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Writing Up You University Assignments
            and Research Projects

                        ROBERT BRUNET SOLÉ

           Department of Chemical Engineering, URV, Tarragona
          Sustainable Computer Aided Process Engineering Group



Robert Brunet                                             Page 1 of 10
3. What do I need to know about writing
 style?

   3.1. Writing clearly and concisely
   3.2. Level of formality (register)
   3.3. Reading other research projects




Robert Brunet                              Page 2 of 10
Authors of academic papers should avoid:
                   • an informal style;
                   • unnecessary wordiness;
                   • writing a poorly organized paper.




Robert Brunet                                              Page 3 of 10
3.1. Writing clearly and concisely

• Past: complex sentences and sophisticated vocabulary were an indication that the
writer was erudite and well educated.
• Present: simpler, more straightforward vocabulary and writing which allows the
reader easier access to ideas is preferred.
3.1.1. Parallel structure
• Parallel structure refers to sentence elements that are similar (parallel) in
grammatical form and therefore create a kind of blance or symmetry.
     •Parallel strucutre should be used when dealing with more than one item in a list.
     • The grammatical form chosen for the first item in a sentence should be used for
     subsequent items in the same sentence. In other words, it serves as a kind of
     model.
• Her frequent absences (noun) and poor motivation (noun) caused her to fail.




Robert Brunet                                                                   Page 4 of 10
3.1. Writing clearly and concisely
3.1.2. Sentence combining
• There are a number of ways in which sentences can be combined. Used well these
can introduce variety into your writing:

•Coordiantion (and, or, but, yet, so, for)
•The job of coordinating conjunctions is to coordinate clauses or sentences and as
such they can be considered the most basic method of sentence combining.
• Young people are often influenced by peer pressure, but this, in itself, is not sufficient to explain
why some youngsters commit extremely violent crimes.

• Conjunctive adverbs (moreover, however, therefore, etc.)
• A more sophisticated way of joining two sentences –one often used in more formal
writing.
• The environment is now high on the Government‘s agenda; therefore, plans for wind farms are
likely to be received sympathetically.
• Subordinate conjunctions (altough, because, if, unless, when, whereas, etc.)
• Complex sentences are formed by using at least one dependent clause, precedes or
follows an independent clause.




Robert Brunet                                                                                Page 5 of 10
3.2. Level of formality (register)
• Academic writing requires a more formal style that can be seen in:

3.2.1. The type of vocabulary used.
• In academic writing there are certain words that may often be preferable to their more
casual counterparts.
     Saw  observed
     Shows  illustrates, indicates
     So  therefore, consequently
     But  however, nevertheless, although
     people  subjects
     big  large, considerable, substantial
     long  extensive, extended
           seems  appears
           important  significant




Robert Brunet                                                                   Page 6 of 10
3.2. Level of formality (register)
3.2.2. The avoidance of first person singular (‘I‘)
• In general it is preferable to avoid using ‘I‘. When in doubtt, play safe and do what
tradition dicatates.
     I  The author/ This writer
     I found that...  It was found that...
     I was surprised to observe that...  The observation that ... Was surprising
     I found the results interesting because...  The results were interesting in that...
     I decided to use...  The decision was made to use...
     I think/ believe that...  It might be argued that// It would seem reasonable to argue that...
     I take this to mean  This suggests/ indicates that...// This can be taken to mean that




Robert Brunet                                                                               Page 7 of 10
3.2. Level of formality (register)
3.2.3. Absence of slang and other more casual forms

3.2.4. Absence of contracted forms
• It is best to avoid using contracted forms in academic writing instead use complete
forms (e.g. „“it is“ not “it‘s“ “does not“ not “they‘re“)




Robert Brunet                                                                   Page 8 of 10
3.3. Reading other research projects

 • Finally, try to look at dissertations and theses that have been written by other
 people.

 • This will help you develop a sense of what is and is not good style, and
 of what is and is not appropriate and acceptable.

 • Remember, much of what welearn about good style we learn from reading. The
 principles explained in thisbook will help you develop good style, in part by enabling
 you to recognizeit when you see it applied in the course of your reading.

 • This process will sensitize you to the requirements of academic writing in general
 and research report writing in particular, and ultimately empower you to improve
 your own writing.




Robert Brunet                                                                     Page 9 of 10
Thanks for your attention!

