1. Historical Studies in PhysicalHistorical Studies in Physical
EducationEducation
Rational Recreation in Industrial
Urban Society

2. The three most importantThe three most important
aspects of the development ofaspects of the development of
sports were:sports were:
 The codification of rules.
 The emergence of national/international
competition.
 The emergence of national/international
organisations.
 Think of some examples!

3. CodificationCodification
This is the systematic definition of rules for
conduct of sport. It encompasses both the
scoring system and the rules which cover
the behaviour and conduct of participants.
The rules operate at all levels – local,
regional, national and international.

4. National OrganisationsNational Organisations
These were formed in the mid to late
nineteen century as a result of the influence
of public schools in portraying sport as
morally worthwhile and as a result of the
new urban/industrialised society demanding
organised leisure time.

5. Rational and respectableRational and respectable
sport:sport:
 Pre-industrial
 Few if any rules,
which were locally set.
 No referees.
 Infrequent and
irregular.
 CAN YOU THINK
OF ANY MORE?
 Contemporary
 Highly structured rules to
ensure fair play.
 Referees
 International and national
governing bodies.
 Amateur and professional.
 CAN YOU THINK OF
SOME MORE?

6. Characteristics of RationalCharacteristics of Rational
Recreation.Recreation.
 Leagues and championships
 Governing bodies
 Accepted
 Respectable
 Recreational
 Played by all classes
 Regular
 Defined Roles
 Officials used
 Codified Rules

7. Urban Industrial factors whichUrban Industrial factors which
influenced the development ofinfluenced the development of
Rational Sport:Rational Sport:
Agrarian Revolution – name given to
changes in agriculture in Britain in the 18th
C.
Open field system of strip farming replaced
by larger enclosed fields (hedges and
ditches).
This took up area of land previously used
for sporting activity, particularly field
sports, e.g, hunting.

8. Post 1800 – effects ofPost 1800 – effects of
urbanisation:urbanisation:
 Urbanisation involved the movement en mass of
people from rural areas and villages into towns
and cities. This resulted in the development of
towns and cities as major centres of population.
 There was a loss of jobs in agriculture as a result
of the mechanisation process. In turn, new
employment opportunities were created in the new
factories.

9. The effects of urbanisation onThe effects of urbanisation on
sport:sport:
 Decline in land available for sport to be played.
 Village community structure destroyed .
 Poor transport from towns to rural areas and lack
of disposable income meant that most people
could not travel for sport.
 Sport forms adapted to suit the industrial
environment.
 Growth in spectator sports due to large
populations.
 Longer working hours made opportunities for
leisure difficult.

10.  Factory owners and machines were in control of
time.
 Low wages meant very little disposable income.
 Women and children were used for cheap labour.
 Workers were too tired for leisure, widespread
disease and malnutrition also prevented
participation.
 Leisure activities controlled by middle class with
no leisure facilities for working class. No parks
only pub games available. Street games made
illegal.

11. The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution
 The cottage industry had tended to be a family run
affair.
 The amount of work to be done determined the
time spent at work.
 Machines began to control the amount of time
spent at work.
 Workers toiled for 72hrs per wk 6 days per wk.
 Only Sunday spent away from work (rest –
church)
 Little free time available for sport and recreation.

12. Improved Conditions of WorkImproved Conditions of Work
 Saturday half day allowed afternoon sport.
 Shorter working week.
 Early closing movement by shop workers.
 Factory sponsored work teams and opening of
factory facilities.
 Railways improved communications and
transport.
 Increased wages meant more disposable income.

13. Influence on development ofInfluence on development of
sport:sport:
 Saturday half day allowed time and energy to
develop man’s sport.
 Women’s sport declined because they were
expected to look after the house and family.
 Shorter working week provided more daylight
hours.
 Wed and Thurs early closing for shops.
 Standards of working class sport improved.
 Development of weekend sport football and
cricket.