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Heizer 06
1.
Operations
Management Chapter 6 – Managing Quality PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e Operations Management, 9e © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–1
2.
Outline
Global Company Profile: Arnold Palmer Hospital Quality and Strategy Defining Quality Implications of Quality Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Cost of Quality (COQ) Ethics and Quality Management © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–2
3.
Outline – Continued
International Quality Standards ISO 9000 ISO14000 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–3
4.
Outline – Continued
Total Quality Management Continuous Improvement Six Sigma Employee Empowerment Benchmarking Just-in-Time (JIT) Taguchi Concepts Knowledge of TQM Tools © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–4
5.
Outline – Continued
Tools of TQM Check Sheets Scatter Diagrams Cause-and-Effect Diagrams Pareto Charts Flowcharts Histograms Statistical Process Control (SPC) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–5
6.
Outline – Continued
The Role of Inspection When and Where to Inspect Source Inspection Service Industry Inspection Inspection of Attributes versus Variables TQM in Services © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–6
7.
Learning Objectives
When you complete this chapter you should be able to: Define quality and TQM Describe the ISO international quality standards Explain Six Sigma Explain how benchmarking is used Explain quality robust products and Taguchi concepts Use the seven tools of TQM © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–7
8.
Managing Quality Provides
a Competitive Advantage Arnold Palmer Hospital Deliver over 13,000 babies annually Virtually every type of quality tool is employed Continuous improvement Employee empowerment Benchmarking Just-in-time Quality tools © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–8
9.
Quality and Strategy
Managing quality supports differentiation, low cost, and response strategies Quality helps firms increase sales and reduce costs Building a quality organization is a demanding task © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6–9
10.
Two Ways Quality
Improves Profitability Sales Gains via Improved response Flexible pricing Improved reputation Improved Increased Quality Profits Reduced Costs via Increased productivity Lower rework and scrap costs Lower warranty costs Figure 6.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 10
11.
The Flow of
Activities Organizational Practices Leadership, Mission statement, Effective operating procedures, Staff support, Training Yields: What is important and what is to be accomplished Quality Principles Customer focus, Continuous improvement, Benchmarking, Just-in-time, Tools of TQM Yields: How to do what is important and to be accomplished Employee Fulfillment Empowerment, Organizational commitment Yields: Employee attitudes that can accomplish what is important Customer Satisfaction Winning orders, Repeat customers Yields: An effective organization with Figure 6.2 a competitive advantage © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 11
12.
Defining Quality
The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs American Society for Quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 12
13.
Different Views
User-based – better performance, more features Manufacturing-based – conformance to standards, making it right the first time Product-based – specific and measurable attributes of the product © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 13
14.
Implications of Quality
1. Company reputation Perception of new products Employment practices Supplier relations 2. Product liability Reduce risk 3. Global implications Improved ability to compete © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 14
15.
Key Dimensions of
Quality Performance Durability Features Serviceability Reliability Aesthetics Conformance Perceived quality Value © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 15
16.
Malcom Baldrige National
Quality Award Established in 1988 by the U.S. government Designed to promote TQM practices Recent winners Premier Inc., MESA Products, Sunny Fresh Foods, Park Place Lexus, North Mississippi Medical Center, The Bama Companies, Richland College, Texas Nameplate Company, Inc. © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 16
17.
Baldrige Criteria
Applicants are evaluated on: Categories Points Leadership 120 Strategic Planning 85 Customer & Market Focus 85 Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management 90 Workforce Focus 85 Process Management 85 Results 450 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 17
18.
Takumi
A Japanese character that symbolizes a broader dimension than quality, a deeper process than education, and a more perfect method than persistence © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 18
19.
Costs of Quality
Prevention costs - reducing the potential for defects Appraisal costs - evaluating products, parts, and services Internal failure - producing defective parts or service before delivery External costs - defects discovered after delivery © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 19
20.
Costs of Quality
Total Total Cost Cost External Failure Internal Failure Prevention Appraisal Quality Improvement © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 20
21.
Leaders in Quality
W. Edwards Deming 14 Points for Management Joseph M. Juran Top management commitment, fitness for use Armand Feigenbaum Total Quality Control Philip B. Crosby Quality is Free, zero defects © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 21
22.
