Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies

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Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies
Published on January 2011

Report Summary

THIS REPORT CONTAINS

Descriptions of various types of photovoltaics (PV) technologies, including monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, thin films
(e.g., amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide) and compound semiconductor materials (e.g., gallium
arsenide)
Analysis of global market trends, with data from 2009, estimates for 2010, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs)
through 2015
Discussion of emerging approaches such as nanostructured films, dye-sensitized solar cells, and organic technologies
An overview of technological issues, including the latest trends, and a thorough patent analysis
A focus on the industry's manufacturing capacity and consumption by various regional markets.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BCC Research's goal in conducting this study0.. was to determine the current status of the global market for photovoltaics (PV) and
then to assess their growth potential over a 6 year period from 2009 to 2010 and then to 2015. We last studied this industry in 2007
and were particularly interested in the impact on the market by the surging global demand for energy, improvements in solar PV
technology, declining costs of photovoltaics, and the impact of climate change on alternative fuels.

We were also interested in the impact of incentives on solar sales and installations. Our key objective was to preset a comprehensive
analysis of the current market for PV and its future direction.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

PV technology dates back to the 1950s and the advent of the space program, but the concerted effort to develop this technology for
industry and consumer use began during the oil embargoes of the 1970s. The eventual stabilization of oil prices had a dampening
effect on investment, tax credits, and government funding for research and development.

Despite these challenges, the development of PV and its materials continued and, in the late 1990s, R&D funding, cost-shared
programs, and industry activity once again increased. The growth rate of this technology has been exceptionally high reaching annual
growth rates of 30% to 40% and higher over the past two decades.

In the first decade of the 21st century, oil prices surged as demand rose at unprecedented rates. PV once again took the spotlight as
an emerging technology. Companies in the PV business have focused on reaching grid parity'the meeting of cost for fossil fuel and
solar energy'as a way to broaden the scope of PV. Nations and individual states began to offer serious incentives such as tariffs and
tax credits for solar customers. Consequently, we were interested in looking at this industry once again to chart its potential.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies Page 1/12


In this PV study, we present current and emerging technologies, detail the industry structure, (e.g., the leading players in equipment
and materials) and analyze the competitive environment, major applications, current and future markets, growth factors and detail
shipments of cells and modules for 2009, 2010 and 2015. This study will be of interest to those who make semiconductor thin film
manufacturing equipment, thin films, electrical connectors, optical devices, and materials such as silicon, steel, polymers and
ceramics. It will also be of interest to those companies engaged in nanotechnology and materials for flexible substrates.

In addition, utility companies, construction firms and those involved with the space program will find its contents to be of value.

SCOPE OF REPORT

The scope of this study encompasses the major PV technologies monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, thin films (e.g.,
amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide), compound semiconductor materials (e.g., gallium arsenide) and
emerging approaches such as nanostructured films, dye-sensitized solar cells and organic technologies. BCC Research analyzes
each technology, examines its current and potential efficiency, assesses the current market status of each, examines its future market
impact, and presents shipments of PV cells and their values for 2009, 2010 and 2015. Various technical issues are discussed and a
thorough economic analysis of each technology and its impact on future growth is presented.

In this report, we analyze the PV industry on a global basis, including manufacturing capacity and consumption by various regional
markets. We examine government funding and support, industry involvement, standards, the environmental impact of solar energy,
and the impact of incentives to use PV. We also discuss the potential for applications'both grid-connected and standalone. Projections
of cell and module shipments by major applications are also presented for the 3 years covered in our study.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. BCC Research presents an analysis for each
PV technology of the number of cells, measured in megawatts, shipped in 2009. Our estimated values are what manufacturers have
paid in undepreciated dollars. Then, based on our surveys, we analyze the potential for each technology, and forecast shipments for
2010 and 2015. We also analyze the cost of manufacturing the cells and modules and present an estimated value of shipments over
the forecast period. We do the same analysis for key materials used in PV technology.

