This letter to Mexico's President is from A. Alonso Aguirre, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation.
More:
Can Technology and Tourism Sustain Mexico's Sea Turtles? http://nyti.ms/10bjIcH
Sea Turtle Expert's Letter to Mexico's President on Net-Driven Mortality
1. Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation
Virginia, Estados Unidos de América, a 8 de junio del 2013.
Día Mundial de los Océanos.
Sr. Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto
Estados Unidos Mexicanos
P R E S E N T E
Asunto: Mortandad de tortuga caguama por pesca incidental
Distinguido Sr. Presidente Peña Nieto:
Me permito escribirle como sudcaliforniano de nacimiento, Director Ejecutivo de la Smithsonian-Mason
School of Conservation, director del Mason Center for Conservation Studies y Profesor Asociado en el
Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Políticas de George Mason University, para externar
preocupación en torno al problema de la captura incidental de tortuga amarilla del Pacífico Norte (Caretta
caretta).
Su servidor cuenta con amplia experiencia en el tema. He trabajado con tortugas marinas desde 1990 en
muchas partes del mundo y soy experto en salud y enfermedades de tortugas marinas. He dirigido un
programa de conservación de tortugas marinas en EcoHealth Alliance (antes conocido como Wildlife
Trust) en varios países. Recibí el grado de Médico Veterinario Zootecnista de la Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, Maestro en Ciencias y Doctor en Filosofía de Colorado State University.
Los objetivos de uno de mis proyectos han sido evaluar la mortalidad regional de tortuga amarilla con
monitoreos sistemáticos en Playa San Lázaro, B.C.S. (índice a largo plazo de 50 km playa) así como
documentar todos los varamientos y colectar muestras de huesos, hígado, piel y contenido estomacal de
carcajes. También trabajamos durante varios años con las tortugas amarillas para determinar su estado
de salud a través de rodeos y captura de tortugas vivas tomando muestras de sangre, piel, lesiones
incluyendo fibropapilomas e isopos cloacales, y orofaringeos con el fin de analizar su hematología,
bioquímicas sanguíneas y análisis parasitarios.
Durante más de una década hemos trabajado con pescadores locales, oficiales de gobierno y otros
expertos en conservación de tortugas amarillas e investigación participativa. Hemos empleado hasta 15
embarcaciones de los pescadores para evaluar y comparar la captura de peces dirigida y la captura
incidental de tortugas. Todas estas investigaciones muestran que en Playa San Lázaro se presentan
cifras exorbitantes de tortugas amarillas varadas (mas de 5000 tortugas varadas en una década que
representa la cifra más alta documentada a nivel mundial).
Con todo el trabajo que tengo como investigador en el área, me he dado a la tarea de seguir el tema en
los medios de comunicación, en particular he leído con atención los comunicados de prensa emitidos por
Conapesca http://www.conapesca.sagarpa.gob.mx/wb/cona/05_de_mayo_de_2013_mazatlan_sin_ el 5 de mayo
del presente así como el de la Presidencia de la República http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/articulos-
prensa/fortalecen-acciones-para-la-conservacion-y-proteccion-de-la-tortuga-amarilla-en-bcs/ en donde se dice
desconocer las causas de la mortalidad de la tortuga amarilla del Pacífico (Caretta caretta). También, he
estado al tanto de las repentinas y diversas hipótesis que se han señalado como posibles causas de la
mortandad, y del comité científico que recién se conformó para evaluarlas.
Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation
1500 Remount Road
Front Royal, VA, 22630
Phone: 540.635.0461 | Email: aaguirr3@gmu.edu
2. 2
Al respecto quisiera expresarle con toda certeza que en -hasta la fecha no ha habido evidencia científica
del efecto negativo de biotoxinas sobre las tortugas marinas-, y que el proponer nuevas hipótesis no
hacen más que reafirmar que los gobiernos federal y estatal están ignorando años de
investigaciones publicadas en revistas de referencia de alto impacto donde fue documentada la
pesca incidental de tortugas amarillas como la principal causa de mortandad: Es lamentable que incluso
se desconozca el mismo reporte del INAPESCA sobre sus investigaciones de artes de pesca el verano
pasado en el sitio en mención.