Ethics and Quality
Management Operations managers must deliver healthy, safe, quality products and services Poor quality risks injuries, lawsuits, recalls, and regulation Organizations are judged by how they respond to problems All stakeholders much be considered © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 22
23.
International Quality
Standards ISO 9000 series (Europe/EC) Common quality standards for products sold in Europe (even if made in U.S.) 2000 update places greater emphasis on leadership and customer satisfaction ISO 14000 series (Europe/EC) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 23
24.
ISO 14000
Environmental Standard Core Elements: Environmental management Auditing Performance evaluation Labeling Life cycle assessment © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 24
25.
TQM
Encompasses entire organization, from supplier to customer Stresses a commitment by management to have a continuing, companywide drive toward excellence in all aspects of products and services that are important to the customer © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 25
26.
Deming’s Fourteen Points
1. Create consistency of purpose 2. Lead to promote change 3. Build quality into the product; stop depending on inspection 4. Build long-term relationships based on performance, not price 5. Continuously improve product, quality, and service 6. Start training 7. Emphasize leadership Table 6.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 26
27.
Deming’s Fourteen Points
8. Drive out fear 9. Break down barriers between departments 10. Stop haranguing workers 11. Support, help, improve 12. Remove barriers to pride in work 13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement 14. Put everybody in the company to work on the transformation Table 6.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 27
28.
Seven Concepts of
TQM Continuous improvement Six Sigma Employee empowerment Benchmarking Just-in-time (JIT) Taguchi concepts Knowledge of TQM tools © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 28
29.
Continuous Improvement
Represents continual improvement of all processes Involves all operations and work centers including suppliers and customers People, Equipment, Materials, Procedures © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 29
30.
Shewhart’s PDCA Model
1.Plan 4. Act Identify the Implement improvement the plan and make a plan 3. Check 2. Do Is the plan Test the working? plan Figure 6.3 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 30
31.
Six Sigma
Two meanings Statistical definition of a process that is 99.9997% capable, 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO) A program designed to reduce defects, lower costs, and improve customer satisfaction © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 31
32.
Six Sigma
Two meanings Lower limits Upper limits Statistical definition of a process that 2,700 defects/million is 99.9997% capable, 3.4 defects per 3.4 defects/million million opportunities (DPMO) A program designed to reduce defects, lower costs, and improve customer satisfactionMean ±3σ ±6σ Figure 6.4 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 32
33.
Six Sigma Program
Originally developed by Motorola, adopted and enhanced by Honeywell and GE Highly structured approach to process improvement 6σ A strategy A discipline - DMAIC © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 33
34.
Six Sigma
1. Define critical outputs and identify gaps for DMAIC Approach improvement 2. Measure the work and collect process data 3. Analyze the data 4. Improve the process 5. Control the new process to make sure new performance is maintained © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 34
35.
Six Sigma Implementation
Emphasize defects per million opportunities as a standard metric Provide extensive training Focus on corporate sponsor support (Champions) Create qualified process improvement experts (Black Belts, Green Belts, etc.) Set stretch objectives This cannot be accomplished without a major commitment from top level management © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 35
36.
Employee Empowerment
Getting employees involved in product and process improvements 85% of quality problems are due to process and material Techniques Build communication networks that include employees Develop open, supportive supervisors Move responsibility to employees Build a high-morale organization Create formal team structures © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 36
37.
Quality Circles
Group of employees who meet regularly to solve problems Trained in planning, problem solving, and statistical methods Often led by a facilitator Very effective when done properly © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 37
38.
Benchmarking
Selecting best practices to use as a standard for performance rna l e t g e in arkin Us hm Determine what to g n c ’ re b i be ou benchmark if y nough Form a benchmark team e Identify benchmarking partners Collect and analyze benchmarking information Take action to match or exceed the benchmark © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 38
39.