                              ROBERT BRUNET SOLÉ

                 Department of Chemical Engineering, URV, Tarragona
                Sustainable Computer Aided Process Engineering Group




Robert Brunet                                                          Page 10 of 10

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Writing Strategies Chapter3

  • 1. Writing Up You University Assignments and Research Projects ROBERT BRUNET SOLÉ Department of Chemical Engineering, URV, Tarragona Sustainable Computer Aided Process Engineering Group Robert Brunet Page 1 of 10
  • 2. 3. What do I need to know about writing style? 3.1. Writing clearly and concisely 3.2. Level of formality (register) 3.3. Reading other research projects Robert Brunet Page 2 of 10
  • 3. Authors of academic papers should avoid: • an informal style; • unnecessary wordiness; • writing a poorly organized paper. Robert Brunet Page 3 of 10
  • 4. 3.1. Writing clearly and concisely • Past: complex sentences and sophisticated vocabulary were an indication that the writer was erudite and well educated. • Present: simpler, more straightforward vocabulary and writing which allows the reader easier access to ideas is preferred. 3.1.1. Parallel structure • Parallel structure refers to sentence elements that are similar (parallel) in grammatical form and therefore create a kind of blance or symmetry. •Parallel strucutre should be used when dealing with more than one item in a list. • The grammatical form chosen for the first item in a sentence should be used for subsequent items in the same sentence. In other words, it serves as a kind of model. • Her frequent absences (noun) and poor motivation (noun) caused her to fail. Robert Brunet Page 4 of 10
  • 5. 3.1. Writing clearly and concisely 3.1.2. Sentence combining • There are a number of ways in which sentences can be combined. Used well these can introduce variety into your writing: •Coordiantion (and, or, but, yet, so, for) •The job of coordinating conjunctions is to coordinate clauses or sentences and as such they can be considered the most basic method of sentence combining. • Young people are often influenced by peer pressure, but this, in itself, is not sufficient to explain why some youngsters commit extremely violent crimes. • Conjunctive adverbs (moreover, however, therefore, etc.) • A more sophisticated way of joining two sentences –one often used in more formal writing. • The environment is now high on the Government‘s agenda; therefore, plans for wind farms are likely to be received sympathetically. • Subordinate conjunctions (altough, because, if, unless, when, whereas, etc.) • Complex sentences are formed by using at least one dependent clause, precedes or follows an independent clause. Robert Brunet Page 5 of 10
  • 6. 3.2. Level of formality (register) • Academic writing requires a more formal style that can be seen in: 3.2.1. The type of vocabulary used. • In academic writing there are certain words that may often be preferable to their more casual counterparts. Saw  observed Shows  illustrates, indicates So  therefore, consequently But  however, nevertheless, although people  subjects big  large, considerable, substantial long  extensive, extended seems  appears important  significant Robert Brunet Page 6 of 10
  • 7. 3.2. Level of formality (register) 3.2.2. The avoidance of first person singular (‘I‘) • In general it is preferable to avoid using ‘I‘. When in doubtt, play safe and do what tradition dicatates. I  The author/ This writer I found that...  It was found that... I was surprised to observe that...  The observation that ... Was surprising I found the results interesting because...  The results were interesting in that... I decided to use...  The decision was made to use... I think/ believe that...  It might be argued that// It would seem reasonable to argue that... I take this to mean  This suggests/ indicates that...// This can be taken to mean that Robert Brunet Page 7 of 10
  • 8. 3.2. Level of formality (register) 3.2.3. Absence of slang and other more casual forms 3.2.4. Absence of contracted forms • It is best to avoid using contracted forms in academic writing instead use complete forms (e.g. „“it is“ not “it‘s“ “does not“ not “they‘re“) Robert Brunet Page 8 of 10
  • 9. 3.3. Reading other research projects • Finally, try to look at dissertations and theses that have been written by other people. • This will help you develop a sense of what is and is not good style, and of what is and is not appropriate and acceptable. • Remember, much of what welearn about good style we learn from reading. The principles explained in thisbook will help you develop good style, in part by enabling you to recognizeit when you see it applied in the course of your reading. • This process will sensitize you to the requirements of academic writing in general and research report writing in particular, and ultimately empower you to improve your own writing. Robert Brunet Page 9 of 10
  • 10. Thanks for your attention! ROBERT BRUNET SOLÉ Department of Chemical Engineering, URV, Tarragona Sustainable Computer Aided Process Engineering Group Robert Brunet Page 10 of 10