Por lo anterior, me permito enviarle la lista de publicaciones y presentaciones profesionales que
confirman mis puntos anteriores y en los cuales he participado con académicos como Susan Hayhurst
Tufts University Cummings Veterinary School, Grafton MA USA (hematología y bioquímicas sanguíneas),
Iga Stasiak University of Guelph Guelph Canada (patología, hematología, evaluaciones clínicas e
histopatología), Mónica Ayala CICIMAR La Paz BCS Mexico (epibiontes de tortuga amarilla), Ruth Ochoa
CICIMAR La Paz BCS Mexico (dieta de tortugas marinas), Natalia Rossi Columbia University New York
NY USA (estado reproductivo y evaluaciones de salud), Maria Wochokowski Duke University Beaufort
NC USA (interacciones pesqueras), Yosvani Moncada CIP La Habana Cuba (ecología de pastos y algas
marinas), Carmen Valle UNAM Departamento de Ciencias Biomedicas (immunologia, salud y
enfermedades), Eduardo Resendiz UNAM Departmento de Ecologia (salud, enfermedades y capacidad
local de comunidades pesqueras), Hoyt Peckham Stanford University CA USA (pesca incidental), Kalyn
Bickerman Columbia University New York USA (edad de tortugas amarillas usando esqueletocronologia),
Cesar Ley, CIIDIR IPN Guasave Sinaloa (metales pesados en tortugas marinas), Alan Zavala
Norzagaray CIIDIR IPN Guasave Sinaloa (ecología y manejo de tortugas en el noroeste de Mexico), J.
Wallace Nichols, California Academy of Sciences CA USA (conservación y política ambiental y Layne
Bolen Pankratz George Mason University (ecología de pastos marinos y su relación con tortuga amarilla)
entre otros.
Finalmente le solicito atentamente, en nombre de todos los científicos y estudiantes citados, que
considere lo hecho, y nos ponemos a su disposición para ayudar en la búsqueda de soluciones al
problema multicitado, en el entendido que en 2010 se desarrollaron a nivel piloto unas pruebas de artes
de pesca alternativas a las redes de fondo, proyecto que desafortunadamente no contó con el apoyo
gubernamental, a pesar de que participaron alrededor de 20 embarcaciones de los pescadores
tradicionales que utilizan redes en la zona de las 23 brazas y al participar ese verano en el programa de
pesca con líneas y anzuelos se logro que en ese año se redujera la tasa de varamientos hasta en un
60% con relación a los datos históricos.
Ciencia y resultados basados en colaboraciones solo muestran el camino a seguir. Sin más por el
momento, esperando recibir su respuesta no dude en comunicarse conmigo, Atentamente
A. Alonso Aguirre D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.
Executive Director
cc. Ing. Juan José Guerra Abud, Titular de la SEMARNAT
Sr. Mario Aguilar Sánchez, Comisionado Nacional de CONAPESCA
Mtro. Luis Fueyo Mac Donald, Titular de la CONANP
Sr. Marcos Covarrubias Villaseñor, Gobernador de Baja California Sur
3. 3
Referencias
Aguirre, AA, H Peckham, I Stasiak, S Hayhurst, V de la Toba, A Zavala-Norzagaray, N Rossi, and TR Spraker.
(2011). Baseline health parameters of clinically healthy and pathological evaluation of stranded pacific
loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) impacted by small-scale fisheries in Baja California Sur, Mexico. 31st
Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation: The Next Generation of Research and
Conservation, 12-15 April, San Diego, California.
Aguirre AA, SC Gardner, JC.Marsh, SG Delgado, CJ Limpus and WJ Nichols. (2006). Hazards associated with the
consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs: a review for health care workers and the general public.
EcoHealth 3(3):141-153.
Allen CD, Lemons GE, Eguchi T, LeRoux RA, Fahy CC, Dutton PH, Peckham SH, Seminoff JA (2013) Stable
isotope analysis reveals migratory origin of loggerhead turtles in the Southern California Bight. MEPS 472:
275-285.
