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Good Enough is Good Enough 
“Minimal Viable Architecture” in a 
Startup 
Randy Shoup 
@randyshoup 
linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
http://xkcd.com/974/
Minimal Viable 
Architecture 
• You Ain’t Going to Need It (!) 
• Use the Right Tool for the Right Job (at the Right 
Time!) 
• Only Change Incrementally
Phases of a Startup 
• Search Phase 
• Execution Phase 
• Scaling Phase
Phases of a Startup 
• Search Phase 
• Execution Phase 
• Scaling Phase
Search Phase: 
“Prototype” Architecture 
• Goal: Explore the space as rapidly and cheaply as 
possible 
• Find business model 
• Find product market fit 
• Acquire first customers 
•  Rapid Iteration 
• *Everything* is a prototype 
• You *will* throw it all away
“Do things that don’t scale” 
-- Paul Graham
Search Phase: 
“Prototype” Architecture 
• Ideally No Technology At All 
• I’m serious – what are you even building?! 
• If you *really* need to build something … 
• Familiar technology 
• Cobble it together
Phases of a Startup 
• Search Phase 
• Execution Phase 
• Scaling Phase
Execution Phase: 
“Just Enough” Architecture 
• Goal: Meet near-term, evolving customer needs as 
cheaply as possible 
• Delight first customers 
• Acquire more 
• Rapid Learning and Improvement 
• Team Productivity 
• NOT about scaling
“The best code you can write 
now is code you’ll discard in a 
couple of years time” 
-- Martin Fowler 
http://martinfowler.com/bliki/SacrificialArchitecture.htm 
l
Execution Phase: 
“Just Enough” Architecture 
• Familiar Technology 
• Ease of Use 
• Expressive Power 
• Simple (!) 
• Monolithic Architecture 
• Single database 
• Minimal Infrastructure 
• PaaS over IaaS
The Monolithic 
Architecture 
2-3 monolithic tiers 
• {JS, iOS, Android} 
• {PHP, Ruby, Python} 
• {MySQL, Mongo} 
Presentation 
Application 
Database
The Monolithic 
Architecture 
Pros 
Simple at first 
In-process latencies 
Single codebase, deploy unit 
Resource-efficient at small scale 
Cons 
Coordination overhead as team 
grows 
Poor enforcement of modularity 
Poor scaling (vertical only) 
All-or-nothing deploy (downtime, 
failures) 
Long build times
Execution Phase: 
“Just Enough” Architecture 
• Modularity Discipline 
• Bound cognitive load 
• Easy to modify or replace 
• Detailed Logging 
• Insights into user behavior 
• Diagnosis and recovery 
• Continuous Delivery 
• Deploy many times per day
Phases of a Startup 
• Search Phase 
• Execution Phase 
• Scaling Phase
Scaling Phase: 
“Next-Gen” Architecture 
• Goal: Stay ahead of rapidly growing business. Keep 
the site up (!) 
• Scaling the Team 
• Scaling the Technology 
• Concurrency and Efficiency
“If you don’t end up 
regretting your early 
technology decisions, you 
probably over-engineered” 
-- me
Scaling Phase: 
“Next-Gen” Architecture 
• Technology that Scales 
• Common migrations to {Python, Go, JVM languages} 
• Concurrency 
• Asynchrony 
• Independent systems 
• Fit-for-purpose systems: analytics, search 
• Layered services: caching, etc. 
