eye

1. Abnormal retinal
correspondence and eccentric
fixation
Rajeshwori Ngakhushi

2. Retinal Correspondence
 Retinal elements of the two eyes that
share a common subjective visual
direction.
 All other retinal elements are non-
corresponding or disparate with respect
to a given retinal element in the fellow
eye for a particular visual direction.

3.  Retinal correspondence is the
inherent relationship between paired
retinal visual cells in the two eyes.
 Images from one object stimulate
both cells, which transmit the
information to the brain, permitting
a single visual impression localized in
the same direction in space.

4.  Specifically, the right nasal retina contains
points that correspond to their
counterpart in the left temporal retina,
and vice versa.
 When stimulation of corresponding
retinal points or areas produces single
vision, normal retinal correspondence is
said to be present.

6.  Conversely, when stimulation of
corresponding retinal points produces
diplopia
OR
 when stimulation of noncorresponding
retinal points produces single vision,
anomalous retinal correspondence is
present

7. Law of Sensory Correspondence
 It states that existence of corresponding
retinal elements with their common
relative subjective visual direction is the
essence of binocular vision.

8. Retinal Correspondence can be of two
types:
1. Normal Retinal Correspondence
2. Abnormal Retinal Correspondence

9. Normal Retinal
Correspondence
 Retinal correspondence is called
normal when both the fovea have a
common visual direction and the
retinal elements nasal to the fovea in
one eye corresponds to the retinal
elements temporal to the fovea in the
other eye.

10. Abnormal Retinal
Correspondence
• when the fovea of one eye has a
common visual direction with an
extrafoveal area in the other eye
• angle of squint is small and the
extrafoveal point is close to the fovea - to
regain the binocular advantage, although
anomalous

11.  This results in the eyes seeing
binocularly single inspite of a manifest
squint.
 under binocular conditions the fovea and
the extafoveal point share the common
subjective visual direction
 when the normal eye is closed the
extrafoveal element loses any advantage
over the fovea of that eye, which retains
its primary visual direction.

12. Concept of a Horopter
 From the Greek words horos
(boundary) and opter (observer).
 The term Horopter (the horizon of
vision) was introduced in 1613 by
Aguilonius.
 locus of all object points that are
imaged on corresponding retinal
elements at a given fixation distance

13. Geometric Vieth Muller horopter
 According to this model of horopter if
corresponding points have a regular
horizontal distance from the retina the
horopter would be a circle passing
through the center of rotation of the
two eyes and the fixation point.

15. Empirical Horopter Curve
 slightly flatter than vieth muller
geometric horopter
 Hering-Hillebrand deviation - due to
both neural and optical factors - nasal
hemi-retina at any given eccentricity
contains more photoreceptors per unit
area than the temporal hemi retina
producing a deviation in the horopter
mapping in the visual cortex.

16. Panum’s Fusion Area
 Region in front and back of the
horopter in which single vision is
present
 diplopia elicited by object points off the
horopter - Physiological diplopia

17.  narrowest at the fixation point and
becomes broader in the periphery at a
rate of 1-2 arc min per degree of
visual field eccentricity.

18.  expands and contracts depending on the
size, sharpness and speed of the stimuli
 Panum’s area for the stimuli that are fuzzy
and slow moving is 20 times wider than it
is for stimuli that are sharply focused and
rapidly moving.

19. Fusion
Fusion is defined as the unification of
visual excitations from the
corresponding retinal images into a
single visual percept.
 Sensory Fusion
It is the ability to appreciate two
similar images, one with each eye and
interpret them as one. Single visual
image is the hallmark of retinal

20. Motor Fusion
• It is the ability to align the eyes in such
a manner that sensory fusion can be
maintained.
• The stimulus for these fusional eye
movements is retinal disparity outside
panum’s area and the eyes moving in
opposite direction (vergence).

21. Diplopia
 simultaneous stimulation of non-
corresponding or disparate retinal
elements by an object point causes
this point to be localized in two
different subjective visual directions.
 Double vision is the hallmark of retinal
disparity.

22. Retinal Rivalry / Binocular
Rivalry
 When dissimilar
contours are
presented to
corresponding retinal
areas fusion
becomes impossible
and retinal rivalry
may be observed.