Conant TA, Dutton PH, Eguchi T, Epperly SP, Fahy CC, Godfrey MH, MacPherson SL, Possardt EE, Schroeder
BA, Seminoff JA (2009) Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) 2009 status review under the US
Endangered Species Act. Report of the Biological Review Team to the National Marine Fisheries Service
Gardner SC, Nichols WJ (2001) Assessment of sea turtle mortality rates in the Bahía Magdalena region, Baja
California Sur, México. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4: 197-199
Gilman E, Gearhart J, Price B, Eckert S, Milliken H, Wang J, Swimmer Y, Shiode D, Abe O, Peckham SH (2009)
Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries doi 10.1111/j.1467-
2979.2009.00342.x
INAPESCA (2012) Evaluacion biotecnologica de artes de pesca alternativas en la pesqueria ribereña del Golfo de
Ulloa B.C.S. para evitar la captura incidental de especies no objetivo. Instituto Nacional de Pesca,
Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación Pesquera
Koch V, Nichols WJ, Peckham SH, de la Toba V (2006) Estimates of sea turtle mortality from poaching and
bycatch in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Biological Conservation 128: 327-334
Koch V, Peckham SH, Mancini A, Eguchi T (2013) Estimating at-sea mortality of marine turtles from stranding
frequencies and drifter experiments. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56776 doi doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056776
Ley-Quiñonez C, Zavala-Norzagara A, Espinosa-Carreon TL, Peckham SH, Marquez-Herrera C, Campos-Villegas
L, Aguirre AA (2011) Baseline heavy metals and metalloid values in blood of loggerhead turtles (Caretta
caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 1979-1983
Maldonado D, Peckham SH, Nichols WJ (2006) Reducing the Bycatch of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) in
Baja California Sur: Experimental Modification of Gillnets for Fishing Halibut. In: Kinan I (ed) Second
Western Pacific Sea Turtle Cooperative Research and Management Workshop Western Pacific Regional
Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, HI, pp 59-68
Mancini A, Koch V, Seminoff JA, Madon B (2012) Small-scale gill-net fisheries cause massive green turtle
Chelonia mydas mortality in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Oryx 1: 1-9
Nichols WJ (2003) Biology and conservation of sea turtles in Baja California, Mexico. PhD Dissertation. School of
Renewable Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
Nichols WJ, Resendiz A, Seminoff JA, Resendiz B (2000) Transpacific migration of a loggerhead turtle monitored
by satellite telemetry. Bulletin of Marine Science 67: 937-947
NMFS (2007) NMFS and USFWS 5-year status review for the loggerhead sea turtle as listed under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973. In: NMFS N, US Department of Commerce and USFWS, Department of the Interior.
NMFS, USFWS (2011) Determination of Nine Distinct Population Segments of Loggerhead Sea Turtles as
Endangered or Threatened. US Federal Register, pp 58868-58952
Peckham SH, Maldonado D, Walli A, Ruiz G, Nichols WJ, Crowder L (2007) Small-scale fisheries bycatch
jeopardizes endangered Pacific loggerhead turtles. PLoS One 2(10) doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0001041
Peckham SH, Maldonado-Diaz D, Koch V, Mancini A, Gaos A, Tinker MT, Nichols WJ (2008) High mortality of
loggerhead turtles due to bycatch, human consumption and strandings at Baja California Sur, Mexico,
2003-7. Endangered Species Research 5: 171-183 doi 10.3354/esr00123
Peckham SH, Maldonado-Diaz D, Tremblay Y, Ochoa R, Polovina J, Balazs G, Dutton PH, Nichols WJ (2011)
Demographic implications of alternative foraging strategies in juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta of
the North Pacific Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 425: 269-280 doi 10.3354/meps08995
Ramirez-Cruz JC, Ramirez IP, Flores DV (1991) Distribución y abundancia de la tortuga perica en la costa
occidental de Baja California Sur, Mexico. Archelon 1: 1-4
4. 4
Ramírez-Rodríguez M, Ojeda-Ruíz MÅ (2011) Spatial management of small-scale fisheries on the west coast of
Baja California Sur, Mexico. Marine Policy
Reséndiz E, C Valle, H Peckham, A Zavala, AL Sandoval, V De la Toba and AA Aguirre. (2009) Interdisciplinary
research project in conservation medicine of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Puerto Adolfo Lopez
Mateos, Baja California Sur –Preliminary data. 1st
Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine Congress,
4-6 November, Kalaan Kab, UNAM, Universidad Veracruzana and Wildlife Trust, Veracruz, Mexico
Romero V, LD Soriano, AL Sandoval, J Bravo, L Aguilar, H Peckam, M Olivera, M Harfush, HM Zepeda-Lopez
and AA Aguirre. (2008). Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis in Mexico: Is it a viral etiology? Proceedings of
the Twenty-Eight Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. 18-26 January, Loreto,
Baja California, Mexico, no. 42
Rossi NA, H Peckham, V de la Toba, R Ochoa, E Flores, AA Aguirre, and WJ Nichols (2008) Size distribution and
reproductive status of loggerhead turtles at Baja California Sur, Mexico. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eight
Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. 18-26 January, Loreto, Baja California,
Mexico, no. 213
Rossi NA, SE Hayhurst, SH Peckam, V De la Toba, R Ochoa, E Flores, WJ Nichols, and AA Aguirre. (2009).
