SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  22
   Profile
   Mission & Vision
   Financial Highlights
   Milestones & Awards
   Sectors
   Landmarks
   Management Structure
   Strategy & Values
   Culture
   Unique Policies
•      Emaar Properties PJSC, a Dubai-based Public Joint
  Stock Company, Emaar is listed on the Dubai Financial
  Market, is a global property developer and provider of
  premier lifestyles.
•      With six business segments and more than 60 active
  companies, Emaar has a collective presence in several
  markets spanning the Middle East, North Africa, Pan-
  Asia, Europe and North America.
•      The company has established operations in the
  United Arab Emirates, Saudi
  Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Morocco, India, P
  akistan, Turkey, China, USA, Canada and United
  Kingdom.
H.E. Mohamed Ali Rashed Alabbar   Mr. Hussain Ahmad Dhaen Al Qemzi
Chairman                          Vice Chairman
Transform Emaar into a one-step, global
solution provider for lifestyle, including
homes, work, play, leisure, retail, health, education,
finance, industry and more.




      Transformation into one of the most
 valuable lifestyle developers in the world
 beyond real estate development.
Financial Highlights:
       With total assets of more than AED 60 billion (US$ 16.35
  billion), investment properties and fixed assets of AED 16.4
  billion (US$ 4.47 billion) and development property valued at
  AED 26.2 billion (US$ 7.14 billion), Emaar, once again,
  highlighted its robust fundamentals in 2011.
       The company’s annual revenue for 2011 reached AED
  8.112 billion (US$ 2.209 billion) and emmar posted a net
  operating profit of AED 2.058 billion (US$ 560 million).
       The most significant aspect of Emaar’s financial
  performance in 2011 was the contribution of their fast-
  growing business subsidiaries – shopping malls & retail and
  hospitality & leisure – both integral contributors to Dubai’s
  economy.
Milestones:
 1997
 • June – Established Emaar Properties PJSC.
 • July – Commenced operation.
 2000
 • March: Company listed on Dubai Financial Market – opens capital to foreign
   nationals.
 2002
 • September: Dubai Bank established.
 2003
 • November: Launches The Dubai Mall, the world’s largest shopping mall.
 2004
 • June: Announces Downtown Dubai.
 2005
 • July: Launches Umm Al Quwain Marina – an AED 12 billion (US$3.3 billion)
   master-planned waterfront community.
 2009
 • September: The Dubai Mall celebrates 1000th store opening; hosts over 1 million
   visitors during Eid.
 • October: The Dubai Mall crosses landmark 30 million visitors.
 2010
 • January: Thousands take part in inauguration of Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest
       Dubai Quality Award
       ISO14001:2004 Certification
        (environmental management processes)

       RealComm Digie Awards
        (industry innovators)

       Arabian Business Property Company of the Year

       Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investor Services
    Rating
        (A- & A3)
       Hospitality:
       Hotels

       Resorts
                           Malls
       Cafe               The Dubai Mall

                           Dubai Marina Mall
                                                       Retail
       Golf club
                           Souk Al Bahar              Dubai Aquarium
       Polo club
                           Gold & Diamond Park        Underwater Zoo

                                                       Kidzania

                                                       Reel Cinemas

                                                       Hamptons
Burj Khalifa   The Dubai Mall Dubai Fountain
• Chairman

• Vice Chairman

• Board of Directors

• Group Chief Executive officer

• General Manager
To become one of the most valuable
companies in the world, Emaar will adopt a
strategy of business segmentation to create
different business clusters functioning as
different growth engines. These growth engines
will grow and converge into a single entity known
as "The Emaar Group PJSC".
     Customer satisfaction            Managerial Ethics

                        
      Employment engagement             Leadership

                           
      Concern for Environment           Communication


Chairman’s Message:
       We live in an extraordinary time. Every change around
us does not necessarily bring about growth, but presents us
with an opportunity to rediscover, re-energise and reinvent
ourselves.
        Recruitment

        Accommodation & Transport

        Training & Development Policy

        Compensation & Grade Related

    Policies

        Loan & Advance Policy

        Rewards & Recognition

        Security
Recruitment:

      Based on competencies or sets of behaviours,
 skills and knowledge and will focus on finding the
 best people for the available jobs. The selection
 process may involve several stages. If you meet
 the requirements you will be required to attend an
 interview and perhaps complete some
 psychometric and/or personality tests. The
 interview will be about you and your experience.
 You will be asked for examples of how you behave
 in different situations drawing on examples from
 work, university or your personal life.
Emmar
Emmar
Emmar
Emmar

