.3gp GeneralFormat profile : 3GPP Media Release 4File size : 1381144Encoded date : 2006-12-30 06:11:47VideoFormat : H.263Format profile : [email_address] Duration : 00:02:37.127Width : 176Height : 144Frame rate mode : VariableFrame rate : 6.186 fpsCompression mode : Lossy

50. Thanks

51. More information which we won't be able to address during the presentation...

59. Questions? Skip Elsheimer A/V Geeks LLC [email_address] http://www.avgeeks.com