INFORMATION SOURCES

BCC Research surveyed approximately 125 companies to obtain data for this study. Included were manufacturers of PV cells and
modules, arrays and supporting equipment as well as manufacturers of PV-related materials such as silicon and glass. We also spoke
with companies developing solar cells based on thin films and materials developed through nanotechnology. We also compiled data
from current financial and trade information and government sources.

ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS

After a successful career at IBM, Robert H. Moran has written extensively as a research analyst and editor at BCC Research. The
topics of his reports range from various deposition technologies, to displays, solar energy and solid-state lighting. Mr. Moran has been
writing for BCC Research for more than 20 years. He earned a B. S. Degree in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.

BCC ONLINE SERVICES

BCC offers an online information retrieval service. BCC's home page, located at www.bccresearch.com, enables readers to:

Examine BCC's complete catalog of Market Research Reports and place direct orders
Subscribe to any of BCC's many industry newsletters
Read announcements of recently published reports and newly launched newsletters



Register for BCC's well-known conferences
Request additional information on any BCC product
Take advantage of special offers

DISCLAIMER

The information developed in this report is intended to be as reliable as possible at the time of publication and of a professional
nature. This information does not constitute managerial, legal, or accounting advice; nor should it serve as a corporate policy guide,
laboratory manual, or an endorsement of any product, as much of the information is speculative in nature. The author assumes no
responsibility for any loss or damage that might result from reliance on the reported information or its use.

Table of Content

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
METHODOLOGY 2
INFORMATION SOURCES 3
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS 3
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 3
DISCLAIMER 4

Chapter-2: SUMMARY

SUMMARY 5
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, THROUGH 2015
(MEGAWATTS, $ MILLIONS) 6
SUMMARY FIGURE VALUE OF GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($
MILLIONS) 6

Chapter-3: OVERVIEW

BACKGROUND 7
CURRENT ENVIRONMENT 8
TABLE 1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY PROBLEM 9
DEMAND FOR ENERGY CONTINUES TO GROW 9
CLIMATE CHANGE NEEDS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY 9
INADEUQATE FUEL RESERVES CALL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY 10
Carbon Sequestration 10
Nuclear Power 10
THE NEED FOR SOLAR POWER 10
TABLE 2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY 11
PV TECHNOLOGIES 11
TABLE 3 MAJOR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES 12



BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 13
Module Frames 13
Interconnections 13
Encapsulation 13
PV APPLICATIONS 14
TABLE 4 KEY APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 14
PV APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED) 15

Chapter-4: PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

LEADING PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURERS 17
TABLE 5 LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF PV CELLS, MODULES AND SYSTEMS 17
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 18
PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION 20
TABLE 6 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%) 20
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE MANUFACTURING BY REGION 2009-2015 (%) 21
PV CONSUMPTION BY REGION 21
TABLE 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%) 22
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%) 22
MARKET SHARES 23
TABLE 8 ESTIMATED TOP TEN GLOBAL PV PRODUCTION BY COMPANY, 2009 (MEGAWATTS/%) 23
DEVELOPING ADVANCED PV TECHNOLOGY 24
TABLE 9 SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING SOLAR CELLS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES 25
COMPANY PROFILES 26
AMONIX COMPANY 26
ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES 27
BP SOLAR US 27
CHINA SUNERGY 28
CONERGY AG 29
ENXCO 29
EVERGREEN SOLAR INC. 30
FIRST SOLAR INC. 30
ISOFOTON SOLAR 31
JA SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY 32
KYOCERA SOLAR 32
MIASOLE 33
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORP. 34
MOTECH INDUSTRIES, INC. 34
OERLIKON SOLAR 35
Q-CELLS 35
SCHOTT SOLAR PV INC. 36
SHARP SOLAR CORPORATION 37
SOLARIA CORPORATION 37
SUNPOWER CORPORATION 38
SUNTECH POWER HOLDINGS CO. LTD. 38
TATA BP SOLAR, BANGALORE 39
UNITED SOLAR OVONIC LLC 40
WURTH SOLAR GMBH & CO. KG 41
YINGLING GREEN ENERGY HOLDINGS CO. LTD. 41