23.  Simultaneous excitation of
corresponding retinal areas by
dissimilar objects does not permit
fusion and leads to confusion

24. Test for Retinal
Correspondence
 Clinically the tests used can be based on
either of the two principles:
A) Assesment of relationship between the
fovea of the fixing eye and the retinal
area stimulated in the squinting eye. This
includes:
1. Bagolini's striated glasses test
2. red filter test
3. Synaptophore using SMP slides for
measuring the objective and subjective
angles
4. Worth's 4 dot test

25. B) Assessment of the visual directions
of the two foveas. Included in this are:
1. After image test (Hering
Bielschowsky)
2. Cuppers binocular visuoscopy test
(foveo-foveal test of Cuppers)

26. 1. Bagolini's Striated Glasses
Test
 patient fixates a small light, after being
provided with plano lenses with
narrow fine striations across one
meridian (micro Maddox cylinders).
 lenses are usually placed at 45 degree
OS and 135 degree OD and the
patient fixates for distance or near.

27.  The interpretation of this test is as
follows-
Crossing of the lines at right angles to
each other
◦ If cover test reveals no shift and fixation is
central, the patient has NRC
◦ If cover test reveals a shift, harmonious
ARC is present
• Single line represents suppression

28. fixation light is seen as an elongated
streak

29. 2. Red Filter Test
 place a red filter in front of the habitually
fixating eye while the patient is looking at
a small light source
 number of different responses can be
elicited.
 patient may report that two lights are
seen, a red one and a white one.

30.  In esotropia the
images appear in
homonymous
(uncrossed)
diplopia,

31.  In exotropia the images
appear in
heteronymous
(crossed) diplopia
 This represents NRC.

32.  patient may report
that only one pinkish
light in the position
of the white fixation
light is seen
 This is clearly an
abnormal response
in presence of
heterophoria. This is
termed Harmonious
ARC.

33.  may report that the
measured distance
between the double
images proves to be
smaller than
expected from the
magnitude of
deviation
 This represents
unharmonious ARC.

34. 3. Measurement of Angle of
Anomaly:
 The angle of anomaly denotes the
degree of shift in visual direction.
 It is determined by calculating the
difference between the objective and
subjective angles of deviation.

35. subjective angle of anomaly is the angle at which the
visual targets are superimposed.
no further fixation movement of the patient’s eye
reading of both the arms is noted
sum total of the reading of both the arms
gives the objective angle of anomaly
SMP slides is made
arms of the synaptophore are set at zero
moved by the examiner while alternately
flashing the light

36.  The interpretation of this test is as follows-
 Angle of Anomaly = Objective Angle –
Subjective Angle
 If Subjective Angle = Objective Angle → NRC
 If Subjective Angle < Objective Angle → ARC
 If Angle of Anomaly = Objective Angle
→Harmonious ARC (full sensory adaptation)
 If Angle of Anomaly < Objective Angle
→Unharmonious ARC

37. 4. Worth Four Dot Test:
• simple test utilizing red-green color
dissociation.
• consists of a box containing four
panes of glass, arranged in diamond
formation, which are illuminated
internally.
• The two internal panes are green, the
upper one is red and lower one is
white.

38. • patient wears red and green goggles
(as a convention red in front of right
and green in front of left).
• can be performed separately for
distance and near vision.

39. The interpretation of this test is
as follows-
four dots normal binocular response with no
manifest deviation (NRC with no
heterotropia)
Harmonious ARC with manifest
squint
five dots uncrossed diplopia with esotropia,
red dots appear to the right
crossed diplopia with exotropia, red
dots appear to the left of the green
dots
3 green dots suppression of right eye
2 red dots suppression of left eye

41. 5. Hering Bielschowsky After-
Image Test:
 highly dissociating orthoptic test in
which battery- powered camera flash
is used to produce a vertical after
image in one eye and a horizontal
after image in the other eye.
 center of flash is covered with a black
mark (serves as a point of fixation and
protects the fovea).

42. Procedure
• Each eye fixates on the center black mark
of a glowing filament horizontally to the
better eye vertically to the poorer eye
for 20 sec in a darkened room patient
indicates the relative position of the two
gaps in the center of each afterimage
gaps correspond to the visual direction of
each fovea if central fixation is present.

