R. Klingbeil, 2014. Coping with Water Scarcity in Lebanon? Some Suggestions and Approaches Based on Experiences from the Region.

Coping with Water Scarcity in Lebanon?
Some Suggestions and Approaches
Based on Experiences from the Region
WSCG Meeting
Beirut, Lebanon
20 March 2014
Ralf Klingbeil
Regional Advisor Environment & Water

Lebanon’s Perspective on
Water Scarcity and Droughts?
www.escwa.un.org 220 March 2014
Cornish,P.,2009.AustraliasDrought.

Opening Quote
20 March 2014 www.escwa.un.org 3
“Droughts are hard to avert, but their effects can be
mitigated. (...)
The price of preparedness is minimal compared to the cost
of disaster relief. Let us therefore shift from managing
crises to preparing for droughts and building resilience.”
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
World Day to Combat Desertification
17 June 2013

Outline
• Definitions
– Water Scarcity  Drought
• Regional Picture
– Impact of Drought
• Experiences from the Region
– Morocco
– Palestine
– MEDROPLAN
• Recommendations
– Coordination - Cooperation - Concerted Action
– National Coping Strategy for Water Scarcity ?

Definitions
Inamo,2001.

Water Scarcity  Drought
Water Scarcity:
• “(…) point at which the aggregate impact of all users
impinges on the supply or quality of water under
prevailing institutional arrangements to the extent that
the demand by all sectors, including the environment,
cannot be satisfied fully.” UN-Water, 2006.
• Falkenmark Indicator:
“fraction of total annual
runoff available for human
use” Falkenmark, M., 1989.
• Further developments: Water Scarcity Index, Social
Water Stress Indicator, Water Resources Vulnerability
Index, … Brown, A., Matlock, M.D., 2011.

Water Scarcity Regime
Gabiña,D.,MEDROPLAN,2013.
Drought: Natural temporary imbalance of water
availability (persistent lower-than-average
precipitation).
Water shortage: Man-induced temporary water imbalance.
Aridity: Natural permanent imbalance in the water
availability (low average annual precipitation).
Desertification: Man-induced permanent imbalance in the
availability of water (inappropriate land use).

Drought – Critical Parameters
• Availability of drinking water
• Sustenance of economic activity
• Availability of food
at reasonable price
• Health and nutrition
esp. for vulnerable
sections
• Conservation of livestock

Types of Drought

Characteristics of
Approaches to Drought Management
Characteristics Limitations
Reactive
• Based on the implementation of
actions after a drought event has
occurred and is perceived.
• Taken in emergency situations
but not based in a contingency
plan.
• Often results in inefficient
technical and economic
solutions since actions are
taken with little time for
evaluating optimal actions.
• Limited stakeholder
participation.
Proactive or
preventive
• Actions designed in advance, with
appropriate planning tools.
• Includes stakeholder
participation.
• Provides both short and long term
measures and includes early
warning systems.
• Includes a contingency plan for
emergency situations.
• The ineffective coordination
and cooperation among
institutions and the lack of
policy to support and revise
the proactive plan may lead
to an inadequate planning.

Regional Picture
Inamo,2001.

Drought in the Arab Region:
Vulnerability
Byiringiro,F.,2012.

Frequency
Byiringiro,F.,2012.

Consecutive Period
Byiringiro,F.,2012.

Iraq – Displacement due to Drought
IOM,2010.

Iraq – Water Needs 2008 - 2010
IOM,2010.

Syria’s Drought
• Drought since
at least 2008
• Inability to
“make a living”
• Internal
displacements
• Additional
stress on
resources and
society in
urban areas
irinnews,2009.

Syria’s Past! – Syria’s Future?
Estimated
Change in
Length of
Dry Season
Evans,J.P.,2008.

Experiences from the Region
Inamo,2001.