SUMMARY 42

Chapter-5: PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY

THE PV EFFECT 43
SILICON AND THE PV EFFECT 44
Creating Charge Carriers 45
Forming the Electric Field 45
Driving the Charge Carriers 46
Energy Band Gaps 46
TABLE 10 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING MATERIALS WITH PROPER BAND GAP ENERGY 47
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY 47
PRODUCING A MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL 48
TABLE 11 ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL PV CELLS 49
The Importance of Electrical Contacts 49
TABLE 12 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR SOLAR CELL MATERIALS 50
MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS 51
MANUFACTURING MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 52
Cast Process 52
Ribbon Crystal Silicon 52
The Evergreen Solar Approach 52
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 53
TABLE 13 OBJECTIVES OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 54
AMORPHOUS SILICON 54
Properties of Amorphous Silicon 55
TABLE 14 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON 55
Early Problems 55
Solution Efforts 56
TABLE 15 AMORPHOUS SILICON R&D ACTIVITIES 56
TABLE 16 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION A-SI CELL 57
COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE 57
TABLE 17 CELL STRUCTURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM 57
Fabricating CIS Cells 58
CIS R & D 58
CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS 59
Manufacturing Cadmium Telluride Cells 59
Environmental Concerns 59
Research Activities 60
TABLE 18 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS 60
SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES 60
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION EFFICIENCY DEFINED 61
TESTING DEVICE PERFORMANCE 61
Typical Procedures 61
Spectral Responsivity Systems 62
TABLE 19 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING SPECTRAL RESPONSE 62
Features and Advantages 63
Current versus Voltage Systems 63
TABLE 20 INSTRUMENTS FOR CELL I-V MEASUREMENTS 64
Features and Advantages of I-V Systems 64
Standard Outdoor Measurement Systems 64



TRADITIONAL SILICON AND THIN FILM SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES 65
TABLE 21 TYPICAL AND MAXIMUM CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES FOR THE TRADITIONAL PV MATERIALS 65
Single Solar Cell Efficiency Limit 66
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND MODULE STRUCTURES 67
GALLIUM ARSENIDE SOLAR CELLS 67
TABLE 22 KEY PROPERTIES OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE 67
GaAs Challenges 67
MULTIJUNCTION DEVICES 68
Advantages of Multijunction Devices 68
TABLE 23 MAJOR BENEFITS OF MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 69
Triple Junction Cell Design 69
TABLE 24 COMPOSITION AND PROJECTED EFFICIENCIES OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION CELL 70
CONCENTRATORS 70
TABLE 25 TECHNICAL CHARACTERITICS OF FLAT PLATE VERSUS SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 71
BALANCE-OF-SYSTEMS 71
MOUNTING STRUCTURES 72
STORAGE DEVICES 72
POWER CONDITIONERS 73
EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES 73
OBJECTIVES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 73
TABLE 26 KEY GOALS OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES 74
BACK CONTACT CELL 74
TABLE 27 KEY ADVANTAGES OF BACK CONTACT CELL 74
Importance of Lasers 74
DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS 75
Properties of the Dye-sensitized Cell 75
TABLE 28 SCHEMATIC OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELL 75
Cell Efficiencies 76
Classification 76
Fabrication 76
Advantages of Dye-Sensitized Cells 77
TABLE 29 KEY BENEFITS OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS 77
QUANTUM DOTS FOR SOLAR CELLS 77
Properties 77
Synthesis of Quantum Dots 78
TABLE 30 METHODS OF SYNTHESIZING QUANTUM DOTS 78
Advantages of QD Solar Cells 78
TABLE 31 ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PV CELLS 79
FLEXIBLE VERSUS RIGID SUBSTRATES 79
TABLE 32 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED CELLS OVER CONVENTIONAL SOLAR CELL DESIGNS 79
ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 80
SILICON WIRE ARRAYS 80
PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 80
TABLE 33 PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES 81
PATENT ANALYSIS 81
PATENTS BY TECHNICAL CATEGORY 81
TABLE 34 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2007'2015 82
PATENTS BY REGION 83
TABLE 35 PV PATENTS BY REGION 83
PATENTS BY COMPANIES 84