43. Interpretation of results -
• Cross response: A symmetrical cross
with the central gaps superimposed
indicates a normal bifoveal
correspondence.
• Asymmetrical crossing: In case of ARC
the horizontal and vertical lines have
their center separated, the amount of
separation dependent on the angle of
anomaly.
• Single line with a gap: A single line with
a gap indicates suppression in the fellow

45.  Displacement between the centres of
the two after images is proportional to
the angle of anomaly
 Tan Ø = dispalcement / distance of
testing

46. 6. Foveo-Foveal Test of
Cuppers:
• Cuppers test for retinal
correspondence determines whether
the two foveas have common or
different visual directions.
• It permits quantitative analysis of the
angle of anomaly when eccentric
fixation is present.

47. Procedure -
 patient fixates with the normal eye on the
central light of a Maddox scale via a plano
mirror
 the amblyopic eye looks straight ahead
 visuoscope asterisk is projected onto the
fovea of the amblyopic eye
 figure of the Maddox scale on which the
patient sees the asterisk indicated the
angle of anomaly.

49. Modification -
• To determine which parts of the
peripheral retina in the deviating eye
have acquired a common visual direction
with the fovea of the fixating eye
• the patient is asked to guide the
Visuoscope until he sees the asterisk
superimposed on the central light of the
Maddox

50. Abnormal retinal
correspondence
 Abnormal retinal correspondence is a
physiological part of normal binocular
vision in many persons and is a natural
accompaniment of the binocular
adjustment when the visual axes are not
parallel in all positions.
 It is a binocular condition and not a
uniocular adaptation of projection.

51.  Anomalous retinal correspondence
(ARC) is a neural adaptation to eye
misalignment in which non-
corresponding retinal points are linked
in the visual cortex to provide
binocular fusion.

52. Variety of descriptive terms
 Anomalous correspondence
 Anomalous projection
 False associated fixation
 Positive secondary retinal
correspondence
 False projection
 Retinal incongruity
 False macula
 Anomalous binocular junction

53. Requirements for ARC
 Early onset squint
 Constant angle of deviation
 Small esodeviations

54. Classification
(1) Harmonious ARC
 angle of anomaly is equal to the objective
angle of deviation ( subjective angle = o)
 This indicates that the
ARC fully corresponds to the strabismus.
 provides a compensation for the angle of
squint
 Eliminate the awareness of diplopia and
confusion

55. (2) Unharmonious ARC
angle of anomaly is less than the objective
angle of deviation
subjective angle ≠ 0
(3)Paradoxical, when the angle of anomaly is
greater than the objective angle of deviation

56. Theory of ARC
 Linksz returned to the original rigid
theory (Mu¨ller and von Graefe) that
normal correspondence is a strictly
anatomical fact based on an
immutable connection between
distinct retinal and cortical areas
 ARC has been put forward as cause
of strabismus

57.  Morgan proposed that some ocular
movements are ‘‘registered’’ in
coordinating centers and some are
‘‘not registered,’’ depending on
whether they affect egocentric
localization.
 He used this concept to explain not
only anomalous correspondence but
also monocular diplopia.

58. Advantages
 Avoids the necessity for dense
amblyopia ( HRC )
 Permits anomalous fusion range and
some degree of stereopsis
 Prevents consecutive divergence
 Allows a form of binocular convergence
to take place

59. Disadvantages
 Prevents the development of normal
retinal correspondence, true fusion
and normal stereopsis
 Represents an abnormal reflex
development

60. Treatment
 Occlusion Preventive as well as
curative measure
 Prolonged alternating occlusion is not
recommended - prevent further
development of ARC as well as
normal correspondence
 Exercises with major amblyoscope

61. Eccentric fixation
 A uniocular condition in which some
part of retina other than fovea is used
for fixation, but in which the fovea
retains its normal straight ahead
projection
 It may be associated with a defect of
central vision caused by a stuctural
lesion of fovea.