Benchmarking Factors for
Web Sites Use of meta tags Yes: 70%, No: 30% Meaningful homepage title Yes: 97%, No: 3% Unique domain name Yes: 91%, No: 9% Search engine registration Above 96% Average loading speed 28K: 19.31, 56K: 10.88, T1: 2.59 Average number of spelling errors 0.16 Visibility of contact information Yes: 74%, No: 26% Presence of search engine Yes: 59%, No: 41% Translation to multiple languages Yes: 11%, No: 89% Table 6.3 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 39
40.
Best Practices for
Resolving Customer Complaints Make it easy for clients to complain Respond quickly to complaints Resolve complaints on first contact Use computers to manage complaints Recruit the best for customer service jobs © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 40
41.
Just-in-Time (JIT)
Relationship to quality: JIT cuts the cost of quality JIT improves quality Better quality means less inventory and better, easier-to- employ JIT system © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 41
42.
Just-in-Time (JIT)
‘Pull’ system of production scheduling including supply management Production only when signaled Allows reduced inventory levels Inventory costs money and hides process and material problems Encourages improved process and product quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 42
43.
Just-In-Time (JIT) Example
Work in process inventory level (hides problems) Unreliable Capacity Vendors Scrap Imbalances © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 43
44.
Just-In-Time (JIT) Example
Reducing inventory reveals problems so they can be solved Unreliable Capacity Vendors Scrap Imbalances © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 44
45.
Taguchi Concepts
Engineering and experimental design methods to improve product and process design Identify key component and process variables affecting product variation Taguchi Concepts Quality robustness Quality loss function Target-oriented quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 45
46.
Quality Robustness
Ability to produce products uniformly in adverse manufacturing and environmental conditions Remove the effects of adverse conditions Small variations in materials and process do not destroy product quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 46
47.
Quality Loss Function
Shows that costs increase as the product moves away from what the customer wants Target- Costs include customer oriented dissatisfaction, warranty quality and service, internal scrap and repair, and costs to society Traditional conformance specifications are too simplistic © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 47
48.
Quality Loss Function
High loss L = D2 C Unacceptable where Loss (to L= loss to producing Poor society organization, customer, Fair D= and society) distance from Good target value Best Low loss Target-oriented quality of C= cost deviation yields more product in the “best” category Target-oriented quality brings product toward Frequency the target value Conformance-oriented quality keeps products within 3 standard deviations Lower Target Upper Specification Figure 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 48
49.
Tools of TQM
Tools for Generating Ideas Check sheets Scatter diagrams Cause-and-effect diagrams Tools to Organize the Data Pareto charts Flowcharts Tools for Identifying Problems Histogram Statistical process control chart © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 49
50.
Seven Tools of
TQM (a) Check Sheet: An organized method of recording data Hour Defect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A /// / / / / /// / B // / / / // /// C / // // //// Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 50
51.
Seven Tools of
TQM (b) Scatter Diagram: A graph of the value of one variable vs. another variable Productivity Absenteeism Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 51
52.
Seven Tools of
TQM (c) Cause-and-Effect Diagram: A tool that identifies process elements (causes) that might effect an outcome Cause Materials Methods Effect Manpower Machinery Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 52
53.
Seven Tools of
TQM (d) Pareto Chart: A graph to identify and plot problems or defects in descending order of frequency Frequency Percent A B C D E Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 53
54.
Seven Tools of
TQM (e) Flowchart (Process Diagram): A chart that describes the steps in a process Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 54
55.
Seven Tools of
TQM (f) Histogram: A distribution showing the frequency of occurrences of a variable Distribution Frequency Repair time (minutes) Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 55
56.
Seven Tools of
TQM (g) Statistical Process Control Chart: A chart with time on the horizontal axis to plot values of a statistic Upper control limit Target value Lower control limit Time Figure 6.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 56
57.
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Material Method (ball) (shooting process) Grain/Feel Aiming point (grip) Size of ball Air pressure Bend knees Hand position Balance Lopsidedness Follow-through Missed Training free-throws Rim size Conditioning Motivation Rim height Consistency Rim alignment Backboard stability Concentration Machine Manpower (hoop & Figure 6.7 (shooter) backboard) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 57
58.