TABLE 36 COMPANIES THAT WERE AWARDED TWO OR MORE PV PATENTS 84
SAMPLE PATENT ABSTRACTS 85
Photovoltaic Module Architecture 86
Concentrating Type Solar Collection and Daylight System within Glazed Building Envelopes 86
Planar Solar Concentrator Power Module 86
Solution Based Fabrication of Photovoltaic Cells 87
Photovoltaic Thin Film Cell Produced from Metallic Blend using High-temperature Printing 87
Metal Contact Structure for Solar Cell and Method of Manufacture 88

Chapter-6: INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS

U.S. GOVERNMENT PV SUPPORT 89
THE SOLAR AMERICA (SAI) INITIATIVE 89
Benefits of the SAI 90
TABLE 37 MAJOR BENEFITS OF THE SAI 90
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) 90
The U.S. PV Community 91
INTERNATIONAL PHOTOVOLTAICS SUPPORT 91
EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES 92
The European Photovoltaic Technology Platform 92
TABLE 38 GOALS OF THE PV TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM 92
EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 93
TABLE 39 BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 93
JAPANESE PV EFFORTS 93
TABLE 40 REASONS FOR JAPANESE INVESTMENT IN PHOTOVOLTAICS 94
The Subsidy Program 94
TABLE 41 QUALIFICATIONS FOR JAPANESE PV SUBSIDIES 95
OTHER INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT 95
TABLE 42 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL PV SUPPORT 95
PV ECONOMICS AND COSTS 96
SOLAR REBATES AND INCENTIVES 96
TABLE 43 BASIC GLOBAL PV REBATES AND INCENTIVES 96
THE U.S. EXAMPLE 97
Federal and State PV Incentives 97
INCENTIVES AND THE ECONOMIC SITUATION 97
Economic Problems 98
Expected Outcome 98
TABLE 44 PROJECTED ECONOMIC OUTCOMES FOR PV 98
STANDARDS AND SAFETY 99
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS EFFORTS 99
The Global Approval Program (PV GAP) 99
Other Organizations 100
TABLE 45 STANDARDS AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ORGANIZATIONS 100
PV TECHNOLOGY 100
BIPV AND UTILITIES BIG MARKETS 100
CONTINUING GROWTH OF THIN FILM AND ORGANIC PRODUCTS 101
PV MARKET GROWTH FACTORS 101
DRIVING FORCES 102
IMPACT OF MARKET GROWTH FACTORS 102



TABLE 46 IMPACT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ON PV GROWTH 103

Chapter-7: PV MARKETS

PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 104
PV DEMAND CONTINUES TO GROW 105
TABLE 47 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2009 (MEGAWATTS) 105
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2003'2009 (MEGAWATTS) 106
AN INCENTIVES-BASED BUSINESS 106
TABLE 48 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009 107
FIGURE 4 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009 (GW) 107
Recession and High Prices Threaten Incentives 108
Will PV Become Self-Sustaining' 108
SILICON SUPPLY PROBLEM 109
TABLE 49 ESTIMATED SILICON USAGE, 2009 (%) 109
FIGURE 5 SILICON USAGE BY APPLICATION, 2009 (%) 110
MORE EFFICIENT CAPEX PRODUCTION TOOLS 110
More Efficient Capex Production Tools (Continued) 111
UTILITY INTERACTION 112
TABLE 50 CHALLENGES FACING UTILITIES 112
Feed-in Tariffs and Net Metering 113
Solar Electric Power Association 114
TABLE 51 MISSION OF THE SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION 114
REDUCED PV COSTS KEY TO FUTURE 115
TABLE 52 AVERAGE INSTALLED PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS 1995'2020 115
Cost-Competitive Aspects 116
Future Implications 116
A CONSTANTLY CHANGING INDUSTRY 117
The Push for New Technologies 117
SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 118
TABLE 53 SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 118
CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS 119
GRID-CONNECTED APPLICATIONS 119
Distributed Generation 119
TABLE 54 BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 119
Rooftop Systems 120
Panel Capacities 120
Panel Types 121
TABLE 55 KEY ADVANTAGES OF ROOFTOP SYSTEMS 122
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 122
TABLE 56 TYPICAL BIPV SYSTEM 123
Types of BIPV Systems 123
Other Exterior Options 124
TABLE 57 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIPV 124
UTILITY APPLICATIONS 125
Utility Transmission and Distribution 125
Utility Scale PV Power 126
TABLE 58 BENEFITS OF BUILDING A UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT 126
Concentrating Photovoltaic Power (CPV) for Utility Scale Energy 127
TABLE 59 BASICS OF CPV TECHNOLOGY 128