62.  Eccentric fixation can be present
during both monocular and binocular
viewing conditions, but it is best
diagnosed under monocular viewing
conditions.
 This is important to keep in mind to
avoid confusion with anomalous
correspondence. Anomalous
correspondence is relevant only
during binocular fusion

63. Four Theories as to the cause of
Eccentric
1. Fixation Suppression Theory (Worth,
1906, Bangerter,1953)
2. Anomalous correspondence theory
(Chavasse, 1939, Cuppers, 1956)
3. Motor theory (Schor, 1978)
4. Pickwell (1981)

64. Suppression Theory:
 occurs when central acuity has dropped
to a level below that of the surrounding
area, so that better acuity results
 now thought to be unlikely as foveal VA
still seems to be better than in the rest of
the retina
 Strabismic patients suppress to get rid
of double vision

65. Anomalous correspondence
theory
 a change in the central area of
localisation resulting from a central
scotoma in the amblyopic eye
 EF secondary to the development of
ARC
 Major problem with this theory is that the
angle of anomaly is usually much greater
than angle of EF

66. Motor theory
 failure of the EOM to relax from the
deviation (in strabismus) .
 This is a likely cause as habitual
strabismic deviation causes an
adaptive after-effect which modifies
the subsequent monocular localisation

67. Pickwell (1981)
 a sequel to an enlargement of
Panums fusional area following
decompensated heterophoria at an
early age – eventually leads to
microtropia – a loss of accurate
correspondence

68.  In amblyopia –reduced VA by one
Snellen line per 0.5 degree of
eccentricity (very rough guide)
 EF = 100x displacement / testing
distance
 MAR = EF + 1
 Total deviation = measured deviation +
EF ( correction for the effects of EF)

69. Diagnostic testing methods
1. Corneal reflex test
2. Ophthalmoscopic
methods/Visuscope
3. Bjerrum Screen Method
4. After-image Transfer Test
5. Haidingers Brushes
6. Maxwell’s spots
7. Projectoscope
8. Euthyscope

70. 9. Past pointing test
10. Angle kappa
11. Neutral density filter
12. Speed of accommodation

71. 1. Corneal Reflex Test:
 comparing the position of corneal
reflection of pentorch in amblyopic eye
with that of the fellow eye.
 Relative displacement of reflex by
1mm would indicate the eccentric
fixation of 11⁰(or20prism)
approximately

72. 2. Ophthalmoscopic
methods/Visuscope:
 Project the ophthalmoscopic target
onto the patients retina
 Dilated pupil may be necessary
 With the fixating eye occluded the
examiner observes the amblyopic eye
noting the point or area of retina upon
which the star is projected when the
patient is attempting to look at the star
straight at it.

73. Visuoscopy Targets
A. Propper ophthalmoscope
B. Welch-Allyn ophthalmoscope
C. Keeler ophthalmoscope
D. Determining location & magnitude of EF using Welch-Allyn
ophthalmoscope

74. 3. Bjerrum Screen Method
 In normal subjects the blind spot is the
same angular distance from fixation in
both eyes.
 Plot the blind spot carefully in both
eyes and compare positions
 Degree of eccentricity can be
measured by the difference in angular
distance of blind spot from fixation in
each eye
 Requires good co-operation

75. 4. After-image Transfer Test
 After images are transferred to
normally corresponding points in the
other eye.
 photography flashgun that is masked
to provide a very bright strip of light
 occlude amblyopic eye and Pt fixates
the centre of the strip
 flash then produces a central after-
image

76.  occluder is then changed to the good
eye and Pt looks at a small fixation
target
 the after image then appears after a
few seconds (transferred at cortical
level)
 Pt is then asked to locate position of
after-image in relation to the fixation
point.
 If it appears at one side of the letter =
EF

77. 5. Haidingers Brushes
 an entoptic phenomenon due to
characteristics of the central fovea
area
 seen with a brightly illuminated blue
polarised field when the direction of
the polarisation is rotated
 looks like two darkened and opposing
sections rotating in the central field

78.  The direction and magnitude of EF can be
assessed by asking the px to report the
location of Propeller in relation to fixation
point
 Practitioner can measure distance between
these two points and convert mm
dispalcement to PD.eg at 1 meter,10 mm=1
PD,at 40 cm,4mm=1 PD.