RICCAR and
Regional Drought Capacity Development
• Regional Initiative for the
Assessment of the Impact of
Climate Change on Water
Resources and Socio-
Economic Vulnerability in the
Arab Region (RICCAR)
– UN ESCWA, LAS, and others
• Strengthening National
Capacities to Manage Water
Scarcity and Drought in
West Asia and North Africa
– UN DESA, UN ESCWA and others
– DA Project, 2013-2015
– Jordan, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia
– Lebanon: In process to nominate
"National Drought Management Coordinator"

www.escwa.un.org 21
Morocco:
Institutional Framework
Ouassou,A.etal.,2007.
20 March 2014

www.escwa.un.org 22
Morocco:
Drought characterization and risk analysis
Drought characterization and risk
analysis, Oum Er Rbia Basin
• Standardized precipitation index (SPI)
• Surface water supply index (SWSI)
• Spatial drought characterization
• Seasonal drought development
• Agricultural drought vulnerability
20 March 2014

www.escwa.un.org 23
Morocco: Proactive Responses for
Agricultural and Hydrological Drought
20 March 2014

Palestine:
Country-wide Rainfall Monitoring
Abdo,K.,2012andMoA-PAL,2011.

Palestine:
Water Scarcity Task Force (PWA – MoA)
Abdo,K.,2012.
WSS Agriculture

www.escwa.un.org 26
Palestine:
Risk of Water Scarcity – VA Mapping
UNOCHA-PAL,2010.
20 March 2014

www.escwa.un.org 27
Palestine: Proposal for Transitional
Water Scarcity Response Project
Coordinating agency: PWA, Ramallah
Implementing partners: Water Scarcity Task Force, MoA, MoLG, MoPaD, MoF &
related, Local Government Units (Village Councils, Joint Service Councils,
Municipalities), Social Society with International and National NGOs, Private Sector
Project location: West Bank
Project duration: Four years, from 2014 to 2017
No of actors benefitting:
Result 1, Water Scarcity Information System &
Communication & Advocacy: population and
agencies operating in the West Bank;
Result 2 & 3:
Scenario MIN: 25'000 cons. in 96 comm.,
Scenario B: 50'000 cons. in 159 comm.,
Scenario C: 250'000 cons. in 334 comm.;
Capacity Building: communities & Local Government Units
Total project costs: 10 mio. Euros, 12 mio. Euros, 25 mio. Euros for above
scenarios respectively.
Muenchenbach,M.,2013.
20 March 2014

Mediterranean Drought
Preparedness and Mitigation
Planning (MEDROPLAN)
Inamo,2001.

MEDROPLAN Proposed
Planning Framework

MEDROPLAN Proposed
Planning Framework: Operational

MEDROPLAN Proposed

Recommendations
Inamo,2001.

Recommendations: Lebanon 1/2
• Coordinate  Cooperate  Concerted Action
• National Strategy to Overcome Water Scarcity (NaSOWaS)
– “Water Scarcity Task Force” (WSTF) as inter-ministerial
coordination mechanism between core government
institutions (PM enforced, MEW lead, MoA deputy chair).
– National inter-ministerial workshop with invited external
and national speakers.
– Wider consultation process with civil societies, NGOs,
universities, donors – national and sub-national.
• National Monitoring Network
– Network of stations that monitor rainfall, surface water
flows, groundwater levels and provides a representative
overview of the situation all over the country.
– Full & free intra-governmental access to monitoring data.

Recommendations: Lebanon 2/2
• Research on Recharge Mechanisms
– What are the exact recharge mechanisms for the most
important groundwater discharges, i.e. springs?
– Where, when and how much snow is necessary to sustain
long term average discharge in most important springs?
• Legal Basis for Rationalizing Water Use
– Approval of water code to allow State to intervene and
rationalize water use in times of scarcity / drought.
– Establish regulations / guidelines for water rationalization,
i.e. differentiation between essential and non-essential
water uses and triggers for restrictions in use.
– Constitute National Higher Water Council to oversee
rationalization activities.

Three Levels of (Water) Scarcity
TheWorldBank,2007.

