Achieving national and global climate objectives in Asia and the Pacific thro...
Fuel Safety at Sea and Fisheries amanagement The Linkages
1. Fuel, safety at sea and fisheries
management
The Linkages
Robert Lee (FAO Fishery Industry Officer)
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
2. How are Fuel, safety and fisheries
management linked?
• Fuel subsidies
– Justification
– Asia Pacific Region
• Different types of fuel subsidies
• What kind of policies
• How can we make them work in our favor
• Some case studies
• Conclusions
5. Fuel subsidies study in the Asia Pacific Region
Globally Fuel Subsidies (Sumalia, Teh, Watson, Tyedmers, Pauly 2008)
Developed countries = 3 – 7 billion USD
Developing countries=1.17 – 1.5 billion USD
In 2000, fuel subsidies
China Philippines India Samoa
S. Korea Samoa Indonesia Tonga
Australia Solomon Is. Malaysia Japan
Sri Lanka Thailand Taiwan Vanuatu
Bangladesh
What does the picture look like today? How many countries give fuel subsidies?
6. Beneficial fuel subsidies
Effects Method/Approach
Reduce fishing effort Incentive to move fishers to aquaculture by
creating fuel subsidy in aquaculture.
Compliance in safety at sea Vessels safety compliance, registration and
operational practices.
Promote culture and aboriginal people Preferential treatment to carry on managed
fishing
Improved fisheries management Requirements for reporting, observing
management plans, participation in combating
IUU, MCS, participatory research, exploratory
fishing
Rehabilitation and Recovery after
natural disasters
For limited periods and based on past situation.
Build Back Better principle
Improved processing Compliance in good corporate responsibility,
reduction of GHG emissions, efficiency savings
Reduced GHG from sector Subsidy for alternative and less polluting fuels
Promote new technologies Subsidy for using less destructive fishing
Improved food security and export
revenue generation
MSY determined and production < MSY.
Management and Monitoring systems in place
7. Fuel subsidies that increase capacity
Effects Cause
Increased fishing effort Unconditional Subsidy based on political
pressure
Undermine safety at sea Vessels fish longer and further offshore
Compromise culture and aboriginal
people
Subsidy leads to over capacity of the very same
people that it was designed to promote.
Undermine fisheries management Subsidy given without analysis of scientific
evidence or consideration of management plans
and emphasis on economics
Undermine fuel optimization efforts Incoherence of energy policy with actions
Slow uptake of new technologies (LIFE) Impending expectation of fuel subsidy
Over capitalization in processing leading
to increasing production
Financial gains invested in more production
(boats and gears).
Conflicts with other sub-sectors Industrial fishing mainly trawling and
environmental impacts on artisanal fishing
Degraded food security and livelihoods Short term thinking on assistance without
impact assessment on resource. Over
subsidizing
8. Anonymous subsidies
Intervention Positive Negative
Provision of safety
equipment
Projects that provide safety
equipment and training in
safety at sea
None – If relatively small
one time investment
Provision of free fishing
gear
Projects that provide
equipment with fisheries
management training and
plans
Distribution of gear with no
management plans
implemented
Provision of subsidized ice Preservation of fish and
improved incomes and
export
Increased income used to
increase effort on depleted
stocks if fishing above MSY
Provision of credit at lower
than market interest rate
Boost to livelihoods
earnings and food security
in difficult times
Increased effort only if
effort is less than MSY –
But who knows?
Buy back programme to
reduce capacity
Reduce fishing effort No management plan to
ensure capacity is
maintained
9. Asia pacific Economic Cooperation -2000
Study Into the Nature and Extent of Subsidies in the
Fisheries Sector of APEC Members Economies
Committee on Trade and Investment
“The possible negative effects of some kinds of
transfers can be reduced or minimized when
transfer policies and resource management
polices are coherent.” Therefore, there is an
issue regarding the efficiency of the subsidy
programs”.