Pareto Charts
Data for October – 100 70 – – 93 – 88 60 – 54 Frequency (number) – 72 Cumulative percent 50 – 40 – Number of 30 – occurrences 20 – 12 10 – 4 3 2 0 – Room svc Check-in Pool hours Minibar Misc. 72% 16% 5% 4% 3% Causes and percent of the total © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 58
59.
Flow Charts
MRI Flowchart 1. Physician schedules MRI 7. If unsatisfactory, repeat 2. Patient taken to MRI 8. Patient taken back to room 3. Patient signs in 9. MRI read by radiologist 4. Patient is prepped 10. MRI report transferred to 5. Technician carries out MRI physician 6. Technician inspects film 11. Patient and physician discuss 8 80% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 9 10 20% © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 59
60.
Statistical Process Control
(SPC) Uses statistics and control charts to tell when to take corrective action Drives process improvement Four key steps Measure the process When a change is indicated, find the assignable cause Eliminate or incorporate the cause Restart the revised process © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 60
61.
An SPC Chart
Plots the percent of free throws missed 20% Upper control limit 10% Coach’s target value 0% | | | | | | | | | Lower control limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Game number Figure 6.8 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 61
62.
Inspection
Involves examining items to see if an item is good or defective Detect a defective product Does not correct deficiencies in process or product It is expensive Issues When to inspect Where in process to inspect © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 62
63.
When and Where
to Inspect 1. At the supplier’s plant while the supplier is producing 2. At your facility upon receipt of goods from the supplier 3. Before costly or irreversible processes 4. During the step-by-step production process 5. When production or service is complete 6. Before delivery to your customer 7. At the point of customer contact © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 63
64.
Inspection
Many problems Worker fatigue Measurement error Process variability Cannot inspect quality into a product Robust design, empowered employees, and sound processes are better solutions © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 64
65.
Source Inspection
Also known as source control The next step in the process is your customer Ensure perfect product to your customer Poka-yoke is the concept of foolproof devices or techniques designed to pass only acceptable product © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 65
66.
Service Industry Inspection
What is Organization Standard Inspected Jones Law Office Receptionist Is phone answered by the performance second ring Billing Accurate, timely, and correct format Attorney Promptness in returning calls Table 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 66
67.
Service Industry Inspection
What is Organization Standard Inspected Hard Rock Hotel Reception Use customer’s name desk Doorman Greet guest in less than 30 seconds Room All lights working, spotless bathroom Minibar Restocked and charges accurately posted to bill Table 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 67
68.
Service Industry Inspection
What is Organization Standard Inspected Arnold Palmer Billing Accurate, timely, and Hospital correct format Pharmacy Prescription accuracy, inventory accuracy Lab Audit for lab-test accuracy Nurses Charts immediately updated Admissions Data entered correctly and completely Table 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 68
69.
Service Industry Inspection
What is Organization Standard Inspected Olive Garden Busboy Serves water and bread Restaurant within 1 minute Busboy Clears all entrée items and crumbs prior to dessert Waiter Knows and suggest specials, desserts Table 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 69
70.
Service Industry Inspection
What is Organization Standard Inspected Nordstrom Display areas Attractive, well-organized, Department stocked, good lighting Store Stockrooms Rotation of goods, organized, clean Salesclerks Neat, courteous, very knowledgeable Table 6.5 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 70
71.
Attributes Versus Variables
Attributes Items are either good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable Does not address degree of failure Variables Measures dimensions such as weight, speed, height, or strength Falls within an acceptable range Use different statistical techniques © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 71
72.
TQM In Services
Service quality is more difficult to measure than the quality of goods Service quality perceptions depend on Intangible differences between products Intangible expectations customers have of those products © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 72
73.
Service Quality
The Operations Manager must recognize: 1. The tangible component of services is important 2. The service process is important 3. The service is judged against the customer’s expectations 4. Exceptions will occur © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 73
74.
Service
Specifications at UPS © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 74
75.
Determinants of Service
Quality Reliability Credibility Responsiveness Security Competence Understanding/ Access knowing the customer Courtesy Tangibles Communication © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 75
76.
Service Recovery Strategy
Managers should have a plan for when services fail Marriott’s LEARN routine Listen Empathize Apologize React Notify © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 – 76
Notes de l'éditeur
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