Assessing the health of loggerhead sea turltes in Playa San Lazaro, Bahia Magdalena, Mexico. Milstein
Science Symposium: Exploring the dynamic relationship between health and the environment. 2-3 April,
Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, poster
abstracts pp. 18.
Seminoff JA, Resendiz A, Resendiz B, Nichols WJ (2004) Occurrence of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in
the Gulf of California, Mexico: Evidence of life-history variation in the Pacific Ocean. Herpetological
Review 35: 24-27
Wallace BP, Kot CY, DiMatteo AD, Lee T, Crowder LB, Lewison RL (2013) Impacts of fisheries bycatch on
marine turtle populations worldwide: toward conservation and research priorities. Ecosphere 4: 40-49
Wingfield D, Peckham SH, Foley DG, Palacios DM, Lavaniegos BE, Durazo R, Nichois WJ, Croll DA, Bograd SJ
(2011) The making of a predator hotspot in the coastal ocean. PLOS One 6(11): e27874 doi
10.1371/journal.pone.0027874
Zavala-Norzagaray, A., C. E. Hart, A. Canizales-Roman, P. Aguilar-Claussell, C. P. Ley-Quiñones, and A. A.
Aguirre. (2013). First record of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Sinaloa, Gulf of California,
Mexico. 33rd
Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 2-8 February, Baltimore,
Maryland, USA.
5. Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation
1500 Remount Road
Front Royal, VA, 22630
Phone: 540.635.0461 | Email: aaguirr3@gmu.edu
Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation
Virginia, United States of America, 8 June 2013.
World Oceans Day.
Mr. Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto
Mexican United States
P R E S E N T
Subject: Loggerhead sea turtle mortality due to fisheries bycatch
Dear Mr. President Peña Nieto:
Please allow me to write to you as a native of Baja California, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-
Mason School of Conservation, Director of the Mason Center for Conservation Studies, and Associate
Professor in the Environmental Sciences Department at George Mason University, to express my
concern about the problems associated with the incidental capture of North Pacific loggerhead sea turtles
(Caretta caretta).
Over the past decades I have acquired much experience with this theme. I have worked with sea turtles
since 1990 en many parts of the world and I am an expert in health of and diseases in sea turtles. I have
directed a sea turtle conservation program at EcoHealth Alliance (formerly Wildlife Trust) in various
countries. I received my Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Universidad Autonoma del Estado de
Mexico and Masters of Science and Doctorate degrees from Colorado State University.
The objective of one of my projects has been to evaluate the regional mortality of loggerhead sea turtles
through systematic monitoring at Playa San Lázaro, B.C.S. (a 50 km-long beach), to document all
strandings and collect samples of bone, liver, skin, and stomach contents from the carcasses. We have
also worked for several years with live turtles captured at sea to determine their health status, taking
blood samples, skin samples, oral and cloacal swabs, and investigating lesions, tumors like
fibropapilloma with the goal of analyzing their hematology, plasma biochemistry and parasite loads.
For more than a decade we have worked collaboratively with local fishers, government officials, and other
experts in the conservation and investigation of loggerhead turtles. We have employed as many as fifteen
local fishing vessels to evaluate and compare various types of fishing gear relative to the incidental
capture of sea turtles.
All of these investigations demonstrate that at Playa San Lázaro there are exorbitantly high numbers of
stranded loggerhead turtles (more than 5000 turtles stranded in one decade representing the highest
documented levels in the world).
With al of the work experience I have as a specialist in my area of expertise I have taken on the task of
following the reports on this matter in the media, and I have read with particular attention the press
releases issued on May 5th of this year by CONAPESCA
http://www.conapesca.sagarpa.gob.mx/wb/cona/05_de_mayo_de_2013_mazatlan_sin_ as well as those
from you http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/articulos-prensa/fortalecen-acciones-para-la-conservacion-y-
proteccion-de-la-tortuga-amarilla-en-bcs/ in which it’s stated that the causes of mortality of the Pacific
loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) are unknown. Also, I have also been aware of the various hypotheses
that have been identified and proposed as possible causes of death, and that scientific committee
recently was formed to evaluate them.
6. 2
In regard to these reports I would like to express with absolute certainty that to date there has been no
scientific evidence of the negative effect of biotoxins on these marine turtles. The proposed new
hypotheses do nothing but reaffirm that federal and state governments are ignoring years of research
published in high impact refereed journals which have documented fisheries bycatch of loggerheads as
the main cause of death. It is unfortunate that even the government’s own reports on the research
conducted by INAPESCA last summer at the site in question remain unmentioned.