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014
Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014
Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014Arthur Ashidiqy
 
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates Airline
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates AirlineSWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates Airline
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates AirlineZaheer Tariq
 
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviation
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviationDgca (Directorate General of civil aviation
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviationKalyan S Patil
 
Assignment taj hotels services by nilesh shukla
Assignment taj hotels services  by nilesh shuklaAssignment taj hotels services  by nilesh shukla
Assignment taj hotels services by nilesh shuklaNILESH SHUKLA
 
Emirates Strategy and Implementation
Emirates Strategy and ImplementationEmirates Strategy and Implementation
Emirates Strategy and ImplementationAnushka Kassim
 
Dubai History, Heritage & Culture
Dubai   History, Heritage & CultureDubai   History, Heritage & Culture
Dubai History, Heritage & CultureArshad Khan
 
project Mangement
project Mangementproject Mangement
project MangementAlex Jensen
 
Banglore airport
Banglore airportBanglore airport
Banglore airportDharam Veer
 
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International Airport
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International AirportTerminal 3_Indira Gandhi International Airport
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International AirportAnkita Kolamkar
 
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate Dubaiproperties
 

Tendances (20)

EMAAR Financial Analysis
EMAAR Financial AnalysisEMAAR Financial Analysis
EMAAR Financial Analysis
 
United Arab Emirates
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
 
Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014
Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014
Emirates Airlines Draft Strategic 2013-2014
 
Dubai Presentation
Dubai Presentation Dubai Presentation
Dubai Presentation
 
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates Airline
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates AirlineSWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates Airline
SWOT Analysis & Marketing Mix Of Emirates Airline
 
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviation
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviationDgca (Directorate General of civil aviation
Dgca (Directorate General of civil aviation
 
Kuwait
KuwaitKuwait
Kuwait
 
Assignment taj hotels services by nilesh shukla
Assignment taj hotels services  by nilesh shuklaAssignment taj hotels services  by nilesh shukla
Assignment taj hotels services by nilesh shukla
 
Emirates Strategy and Implementation
Emirates Strategy and ImplementationEmirates Strategy and Implementation
Emirates Strategy and Implementation
 
Dubai History, Heritage & Culture
Dubai   History, Heritage & CultureDubai   History, Heritage & Culture
Dubai History, Heritage & Culture
 
Dubai
DubaiDubai
Dubai
 
project Mangement
project Mangementproject Mangement
project Mangement
 
Emirates
EmiratesEmirates
Emirates
 
Banglore airport
Banglore airportBanglore airport
Banglore airport
 
Dubai ppt
Dubai pptDubai ppt
Dubai ppt
 
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International Airport
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International AirportTerminal 3_Indira Gandhi International Airport
Terminal 3_Indira Gandhi International Airport
 
Emirates
EmiratesEmirates
Emirates
 
Dubai Expo 2020
Dubai Expo 2020Dubai Expo 2020
Dubai Expo 2020
 
Dubai city and space
Dubai city and space Dubai city and space
Dubai city and space
 
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate
Why Invest in Dubai Real Estate
 

Similaire à Emmar

Apparel presentation
Apparel  presentationApparel  presentation
Apparel presentationsplitz Thomas
 
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaar
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaarProperties for sale in dubai by deyaar
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaarfiverrclient
 
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edx
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edxThe luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edx
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edxHamed Grech
 
National Bonds Corporation
National Bonds CorporationNational Bonds Corporation
National Bonds CorporationMohammedElMniai
 
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012Katherine DArcy
 
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
 
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service Marketing
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service MarketingTaj Mahal Palace Hotel Service Marketing
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service MarketingPrachi Shastri
 
Wealth management as a career option apim
Wealth management as a career option   apimWealth management as a career option   apim
Wealth management as a career option apimDeepak Jain
 
LEELA Group of Hotels -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR
LEELA Group of Hotels  -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR LEELA Group of Hotels  -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR
LEELA Group of Hotels -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR Nidhin M
 
De vere presentation
De vere presentationDe vere presentation
De vere presentationValerie Mizen
 
