Hand-Out Kuliah Budidaya Tanaman Pangan Bab 1. Pendahuluan Purwandaru Widyasunu & Bambang Siswo Susilo D3-PSL FAPERTA UNSOED 2014

1. HAND-OUT BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PANGAN D3-PSL FAPERTA UNSOED
BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN
DOSEN: PURWANDARU WIDYASUNU & BAMBANG SISWO SUSILO
1.1. Pengantar
1.2. Tujuan dan Manfaat Mempelajari
Budidaya Tanaman Pangan
1.3. Overview Budidaya Pertanian
(Agronomi)
1.4. Kedudukan Strategis Tanaman
Pangan
1.5. Komoditas Tanaman Pangan.

2. 1.2. Pengantar
FAO:
Agriculture helps to meet the basic needs of human and their civilization by providing
food, clothing,
shelters, medicine and recreation. Hence, agriculture is the most important enterprise in
the world. It is
a productive unit where the free gifts of nature namely land, light, air, temperature and
rain water etc.,
are integrated into single primary unit indispensable for human beings.
Secondary productive units
namely animals including livestock, birds and insects, feed on these primary units and
provide concentrated
products such as meat, milk, wool, eggs, honey, silk and lac.
Agriculture provides food, feed, fibre, fuel, furniture, raw materials and materials for and
from
factories; provides a free fare and fresh environment, abundant food for driving out famine;
favours
friendship by eliminating fights.
Satisfactory agricultural production brings peace, prosperity, harmony,

3. FAO:
Terminology
Agriculture is derived from Latin words Ager and Cultura. Ager
means land or field and Cultura means cultivation. Therefore the
term agriculture means cultivation of land. i.e., the science and
art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes. It is
also referred as the science of producing crops and livestock from
the natural resources of the earth.
The primary aim of agriculture is to cause the land to produce
more abundantly, and at the same time, to protect it from
deterioration and misuse (=use wrongly/treat badly).
It is synonymous with farming–the production of food, fodder and
other industrial material.

4. Definitions (FAO):
Agriculture is defined in the Agriculture Act 1947, as including
‘horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming and
livestock breeding and keeping, the use of land as grazing land,
meadow land, osier land, market gardens and nursery rounds, and
the use of land for woodlands where that use ancillary to the
farming of land for Agricultural purposes”.
It is also defined as ‘purposeful work through which elements in
nature are harnessed to produce plants and animals to meet the
human needs. It is a biological production process, which depends
on the growth and development of selected plants and animals
within the local environment.

5. Agriculture as art, science and business of crop production
Agriculture is defined as the art, the science and the business of
producing crops and the livestock for economic purposes.
As an art, it embraces knowledge of the way to perform the
operations of the farm in a skillful manner.
The skill is categorized as; Physical skill: It involves the ability and
capacity to carry out the operation in an efficient way for e.g.,
handling of farm implements, animals etc., sowing of seeds, fertilizer
and pesticides application etc.
Mental skill: The farmer is able to take a decision based on
experience, such as (i) time and method of ploughing, (ii) selection
of crop and cropping system to suit soil and climate, (iii) adopting
improved farm practices etc.

6. As a science :
It utilizes all modern technologies developed on
scientific principles such as crop
improvement/breeding, crop production, crop
protection, economics etc., to maximize the yield
and profit.
For example, new crops and varieties developed by
hybridization, transgenic crop varieties resistant to
pests and diseases, hybrids in each crop, high
fertilizer responsive varieties, water management,
herbicides to control weeds, use of bio-control
agents to combat pest and diseases etc.

7. As the business :
As long as agriculture is the way of life of the rural
population, production is ultimately bound to
consumption.
But agriculture as a business aims at maximum net
return through the management of land, labour,
water and capital, employing the knowledge of
various sciences for production of food, feed, fibre
and fuel.
In recent years, agriculture is commercialized to
run as a business through mechanization.

8. (i) Plant breeding and genetics
(ii) Bio-technology
B. Crop Management
The sciences Use
in Food Crop
Agronomy
A. Crop Improvement
(i) Agronomy
(ii) Soil Science and Agricultural
Chemistry
(iii) Seed technology
(iv) Agricultural Microbiology
(v) Crop-Physiology
(vi) Agricultural Engineering
(vii) Environmental Sciences
(viii) Agricultural Meteorology
C. Crop Protection
(i) Agricultural Entomology
(ii) Plant Pathology
(iii) Nematology
D. Social Sciences
(i) Agricultural Extension
(ii) Agricultural Economics
Allied disciplines
(i) Agricultural Statistics
(ii) English and Indonesia
(iii) Mathematics
(iv) Bio-Chemistry etc.

9. 1.2. Tujuan dan Manfaat Mempelajari Budidaya
Tanaman Pangan
Tujuan:
1. Mempelajari tatalaksana membudidayakan tanaman pangan
utama di Indonesia.
2. Memahami komoditas tanaman pangan utama.
3. Memahami faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap produksi
biomassa (hasil tanaman).
Manfaat:
1. Memperoleh pengalaman teoritik dan praktikal tatalaksana
budidaya tanaman pangan utama di Indonesia.
2. Memperoleh pemahaman adanya faktor-faktor yang
berpengaruh terhadap produksi biomassa tanaman pangan
utama.
3. Manfaat profesional pengelolaan SDA untuk tanaman pangan.