In reference to the above shortcomings, I would like to send you the publications listed below, in which I
participated with fellow academics along with professional presentations that confirm my previous points,
including Susan Hayhurst Tufts University Cummings Veterinary School, Grafton MA USA (hematology y
and blood biochemistry), Iga Stasiak University of Guelph Guelph Canada (pathology, hematology,
clinical evaluations of histopathology), Mónica Ayala CICIMAR La Paz BCS Mexico (loggerhead turtle
epibionts), Ruth Ochoa CICIMAR La Paz BCS Mexico (sea turtle diet), Natalia Rossi Columbia University
New York NY USA (reproductive and health status), Maria Wochokowski Duke University Beaufort NC
USA (fisheries interactions), Yosvani Moncada CIP La Habana Cuba (seagrass and algae ecology),
Carmen Valle UNAM Departamento de Ciencias Biomedicas (immunology, health and disease), Eduardo
Resendiz UNAM Departmento de Ecologia (health, disease and local fishing community capacity
building), Hoyt Peckham Stanford University CA USA (fisheries bycatch), J. Wallace Nichols, California
Academy of Sciences CA, USA (conservation and advocacy), Kalyn Bickerman Columbia University New
York USA (use of skeletochronology to age loggerhead turtles), Cesar Ley CIIDIR IPN Guasave Sinaloa
(heavy metals in sea turtles), Alan Zavala Norzagaray CIIDIR IPN Guasave Sinaloa (ecology and
management of sea turtles in northwest Mexico), and Layne Bolen Pankratz George Mason University
(seagrass ecology and its relation to loggerhead turtles) among others.
Finally I sincerely offer, on behalf of all of the scientists and students cited, that you please consider the
vast amount and range of work that has already been completed as a solution is developed and consider
that we are at your disposal to assist in finding solutions to the mentioned bycatch problem.
In summer 2010 we developed a pilot project to test alternative fishing gear to the problematic bottom-set
nets. The project unfortunately did not receive government support, although it involved some 20
traditional fishing boats and local leaders, who previously used the high-impact nets and fished in the 23
fathom hotspot area. These fishers participated in the alternative program with lines and hooks and the
results achieved in that year reduced stranding rates up to 60% compared to the historical data.
Collaborative, science and results-based, approaches like these offer the best path forward. Looking
forward to hearing from you. Please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best regards,
A. Alonso Aguirre D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.
Executive Director
cc. Ing. Juan José Guerra Abud, Titular de la SEMARNAT
Sr. Mario Aguilar Sánchez, Comisionado Nacional de CONAPESCA
Mtro. Luis Fueyo Mac Donald, Titular de la CONANP
Sr. Marcos Covarrubias Villaseñor, Gobernador de Baja California Sur
7. 3
References
Aguirre, AA, H Peckham, I Stasiak, S Hayhurst, V de la Toba, A Zavala-Norzagaray, N Rossi, and TR Spraker.
(2011). Baseline health parameters of clinically healthy and pathological evaluation of stranded pacific
loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) impacted by small-scale fisheries in Baja California Sur, Mexico. 31st
Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation: The Next Generation of Research and
Conservation, 12-15 April, San Diego, California.
Aguirre AA, SC Gardner, JC.Marsh, SG Delgado, CJ Limpus and WJ Nichols. (2006). Hazards associated with the
consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs: a review for health care workers and the general public.
EcoHealth 3(3):141-153.
Allen CD, Lemons GE, Eguchi T, LeRoux RA, Fahy CC, Dutton PH, Peckham SH, Seminoff JA (2013) Stable
isotope analysis reveals migratory origin of loggerhead turtles in the Southern California Bight. MEPS 472:
275-285.