80. 6. Maxwell’s spot
 Entopic phenomenon caused by the
radial orientation of the yellow pigment
xanthophyll in the macula
 Orientation of the macular pigment acts
like a polarizing filter
 It absorbs blue light & transmits red &
yellow light

81. When the pt. looks at a
rotating disc which is
white on one half &
purple on the other, a red
spot is seen
This corresponds to the
macula with fovea in the
center. In patients with
EF,
Red spot will not be at the
center of the disc

82. 7. Projectoscope
 Modified keeler opthalmoscope which
may be used for diagnosis and
treatment.
 The Nut Auto-disc is provided with
three graticules.
 Stage 1: Localisation of the fovea
With the Auto-disc position 1 The
linksz star in green light may be
focused on the retina and accurately
placed on the patient’s fovea.

83.  Stage 2: Dazziling the extra macular
retina With the Auto-disc position 2 By
pressing the trigger on the
projectoscope the second graticule
consisting of a 3ᴼ or 5ᴼ black spot

84.  Stage 3: Foveal stimulation by
flashing light With the Auto-disc
position 3 The 3ᴼ black spot is
automatically replaced by a disc of
white light, whilst the extra macular
retina is projected by a green filtered
light

85. 8. Euthyscope:
 modified opthalmoscope by cuppers
 beam of light illuminates an area of
approximately 30ᴼ at the posterior
pole of the eye.
 green filter is incorporated and also
two black discs of 5ᴼ and 3ᴼ diameter
which can be placed in the centre of
the beam of the light.

86.  light allowed to stimulate the circular
paramacular zone for 20 to 30
seconds.
 instructed to look through one of the
instrument incorporating haidingers
brushes encouraged to find the
brushes within the clear centre of the
after image.

87. 9. Past Pointing Test
 Related to localisation
 Occlude amblyopic eye, hold pen 25cm in
front and ask patient to touch pen with
the tip of their finger
 If finger goes a few cm to the side then
past pointing has been demonstrated
 This result indicates that fixation does not
coincide with the centre of localisation

88. 10. Angle kappa
 Angle Kappa- Worth Test
 Compare angle lambda of each eye
under monocular conditions
 Any difference associated with reduced
acuity indicate EF
◦ 1 mm of displacement = 22 pd

89. 11. Neutral density Filters
 If a ND filter is added and no reduction in
VA occurs then EF is likely to be present
12. Speed of Accommodation
 Much slower in EF (?also in other
amblyopes)

92. Treatment
 The principles of treatment were those
used to restore the normal sensory
relationship of the two retinae.
 encourage foveal fixation
 Refractive Error Correction, especially in
high anisometropia.

93. Inverse occlusion
 Infants with eccentric fixation who are
too young for treatment with
Haidinger’s brushes
 Continued as long as improvement is
made
 Rarely suitable in adult – eccentric
fixation is too firmly established

94. Red filter
 600 – 640 nm
 Only stimulate cones
 Patient will attempt to fix with area of
the retina which contains maximum no
of cones

95. Pleoptics Therapy
 Pleos=full,optikos=sight
 Aim is to actively stimulate macula in
dense amblyopia with eccentric
fixation
 Two methods,either Bangerter or
Cupper

96. Bangerter’s method
 Bangerter dazzled the extramacular
retina including the eccentric point by
bright light protecting the macula by a
disc projected onto it.
 It was followed by intermittent
stimulation of macula with flashes of
light
 Performed by modified Gullstrand’s
Ophthalmoscope,called as
Pleoptophore.

97. Cupper’s method
 Cupper used Euthyscope which had
discs of varying sizes to create a
central after image apart from dazzling
the eccentric point
 He used the alternate flashing of room
illumination(Alternascope) to
perpetuate the after images(forming
negative after image in light and
positive after image in dark)
 patient perceives an afterimage
resembling the white doughnut

98.  Treat underlying amblyopia by
occlusion of non-squinting eye (if
patient <6 years old).
 In patients >6 years – correct
refractive error, otherwise do not treat
the microtropia.
 Surgery is not appropriate

99. Refrences
 Lyle and Jackson’s Practical orthoptics
in the treatment of squint
 Strabismus simplified, Pradip Sharma
 Binocular single vision and ocular
motility, Von Noorden
 Previous presentations
 internet