11. Case 1. Grenada
• Objective
– Develop the pelagic long line fishery safely
• Strategy
– Provide subsidy – fuel and duty free equipment
once a year at Xmas
– Subsidy conditional on updated fishing license
– Fishing license only issued with valid safety
certificate
• Measures
– Yearly inspections, Training, VMS/VSD
12.
13. Case 2. New Zealand Sanford Ltd.
• Objectives
– Sustainable fishing
– Profitable, environmentally responsible
• Strategy
– Maintain MSC certification and maintain ISO status
– Energy efficiency and sustainable development policies
– Reduce emissions and GHG
• Measures
– Reduce incidental catches of birds and mammals and
impacts on sensitive areas.
– Use of fish offal to produce oil to reduce fuel costs
– Recycle waste from processing and fishing operations
– Corporate – Treatment of workers, good corporate
citizenship – clean up and awareness raising
14.
15. Case 3. Asia/Pacific Region
• Objective
– Ministerial policy increase production of B100 bio fuel.
– Large surplus 370 000 tonnes
– Replace more costly diesel in fishing vessels with B100
– Prevent the price of B100 falling due to large inventory
– New stocks expected March – April 2013
• Strategy
– Provide cheaper fuel to fleet at subsidized price
– No clear if any conditions will be applied
• Measures – Not clear
– Improved monitoring, catch declarations, improved safety
compliance, cost of conversion to energy efficient options
– Will require monitoring system. Political reality
17. Policy
• Energy policy congruent with Management
Plans
• Formulate Fisheries Energy Policies and have
clear objectives
– Reduce emissions, consumption, Increase
efficiency (Kw./Kg)
• Holistic view link other subsidy policy (Loans,
Guarantees, Price support, tax exemptions,
infrastructure, etc).
• Link with Economic and environmental
policies
18. Management
• Level of subsidy related to status of stocks
• Use subsidies for R and D in new resource
friendly technologies (time bound)
• Integrate safety at sea and fisheries
management - Fisheries management should
not compromise safety.
• Use subsidies as incentive to comply with
Regulations – requires monitoring systems
• Use subsidy for groups to conduct MCS in
protected and sensitive zones
19. Technology
• Make sure installations for new alternatives do
not compromise safety – e.g. biogas
• Technical and economic studies of fuel and
fishery subsidy viability
• Calculate impacts of Ambiguous subsidies
• Use Cost of Conversion as subsidy to new
technology, emission reducing fuels,
optimization and LIFE
• Monitoring and evaluation of measures
20. Conclusions
• Subsidies can have negative and positive impacts
on fisheries management and safety at sea.
• Fuel subsidies should result in environmental
sustainability.
• Energy policies and fisheries policies need to be
integrated for maximum benefit and coherence.
• Sustainable development is good business.
(Energy, living resources, recycling, efficiency)
• Politics should not endanger responsible
resource management
21. Reference materials
• Fuel price increase, subsidies, overcapacity and resource
sustainability -
http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/6/832.full.pdf+
html
• World Energy Outlook 2012 -
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication
/English.pdf
• Intermediate technology and alternative energy systems for
small scale fisheries -
http://www.apfic.org/archive/symposia/1980/53.pdf
• Study into the Nature and Extent of Subsidies in the Fisheries
Sector of APEC Member Economies, 2000 -
http://publications.apec.org/publication-detail.php?
pub_id=668
22. Reference materials
• Safety at sea as an integral part of fisheries management -
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X9656E/X9656E00.HTM
• Futures contracts of crude oil NYNEX –
http://quotes.ino.com/exchanges/contracts.html?r=NYMEX_CL
• International centre for Trade and Sustainable Development -
Tackling Perverse Subsidies in Agriculture, Fisheries and Energy
http://ictsd.org/downloads/2012/06/tackling-perverse-subsidies-
in-agriculture-fisheries-and-energy.pdf
