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PRESNTED BY RAGHWENDRA KUSHWAHA
              B.TECH (ECE)
     F.I.T ENGG. COLLEGE MERRUT
ABOUT BEL

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a
 public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of
 Ministry of Defence.

It manufactures advanced electronic products for the defense.

BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture
 computer parts and peripherals under arrangement with
 International Computers India Limited (ICIL) in 1970s.

It has total employee strength of about 12000 people spread across 9
 manufacturing units, and few regional offices.
MANUFACTURING UNITS
 BANGALORE (KANARATAKA) – 1954

 GHAZIABAD (UTTER PRADESH)– 1974

 PUNE (MAHARASHTRA)– 1979

 MACHILIPATNAM (ANDHRA PRADESH– 1983

 PANCHKULA (HARYANA)– 1985

 CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)– 1985

 KOTDWARA (UTTER PRADESH)– 1986

 TALOJA (MAHARASHTRA)– 1986

 HYDERABAD (ANDHRA PRADESH)– 1986
PRODUCT RANGES
 RADAR SYSTEMS

 3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.
 Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.
 Tactical Control Radar System for the Army.
 Battlefield Surveillance Rader for the Army.
 IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and export.
 ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.
 Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.
COMMUNICATIONS

 Digital Static Tropo scatters Communication Systems for the Air
  Force.
 Digital Mobile Tropo scatters communication System for the Air
  Force and Army.
 VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.
 Bulk Encryption Equipment.
 Turnkey communication Systems Projects for Defence & civil users.
 Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence.
 Telemetry /Tele-control Systems.
ANTENNA
 Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.
 Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.
 Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems.


MICROWAVE COMPONENT
 Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, and
  Receivers etc.
 Passive   Microwave     components     like   Double   Balanced
  Mixers, etc.
SERVICES OF                BHARAT          ELECTRONICS
LIMITED (BEL):-
DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-
 Naval System
 Military Communication Equipment
 Radars
 Tele Communication & Broadcasting Services
 Opto Electronics
 Electronic Warfare
 Tank Electronics
NON-DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-
 Electronic Voting Machine
 Solar Products
 Simputer
 DTH
ROTATION PROGRAM
      Under this students are introduced to the company by putting them under a rotation
program to various departments.     The several departments where I had gone under my
rotational program are:

1. Test Equipment and Automation
2. P.C.B. Fabrication
3. Quality Control Works-Radar
4. Work Assembly- Communication
5. Magnetics
6. Microwave lab


     Rotation period was to give us a brief insight of the company’s functioning and
 knowledge of the various departments. A brief idea of the jobs done at the particular
 departments was given. The cooperative staff at the various departments made the learning
 process very interesting , which allowed me to know about the company in a very short time.
RADAR

   The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for
Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym of American
origin replaced the previously used British abbreviation RDF
(Radio Direction Finding).
BASIC PRINCIPLE
 Echo and Doppler Shift

Echo is something you experience all the time. If you shout into a
well or a canyon, the echo comes back a moment later. The echo
occurs because some of the sound waves in your shout reflect off of
a surface (either the water at the bottom of the well or the canyon
wall on the far side) and travel back to your ears.

Doppler shift is also common. You probably experience it daily
(often without realizing it). Doppler shift occurs when sound is
generated by, or reflected off of, a moving object. Doppler shift
in the extreme creates sonic booms
Basic Radar System   :
RADAR EQUATION
The amount of power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is
given by the radar equation:-




 where
 Pt = transmitter power
 Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna
 Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna
 σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target
 F = pattern propagation factor
 Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target
 Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.
RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
Distance measurement
Transit time
RADAR TRANSMITTER

The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power of
pulses of energy that are radiated into space by the antenna. The
radar transmitter is required to have the following technical and
operating characteristics:

 The transmitter must have the ability to generate the required mean RF power
   and the required peak power

 The transmitter must have a suitable RF bandwidth.

 The transmitter must have a high RF stability to meet signal processing
   requirements

 The transmitter must be easily modulated to meet waveform design
   requirements.

 The transmitter must be efficient, reliable and easy to maintain and the life
   expectancy and cost of the output device must be acceptable.
Picture:
transmitter
of P-37
An easy block diagram of a fully
coherent radar
RADAR APPLICATIONS


   Air traffic control uses radar to track planes both on the ground and in the air,
    and also to guide planes in for smooth landings.


 Police use radar to detect the speed of passing motorists.