8th Annual Board Secretary 2016
8th Annual Board Secretary 20168th Annual Board Secretary 2016
8th Annual Board Secretary 2016Bernardine Michael
 
Comapany profile
Comapany profileComapany profile
Comapany profilerayanbca
 
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMM
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMMThe Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMM
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMMHector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
 
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
 

Similaire à Emmar (20)

Apparel presentation
Apparel  presentationApparel  presentation
Apparel presentation
 
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaar
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaarProperties for sale in dubai by deyaar
Properties for sale in dubai by deyaar
 
Dubai presentation
Dubai presentationDubai presentation
Dubai presentation
 
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edx
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edxThe luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edx
The luxury brand identity hong kong poly ux htm541x luxury management on edx
 
National Bonds Corporation
National Bonds CorporationNational Bonds Corporation
National Bonds Corporation
 
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012
SHUAA-Annual-Report-2012
 
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012
The Product Manager Pathfinder - AIPMM Presentation - ProductCamp SV Spring 2012
 
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service Marketing
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service MarketingTaj Mahal Palace Hotel Service Marketing
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Service Marketing
 
Wealth management as a career option apim
Wealth management as a career option   apimWealth management as a career option   apim
Wealth management as a career option apim
 
HOSPITALITY
HOSPITALITYHOSPITALITY
HOSPITALITY
 
Taj
TajTaj
Taj
 
LEELA Group of Hotels -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR
LEELA Group of Hotels  -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR LEELA Group of Hotels  -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR
LEELA Group of Hotels -CAPT- KRISHNAN NAIR
 
Renamed eco(1)
Renamed eco(1)Renamed eco(1)
Renamed eco(1)
 
De vere presentation
De vere presentationDe vere presentation
De vere presentation
 
8th Annual Board Secretary 2016
8th Annual Board Secretary 20168th Annual Board Secretary 2016
8th Annual Board Secretary 2016
 
Comapany profile
Comapany profileComapany profile
Comapany profile
 
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMM
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMMThe Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMM
The Product Manager Pathfinder - ProductCamp Toronto - H. Del Castillo, AIPMM
 
G
GG
G
 
GAIM ME PROGRAM
GAIM ME PROGRAMGAIM ME PROGRAM
GAIM ME PROGRAM
 
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...
Why Leading Innovation Is Essential To Ignite Your Company’s Growth - H. Del ...
 

Plus de Raghavendra Rachamadugu

The Implementation of QMS in construction industry
The Implementation of QMS in construction industryThe Implementation of QMS in construction industry
The Implementation of QMS in construction industryRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKI
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKIPORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKI
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKIRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...Raghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Designing buildings to meet climate change challenges
Designing buildings to meet climate change challengesDesigning buildings to meet climate change challenges
Designing buildings to meet climate change challengesRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangal
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangalCase study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangal
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangalRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...Raghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendra
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendraPresentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendra
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendraRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendra
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendraPresentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendra
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendraRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendra
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendraPresentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendra
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendraRaghavendra Rachamadugu
 

Plus de Raghavendra Rachamadugu (13)

The Implementation of QMS in construction industry
The Implementation of QMS in construction industryThe Implementation of QMS in construction industry
The Implementation of QMS in construction industry
 
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKI
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKIPORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKI
PORTER’s five forces model for MARUTI SUZUKI
 
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...
GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FU...
 
Designing buildings to meet climate change challenges
Designing buildings to meet climate change challengesDesigning buildings to meet climate change challenges
Designing buildings to meet climate change challenges
 
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangal
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangalCase study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangal
Case study of G+2 Structure located at railway quarters, warangal
 
CASE STUDY OF WAKOTA BRIDGE
CASE STUDY OF WAKOTA BRIDGECASE STUDY OF WAKOTA BRIDGE
CASE STUDY OF WAKOTA BRIDGE
 
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...
Presentation on using industrial waste water in making of plain concrete @ in...
 