10. 1.3. Overview Budidaya Pertanian (Agronomi)
CO2 + H2O
Kloro
pil
CH2O + O2 + Energi
Cahaya
matahari





Karbohidrat
Protein
Lemak
Mineral
Vitamin
 Lahan-lahan pertanian  Tanah  unsur hara, air, O2, mikroba
(biota tanah).
 Air  dari dalam tanah dan permukaan.
 Unsur-unsur iklim  cahaya, CO2, N2, kelembaban udara, angin,
evapotranspirasi.
 Organisme pengganggu tanaman.
 Bencana alam  banjir, kekeringan.
 IPTEK, aliran finansial, perdagangan, poleksosbud

11. TIGA FAKTOR DALAM BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN
1. faktor genetis : harus mengetahui sifat
tanaman
2. faktor lingkungan : temperatur, iklim, musim
3. faktor tanah : mengetahui sifat fisik, kimia
dan biolois tanah
SIFAT TANAMAN :
a. Klasifikasi tanaman berdasarkan umur :
tanaman setahun (annuals crops)
tanaman dwitahun (parenial crops) : wortel,
kubis,
b. Tanaman tahunan : tanaman keras

12. b. Perimbangan fase vegetatif dg generatif :
Vegetatif > generatif :
Karbohidrat banyak dipakai untuk pertumbuhan akar, batang
dan daun. Tanaman bersifat sukulen (banyak mengandung air),
pembungaan dan pembuahan tidak terjadi/ tertekan, pertumbuhan
bagian atas berlebihan, laju fotosintesis cepat.
Contoh : kubis, sledri, bawang daun, cesim,anyelir, bayam , dsb
Generatif > vegetatif :
Pertumbuhan vegetatif kerdil, buruk, karbohidrat banyak
dipakai untuk generatif (pembentukan buah), laju fotosintesis
rendah, hasil panenan rendah, batangnya berkayu, ruas-ruasnya
pendek, daunnya kecil dan berkutikula tebal.
Contoh : terong, Lombok, dsb.

13. Seimbang antara vegetatif dg generatif : banyak buahnya.
Tanaman akan sedang pertumbuhan vegetatifnya,
Batangnya sedikit sukulen.
Contoh : Kedele, kacang hijau, kapri, timun, tanaman berkayu
(cengkeh, apel, mangga, duren, rambutan, manggis, dsb).

14. c. Sifat tanaman berhubungan dengan air tanah :
Hidrofit : tumbuh di dalam atau di atas air
Mesofit :
tumbuh di tempat yang airnya sedang
Tropofit :
tumbuh berganti antara basah dan kering
Xerofit
: tanaman yang tahan kekeringan
1. Gol. Ephemera : tanaman yg tumbuh cepat dan berbuah di
daerah gurun pada musim hujan. Buahnya mengalami
masa dormansi yg panjang.
2. Gol sukelenta : tan berdaun tebal tahan kekeringan
Contoh : tanaman kaktus, Alhagi camelorum di gurun sahara,
panjang akar mencapai 30 m
Saprofit : tumbuh diatas kayu : taliputri, benalu
Glicofit
: sensitive terhadap kadar garam tinggi
Halofit
: mampu hidup pada garam yang tinggi

15. 1.4. Kedudukan Strategis Tanaman
Pangan
 Tanaman pangan utama strategis internasional, nasional 
buffer pangan.
 Ekspor, impor.
 Ketahanan pangan daerah, nasional  spesifik komoditas.
 Bahan industri pangan strategis.
 Bahan perdagangan komoditas tanaman pangan dan hasil
olahannya.
 Aspek finansial dan moneter pembiyaan budidaya dan kredit
usaha tani maupun off-farm  bisa ada subsidi dengan APBN.
 Produksi input  pupuk, benih, zat pengatur tumbuh,
pestisida.
 Peraturan pendukung swasembada dan ketahanan pangan
nasional/daerah.

16. 1.5. Komoditas Tanaman Pangan













Padi sawah, padi gogo (lokal, hibrida)
Jagung lokal, hibrida
Kedelai
Kacang tanah
Singkong
Ketela rambat
Garut
Ganyong (Jawa)
Kentang putih/kuning (sayur/industri)
Kentang hitam
Kacang merah
Gude
Tanaman masa depan ....................... ?????

17. Daftar Pustaka:
Agus, F., D. Santoso, dan Wahyunto (Ed.). 2007. Lahan Sawah
Bukaan Baru. Balai Besar Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor.
Agus, F., A. Adimiharja, S. Hardjowigeno, A.M. Fagi, dan W.
Hartatik. 2004. Tanah Sawah dan Teknologi
Pengelolaannya. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor.
Peterson, G.A., P.W. Unger, and W.A. Pane. 2006. Dry Land
Agriculture. ASA-CCSA-SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin,
USA.
Yoshida, S. Dasar-dasar Pengetahuan Tanaman Padi.
Terjemahan oleh: Sigit Yuli Jatmiko. IRRI, Los Banos,
Filipina.