 NASA uses radar to map the Earth and other planets, to track     satellites and space
    debris and to help with things like docking and maneuvering.


 The military uses it to detect the enemy and to guide weapons.
training report Bel, gzb
training report Bel, gzb

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training report Bel, gzb

  • 1. PRESNTED BY RAGHWENDRA KUSHWAHA B.TECH (ECE) F.I.T ENGG. COLLEGE MERRUT
  • 2. ABOUT BEL Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence. It manufactures advanced electronic products for the defense. BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture computer parts and peripherals under arrangement with International Computers India Limited (ICIL) in 1970s. It has total employee strength of about 12000 people spread across 9 manufacturing units, and few regional offices.
  • 3. MANUFACTURING UNITS  BANGALORE (KANARATAKA) – 1954  GHAZIABAD (UTTER PRADESH)– 1974  PUNE (MAHARASHTRA)– 1979  MACHILIPATNAM (ANDHRA PRADESH– 1983  PANCHKULA (HARYANA)– 1985  CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)– 1985  KOTDWARA (UTTER PRADESH)– 1986  TALOJA (MAHARASHTRA)– 1986  HYDERABAD (ANDHRA PRADESH)– 1986
  • 4. PRODUCT RANGES RADAR SYSTEMS  3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.  Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.  Tactical Control Radar System for the Army.  Battlefield Surveillance Rader for the Army.  IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and export.  ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.  Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.
  • 5. COMMUNICATIONS  Digital Static Tropo scatters Communication Systems for the Air Force.  Digital Mobile Tropo scatters communication System for the Air Force and Army.  VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.  Bulk Encryption Equipment.  Turnkey communication Systems Projects for Defence & civil users.  Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence.  Telemetry /Tele-control Systems.
  • 6. ANTENNA  Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.  Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.  Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems. MICROWAVE COMPONENT  Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, and Receivers etc.  Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced Mixers, etc.
  • 7. SERVICES OF BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED (BEL):- DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-  Naval System  Military Communication Equipment  Radars  Tele Communication & Broadcasting Services  Opto Electronics  Electronic Warfare  Tank Electronics
  • 8. NON-DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-  Electronic Voting Machine  Solar Products  Simputer  DTH
  • 9. ROTATION PROGRAM Under this students are introduced to the company by putting them under a rotation program to various departments. The several departments where I had gone under my rotational program are: 1. Test Equipment and Automation 2. P.C.B. Fabrication 3. Quality Control Works-Radar 4. Work Assembly- Communication 5. Magnetics 6. Microwave lab Rotation period was to give us a brief insight of the company’s functioning and knowledge of the various departments. A brief idea of the jobs done at the particular departments was given. The cooperative staff at the various departments made the learning process very interesting , which allowed me to know about the company in a very short time.
  • 10. RADAR The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym of American origin replaced the previously used British abbreviation RDF (Radio Direction Finding).
  • 11. BASIC PRINCIPLE Echo and Doppler Shift Echo is something you experience all the time. If you shout into a well or a canyon, the echo comes back a moment later. The echo occurs because some of the sound waves in your shout reflect off of a surface (either the water at the bottom of the well or the canyon wall on the far side) and travel back to your ears. Doppler shift is also common. You probably experience it daily (often without realizing it). Doppler shift occurs when sound is generated by, or reflected off of, a moving object. Doppler shift in the extreme creates sonic booms
  • 13. RADAR EQUATION The amount of power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is given by the radar equation:- where Pt = transmitter power Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target F = pattern propagation factor Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.
  • 14. RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING Distance measurement Transit time
  • 15. RADAR TRANSMITTER The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power of pulses of energy that are radiated into space by the antenna. The radar transmitter is required to have the following technical and operating characteristics:  The transmitter must have the ability to generate the required mean RF power and the required peak power  The transmitter must have a suitable RF bandwidth.  The transmitter must have a high RF stability to meet signal processing requirements  The transmitter must be easily modulated to meet waveform design requirements.  The transmitter must be efficient, reliable and easy to maintain and the life expectancy and cost of the output device must be acceptable.
  • 17. An easy block diagram of a fully coherent radar
  • 18. RADAR APPLICATIONS  Air traffic control uses radar to track planes both on the ground and in the air, and also to guide planes in for smooth landings.  Police use radar to detect the speed of passing motorists.  NASA uses radar to map the Earth and other planets, to track satellites and space debris and to help with things like docking and maneuvering.  The military uses it to detect the enemy and to guide weapons.