• Event queue 
• Scalable persistence 
• Break up the monolithic database 
• Functional partitioning 
• Sharding 
• Scalable Infrastructure 
• IaaS for some systems
Scaling Phase: 
Change Incrementally 
• Find your worst scaling bottleneck 
• Wall it off behind an interface 
• Replace it 
• Rinse and Repeat
You’re In Good Company 
• eBay 
• 5th generation today 
• Monolithic Perl  Monolithic C++  Java  microservices 
• Twitter 
• 3rd generation today 
• Monolithic Rails  JS / Rails / Scala  microservices 
• Amazon 
• Nth generation today 
• Monolithic Perl / C++  Java / Scala  microservices

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Minimum Viable Architecture -- Good Enough is Good Enough in a Startup

  • 1. Good Enough is Good Enough “Minimal Viable Architecture” in a Startup Randy Shoup @randyshoup linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
  • 3. Minimal Viable Architecture • You Ain’t Going to Need It (!) • Use the Right Tool for the Right Job (at the Right Time!) • Only Change Incrementally
  • 4. Phases of a Startup • Search Phase • Execution Phase • Scaling Phase
  • 5. Phases of a Startup • Search Phase • Execution Phase • Scaling Phase
  • 6. Search Phase: “Prototype” Architecture • Goal: Explore the space as rapidly and cheaply as possible • Find business model • Find product market fit • Acquire first customers •  Rapid Iteration • *Everything* is a prototype • You *will* throw it all away
  • 7. “Do things that don’t scale” -- Paul Graham
  • 8. Search Phase: “Prototype” Architecture • Ideally No Technology At All • I’m serious – what are you even building?! • If you *really* need to build something … • Familiar technology • Cobble it together
  • 9. Phases of a Startup • Search Phase • Execution Phase • Scaling Phase
  • 10. Execution Phase: “Just Enough” Architecture • Goal: Meet near-term, evolving customer needs as cheaply as possible • Delight first customers • Acquire more • Rapid Learning and Improvement • Team Productivity • NOT about scaling
  • 11. “The best code you can write now is code you’ll discard in a couple of years time” -- Martin Fowler http://martinfowler.com/bliki/SacrificialArchitecture.htm l
  • 12. Execution Phase: “Just Enough” Architecture • Familiar Technology • Ease of Use • Expressive Power • Simple (!) • Monolithic Architecture • Single database • Minimal Infrastructure • PaaS over IaaS
  • 13. The Monolithic Architecture 2-3 monolithic tiers • {JS, iOS, Android} • {PHP, Ruby, Python} • {MySQL, Mongo} Presentation Application Database
  • 14. The Monolithic Architecture Pros Simple at first In-process latencies Single codebase, deploy unit Resource-efficient at small scale Cons Coordination overhead as team grows Poor enforcement of modularity Poor scaling (vertical only) All-or-nothing deploy (downtime, failures) Long build times
  • 15. Execution Phase: “Just Enough” Architecture • Modularity Discipline • Bound cognitive load • Easy to modify or replace • Detailed Logging • Insights into user behavior • Diagnosis and recovery • Continuous Delivery • Deploy many times per day
  • 16. Phases of a Startup • Search Phase • Execution Phase • Scaling Phase
  • 17. Scaling Phase: “Next-Gen” Architecture • Goal: Stay ahead of rapidly growing business. Keep the site up (!) • Scaling the Team • Scaling the Technology • Concurrency and Efficiency
  • 18. “If you don’t end up regretting your early technology decisions, you probably over-engineered” -- me
  • 19. Scaling Phase: “Next-Gen” Architecture • Technology that Scales • Common migrations to {Python, Go, JVM languages} • Concurrency • Asynchrony • Independent systems • Fit-for-purpose systems: analytics, search • Layered services: caching, etc. • Event queue • Scalable persistence • Break up the monolithic database • Functional partitioning • Sharding • Scalable Infrastructure • IaaS for some systems
  • 20. Scaling Phase: Change Incrementally • Find your worst scaling bottleneck • Wall it off behind an interface • Replace it • Rinse and Repeat
  • 21. You’re In Good Company • eBay • 5th generation today • Monolithic Perl  Monolithic C++  Java  microservices • Twitter • 3rd generation today • Monolithic Rails  JS / Rails / Scala  microservices • Amazon • Nth generation today • Monolithic Perl / C++  Java / Scala  microservices