Conant TA, Dutton PH, Eguchi T, Epperly SP, Fahy CC, Godfrey MH, MacPherson SL, Possardt EE, Schroeder
BA, Seminoff JA (2009) Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) 2009 status review under the US
Endangered Species Act. Report of the Biological Review Team to the National Marine Fisheries Service
Gardner SC, Nichols WJ (2001) Assessment of sea turtle mortality rates in the Bahía Magdalena region, Baja
California Sur, México. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4: 197-199
Gilman E, Gearhart J, Price B, Eckert S, Milliken H, Wang J, Swimmer Y, Shiode D, Abe O, Peckham SH (2009)
Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries doi 10.1111/j.1467-
2979.2009.00342.x
INAPESCA (2012) Evaluacion biotecnologica de artes de pesca alternativas en la pesqueria ribereña del Golfo de
Ulloa B.C.S. para evitar la captura incidental de especies no objetivo. Instituto Nacional de Pesca,
Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación Pesquera
Koch V, Nichols WJ, Peckham SH, de la Toba V (2006) Estimates of sea turtle mortality from poaching and
bycatch in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Biological Conservation 128: 327-334
Koch V, Peckham SH, Mancini A, Eguchi T (2013) Estimating at-sea mortality of marine turtles from stranding
frequencies and drifter experiments. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56776 doi doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056776
Ley-Quiñonez C, Zavala-Norzagara A, Espinosa-Carreon TL, Peckham SH, Marquez-Herrera C, Campos-Villegas
L, Aguirre AA (2011) Baseline heavy metals and metalloid values in blood of loggerhead turtles (Caretta
caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 1979-1983
Maldonado D, Peckham SH, Nichols WJ (2006) Reducing the Bycatch of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) in
Baja California Sur: Experimental Modification of Gillnets for Fishing Halibut. In: Kinan I (ed) Second
Western Pacific Sea Turtle Cooperative Research and Management Workshop Western Pacific Regional
Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, HI, pp 59-68
Mancini A, Koch V, Seminoff JA, Madon B (2012) Small-scale gill-net fisheries cause massive green turtle
Chelonia mydas mortality in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Oryx 1: 1-9
Nichols WJ (2003) Biology and conservation of sea turtles in Baja California, Mexico. PhD Dissertation. School of
Renewable Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
Nichols WJ, Resendiz A, Seminoff JA, Resendiz B (2000) Transpacific migration of a loggerhead turtle monitored
by satellite telemetry. Bulletin of Marine Science 67: 937-947
NMFS (2007) NMFS and USFWS 5-year status review for the loggerhead sea turtle as listed under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973. In: NMFS N, US Department of Commerce and USFWS, Department of the Interior.
NMFS, USFWS (2011) Determination of Nine Distinct Population Segments of Loggerhead Sea Turtles as
Endangered or Threatened. US Federal Register, pp 58868-58952
Peckham SH, Maldonado D, Walli A, Ruiz G, Nichols WJ, Crowder L (2007) Small-scale fisheries bycatch
jeopardizes endangered Pacific loggerhead turtles. PLoS One 2(10) doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0001041
Peckham SH, Maldonado-Diaz D, Koch V, Mancini A, Gaos A, Tinker MT, Nichols WJ (2008) High mortality of
loggerhead turtles due to bycatch, human consumption and strandings at Baja California Sur, Mexico,
2003-7. Endangered Species Research 5: 171-183 doi 10.3354/esr00123
8. 4
Peckham SH, Maldonado-Diaz D, Tremblay Y, Ochoa R, Polovina J, Balazs G, Dutton PH, Nichols WJ (2011)
Demographic implications of alternative foraging strategies in juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta of
the North Pacific Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 425: 269-280 doi 10.3354/meps08995
Ramirez-Cruz JC, Ramirez IP, Flores DV (1991) Distribución y abundancia de la tortuga perica en la costa
occidental de Baja California Sur, Mexico. Archelon 1: 1-4
Ramírez-Rodríguez M, Ojeda-Ruíz MÅ (2011) Spatial management of small-scale fisheries on the west coast of
Baja California Sur, Mexico. Marine Policy
Reséndiz E, C Valle, H Peckham, A Zavala, AL Sandoval, V De la Toba and AA Aguirre. (2009) Interdisciplinary
research project in conservation medicine of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Puerto Adolfo Lopez
Mateos, Baja California Sur –Preliminary data. 1st
Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine Congress,
4-6 November, Kalaan Kab, UNAM, Universidad Veracruzana and Wildlife Trust, Veracruz, Mexico
Romero V, LD Soriano, AL Sandoval, J Bravo, L Aguilar, H Peckam, M Olivera, M Harfush, HM Zepeda-Lopez
and AA Aguirre. (2008). Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis in Mexico: Is it a viral etiology? Proceedings of
the Twenty-Eight Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. 18-26 January, Loreto,
Baja California, Mexico, no. 42
Rossi NA, H Peckham, V de la Toba, R Ochoa, E Flores, AA Aguirre, and WJ Nichols (2008) Size distribution and
reproductive status of loggerhead turtles at Baja California Sur, Mexico. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eight
Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. 18-26 January, Loreto, Baja California,
Mexico, no. 213
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