Jump Formwork
Jump FormworkJump Formwork
Jump Formwork
 
Construction Equipment Management
Construction Equipment ManagementConstruction Equipment Management
Construction Equipment Management
 
Feasibility Report of Hyd Metro
Feasibility Report of Hyd MetroFeasibility Report of Hyd Metro
Feasibility Report of Hyd Metro
 
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendra
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendraPresentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendra
Presentation on liquefation @ pvkk by raghavendra
 
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendra
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendraPresentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendra
Presentation on robosand @ crit by raghavendra
 
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendra
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendraPresentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendra
Presentation on rating & strengthening of bridges @ jntu hyd by raghavendra
 

Emmar

  • 1.
  • 2. Profile  Mission & Vision  Financial Highlights  Milestones & Awards  Sectors  Landmarks  Management Structure  Strategy & Values  Culture  Unique Policies
  • 3. Emaar Properties PJSC, a Dubai-based Public Joint Stock Company, Emaar is listed on the Dubai Financial Market, is a global property developer and provider of premier lifestyles. • With six business segments and more than 60 active companies, Emaar has a collective presence in several markets spanning the Middle East, North Africa, Pan- Asia, Europe and North America. • The company has established operations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Morocco, India, P akistan, Turkey, China, USA, Canada and United Kingdom.
  • 4. H.E. Mohamed Ali Rashed Alabbar Mr. Hussain Ahmad Dhaen Al Qemzi Chairman Vice Chairman
  • 5. Transform Emaar into a one-step, global solution provider for lifestyle, including homes, work, play, leisure, retail, health, education, finance, industry and more. Transformation into one of the most valuable lifestyle developers in the world beyond real estate development.
  • 6. Financial Highlights:  With total assets of more than AED 60 billion (US$ 16.35 billion), investment properties and fixed assets of AED 16.4 billion (US$ 4.47 billion) and development property valued at AED 26.2 billion (US$ 7.14 billion), Emaar, once again, highlighted its robust fundamentals in 2011.  The company’s annual revenue for 2011 reached AED 8.112 billion (US$ 2.209 billion) and emmar posted a net operating profit of AED 2.058 billion (US$ 560 million).  The most significant aspect of Emaar’s financial performance in 2011 was the contribution of their fast- growing business subsidiaries – shopping malls & retail and hospitality & leisure – both integral contributors to Dubai’s economy.
  • 7. Milestones: 1997 • June – Established Emaar Properties PJSC. • July – Commenced operation. 2000 • March: Company listed on Dubai Financial Market – opens capital to foreign nationals. 2002 • September: Dubai Bank established. 2003 • November: Launches The Dubai Mall, the world’s largest shopping mall. 2004 • June: Announces Downtown Dubai. 2005 • July: Launches Umm Al Quwain Marina – an AED 12 billion (US$3.3 billion) master-planned waterfront community. 2009 • September: The Dubai Mall celebrates 1000th store opening; hosts over 1 million visitors during Eid. • October: The Dubai Mall crosses landmark 30 million visitors. 2010 • January: Thousands take part in inauguration of Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest
  • 8. Dubai Quality Award  ISO14001:2004 Certification (environmental management processes)  RealComm Digie Awards (industry innovators)  Arabian Business Property Company of the Year  Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investor Services Rating (A- & A3)
  • 9. Hospitality:  Hotels  Resorts  Malls  Cafe  The Dubai Mall  Dubai Marina Mall  Retail  Golf club  Souk Al Bahar  Dubai Aquarium  Polo club  Gold & Diamond Park  Underwater Zoo  Kidzania  Reel Cinemas  Hamptons
  • 10. Burj Khalifa The Dubai Mall Dubai Fountain
  • 11.
  • 12. • Chairman • Vice Chairman • Board of Directors • Group Chief Executive officer • General Manager
  • 13. To become one of the most valuable companies in the world, Emaar will adopt a strategy of business segmentation to create different business clusters functioning as different growth engines. These growth engines will grow and converge into a single entity known as "The Emaar Group PJSC".
  • 14. Customer satisfaction  Managerial Ethics   Employment engagement Leadership   Concern for Environment Communication Chairman’s Message: We live in an extraordinary time. Every change around us does not necessarily bring about growth, but presents us with an opportunity to rediscover, re-energise and reinvent ourselves.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Recruitment  Accommodation & Transport  Training & Development Policy  Compensation & Grade Related Policies  Loan & Advance Policy  Rewards & Recognition  Security
  • 18. Recruitment: Based on competencies or sets of behaviours, skills and knowledge and will focus on finding the best people for the available jobs. The selection process may involve several stages. If you meet the requirements you will be required to attend an interview and perhaps complete some psychometric and/or personality tests. The interview will be about you and your experience. You will be asked for examples of how you behave in different situations drawing on examples from work, university or your personal life.