References 1/2
 Abdo, K., 2012. Palestine Experience: National Approaches towards DRM in Palestine. Presentation at the Consensus
Building and Awareness Workshop, Iraq Drought Risk Management Project, 26-28 Mar 2012, Beirut.
 Brown, A., Matlock, M.D., 2011. A Review of Water Scarcity Indices and Methodologies. The Sustainability Consortium,
White Paper #106, Apr 2011. www.sustainabilityconsortium.org/wp-
content/themes/sustainability/assets/pdf/whitepapers/2011_Brown_Matlock_Water-Availability-Assessment-Indices-and-
Methodologies-Lit-Review.pdf , accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 Byiringiro, F., 2012. Overview of Drought Management Initiatives in the Region. Presentation at the Consensus Building
and Awareness Workshop, Iraq Drought Risk Management Project, 26-28 Mar 2012, Beirut.
 Carboun, 2011. Water Availability and Use in the Middle East. Infographics: Water Availability and Use.
www.carboun.com/water/water-availability-and-water-use-in-the-arab-world-infographics, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 Cornish, P., 2009. Australias Drought. www.slideshare.net/mrcornish/australias-drought, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 Evans, J.P., 2008. 21st Century Climate Change in the Middle East. Climatic Change 92, (3–4), 417–432.
doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9438-5.
 Falkenmark, M. 1989. The Massive Water Scarcity Now Threatening Africa - Why Isn’t It Being Addressed? Ambio, Vol. 18,
pp. 112-118.
 Gabiña, D., 2013. Drought Management Guidelines in the Mediterranean Region. Mediterranean Drought Preparedness
and Mitigation Planning (MEDROPLAN). Presentation at Meeting on Strengthening National Capacities to Manage Water
Scarcity and Drought in West Asia and North Africa, 24-25 Jun 2013, Beirut.
 Iglesias, A., Cancelliere, A., Gabiña, D., López-Francos, A., Moneo, M., Rossi, G. (eds), 2007. Drought Management
Guidelines and Examples of Application. 2 vols (74 and 68 pp.) in Arabic, English, French, Greek, Italian and Spanish.
Zaragoza: CIHEAM / EC MEDA Water, www.iamz.ciheam.org/medroplan, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 Inamo, 2001. Wasserpolitik: Probleme und Perspektiven [Water Politics: Problems and Perspectives], 27, www.inamo.de,
accessed 19 Mar 2014.

References 2/2
 IOM, 2010. Iraq Displacement Reports. Special Focus – Water Scarcity.
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F09976DD29B45ECD852577EB006F5ABD-Full_Report.pdf, accessed
19 Mar 2014.
 irinnews.org, 2009. Syria’s drought-affected provinces as of Aug 2009. www.irinnews.org/report/89492/syria-act-now-to-
stop-desertification-says-fao, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 MoA – PAL, 2011. Rainfall Report from 9 to 16 Feb 2011.
 Muenchenbach, M., 2013. Draft Proposal for Transitional Water Scarcity Response Project. Consultancy for UNICEF.
 Ouassou, A., Ameziane, T., Ziyad, A., Belghiti M., 2007. Application of the drought management guidelines in Morocco. In:
Iglesias A., Moneo M., López-Francos A. (eds.). Drought management guidelines technical annex. Zaragoza: CIHEAM / EC
MEDA Water, 2007, p. 343-372. Options Méditerranéennes, Série B. Etudes et Recherches, n. 58.
http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/b58/00800547.pdf, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 The World Bank, 2007. Making the Most of Scarcity: Accountability for Better Water Management Results in the Middle
East and North Africa. MENA Development Report. http://go.worldbank.org/WDPAMJ5290, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 UNICEF, UNHCR, 2014. WASH Sector: Risk of Water Shortages this Summer. Beirut, 26 Jan 2014.
http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/wash-sector-risk-water-shortages-summer, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 UN OCHA - PAL, 2010. WASH Vulnerability Mapping of Communities at Risk of Water Scarcity.
 UN SG, 2013. Secretary-General's Message for 2013, World Day to Combat Desertification, 17 June 2013,
www.un.org/en/events/desertificationday/2013/sgmessage.shtml, accessed 19 Mar 2014.
 UN-Water, 2006. Coping with Water Scarcity: A Strategic Issue and Priority for System-wide Action.
www.unwater.org/downloads/waterscarcity.pdf, accessed 19 Mar 2014.

R. Klingbeil, 2014. Coping with Water Scarcity in Lebanon? Some Suggestions and Approaches Based on Experiences from the Region.

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R. Klingbeil, 2014. Coping with Water Scarcity in Lebanon? Some Suggestions and Approaches Based on Experiences from the Region.