OFF-GRID SYSTEMS 128
Off-Grid Residential PV 129
TABLE 60 TYPES OF OFF-GRID RESIDENTIAL PV SYSTEMS 129
PV Produced DC Electricity 129
Off-Grid Industrialized or Residential PV with Generators 130
Off-Grid Communication Systems 130
TABLE 61 SOME COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS POWERED BY PV 131
PV with Battery Storage 131
TABLE 62 ESTIMATED USES OF PV ON NATIONAL PARK LANDS (%) 132
Remote Village Electrification 132
TABLE 63 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF OFF-GRID VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION 133
Water Pumping 134
SPACE APPLICATIONS 135
TABLE 64 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF PV IN SPACE APLICATIONS 135
Multijunction and Concentrator Cells 135
NEW APPLICATIONS 136
Advantages of Flexibility 137
PHOTOVOLTAIC BUYING DECISIONS 137
TABLE 65 MAJOR FACTORS IN PV SYSTEM BUYING DECISIONS (%) 138
PV MARKET FORCES 138
POSITIVE FACTORS 139
LIMITING FACTORS 140
PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET PROJECTIONS 141
GROWTH TRENDS 141
TABLE 66 KEY GROWTH TRENDS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY 142
THE INCENTIVE FACTOR 142
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 143
TABLE 67 CURRENT FACTS IMPACTING PV INDUSTRY GROWTH RATE 144
TABLE 68 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS'GROWTH OF PV CELLS 145
MARKET FORECASTS 146
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SHIPMENTS 146
Key Factors in Our Projections 146
TABLE 69 FORECAST'GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS/MODULES, THROUGH 2015
(MEGAWATTS) 147
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 147
MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SHIPMENTS 148
Major Factors in Our Projection 148
TABLE 70 FORECAST'GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
149
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 150
THIN FILM SHIPMENTS 151
Flexible Cells is a Key Issue 151
Other Thin Film Considerations 151
Amorphous Silicon 151
Cadmium Telluride 152
Copper Indium Diselenide 152
Compound Semiconductor Materials 152
TABLE 71 FORECAST'GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS) 153
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS PV CELLS BY TYPE, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 154
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY SHIPMENTS 155



Assumptions 155
TABLE 72 FORECAST'GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2015
(MEGAWATTS) 155
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 156
SHIPMENTS AT A GLANCE 157
TABLE 73 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS) 157
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 158
Percent of Market 159
TABLE 74 GLOBAL SHARES OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%) 159
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%) 159
VALUE OF SHIPMENTS 160
Balance of Systems Costs 161
TABLE 75 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS, AVERAGE PRICE $
MILLIONS) 161
Balance of Systems ' (Continued) 162
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2009-2015 (% MILLIONS/W) 163
SHIPMENTS OF PV MODULES BY APPLICATION 163
TABLE 76 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS) 164
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS) 164
PROJECTION SUMMARY 165
Projection Summary (Continued) 166
MATERIALS PROJECTIONS 167
MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION 167
COST BASIS 168
VALUE OF PV MATERIALS 168
TABLE 77 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULE MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 168
FIGURE 14 MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULER MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($ MILLIONS) 169
Value of PV Materials (Continued) 170

Chapter-8: APPENDIX

GLOSSARY 171



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