1. 8598 J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 8598−8603
Phytochemical and Nutrient Composition of the Freeze-Dried
Amazonian Palm Berry, Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (Acai)
ALEXANDER G. SCHAUSS,*,† XIANLI WU,‡,§ RONALD L. PRIOR,‡ BOXIN OU,⊥
DINESH PATEL,| DEJIAN HUANG,3 AND JAMES P. KABABICK#
Natural and Medicinal Products Research, AIMBR Life Sciences, 4117 South Meridian,
Puyallup, Washington 98373, Agriculture Research Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, Department of
Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham,
Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, Brunswick Laboratories, 6 Thatcher Lane,
Wareham, Massachusetts 02571, Integrated Biomolecule Corporation, 2005 E. Innovation Park Drive,
Tucson, Arizona 85755, Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry,
National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore, and Flora Research,
32158 Camino Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano, California 92675
Euterpe oleraceae is a large palm tree indigenous to the Amazon River and its tributaries and estuaries
in South America. Its fruit, known as acai, is of great economic value to native people. In this study,
a standardized freeze-dried acai fruit pulp/skin powder was used for all analyses and tests. Among
many findings, anthocyanins (ACNs), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and other flavonoids were found to
be the major phytochemicals. Two ACNs, cyandin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside were found
to be predominant ACNs; three others were also found as minor ACNs. The total content of ACNs
was measured as 3.1919 mg/g dry weight (DW). Polymers were found to be the major PACs. The
concentration of total PACs was calculated as 12.89 mg/g DW. Other flavonoids, namely, homoorientin,
orientin, isovitexin, scoparin, and taxifolin deoxyhexose, along with several unknown flavonoids, were
also detected. Resveratrol was found but at a very low concentration. In addition, components including
fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, minerals, and other nutrients were analyzed and quantified. Total
polyunsaturated fatty acid, total monounsaturated fatty acid, and total saturated fatty acids contributed
to 11.1%, 60.2%, and 28.7% of total fatty acid. Oleic acid (53.9%) and palmitic acid (26.7%) were
found to be the two dominant fatty acids. Nineteen amino acids were found; the total amino acid
content was determined to be 7.59% of total weight. The total sterols accounted for 0.048% by weight
of powder. The three sterols B-sitosterol, campesterol, and sigmasterol were identified. A complete
nutrient analysis is also presented. Microbiological analysis was also performed.
KEYWORDS: Euterpe oleraceae; acai; anthocyanin; proanthocyanidin; flavonoid; resveratrol; nutrient;
sterol; fatty acid; amino acid; microbiological test; shelf life
INTRODUCTION Colombia, and Suriname (1). A juice prepared from the fruit,
popularly called “acai” in Brazil, is consumed in a variety of
Euterpe oleraceae Martius is a large palm tree indigenous to
beverages and food preparations. In addition to its economic
South America. It grows abundantly in the Amazon estuary and
value, different parts of Euterpe oleraceae were used as folk
on floodplains, in swamps, and in upland regions. Also known
as the Cabbage palm, Euterpe oleraceae bears a dark purple, medicine by native people. For example, the fruit furnishes a
berry-like fruit, clustered into bunches, that serves as a major dark green oil used in rural medicine, principally as an
food source for native and lower class people of Brazil, antidiarrheal agent (2). Recently, much attention has been paid
to the antioxidant capacity of its fruit (also called acai) and its
possible role as a “functional food” or food ingredient (3-5).
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alex@aibmr.com.
Phone: 253-286-2888. Fax: 253-286-2451. However, the knowledge of its phytochemical and nutrient
† AIMBR Life Sciences. composition is still very limited, which put its health claims
‡ U.S. Department of Agriculture.
§ University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. and possible role as a “functional food” in question.
⊥ Brunswick Laboratories.
| Integrated Biomolecule Corporation.
Some anthocyanins (ACNs) and several other flavonoids have
3 National University of Singapore. been reported in acai (6-9). Regarded as predominant phy-
# Flora Research. tochemicals in acai, ACNs were believed to be the major
10.1021/jf060976g CCC: $33.50 © 2006 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 10/07/2006

2. Phytochemical and Nutrient Composition of Acai J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 22, 2006 8599
compounds that contributed to the overall antioxidant capacity the experimental conditions were kept the same except that the
(9). But the contribution of the anthocyanins to the overall ionization was changed from positive mode to negative mode.
antioxidant capacities of the fruit were estimated to be only Proanthocyanidin Analysis. Freeze-dried acai powder (5 g) was
approximately 10%, which suggested that compounds that have extracted with solvent containing acetone, water, and acetic acid (70:
29.5:0.5, v/v, AWA). This solution was further fractioned by Sephadex
yet to be identified are the major antioxidants in acai (3). Except
LH-20 for proanthocyanidin analysis following the published method
for dietary antioxidants, other components and nutrient com- (12) for proanthocyanidin analysis.
position are also very important when we try to evaluate the Chromatographic analyses were performed on an HP 1100 series
possible role of acai as a “functional food”. However, our HPLC (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) equipped with an autosampler/
knowledge of these is still not complete. In this paper, another injector, DAD, fluorescence detector (FLD), which was also coupled
major objective was to provide information about other com- with an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an API chamber,
ponents, as well as report on a more complete profile of its and an ESI source. Normal phase separation of proanthocyanidins was
nutrient composition than reported by others to date. performed on a 3.0 mm × 150 mm, 5.0 µm, Luna Silica column
Last, microbiological and heavy metal analyses were per- (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA). Elution was performed using mobile
formed in an attempt to provide additional information related phase A (dichloromethane/methanol/water/acetic acid; 82:14:2:2, v/v)
to safety issues of freeze-dried acai. and mobile phase B (methanol/water/acetic acid; 96:2:2, v/v). The flow
rate was 0.8 mL/min, and detection was set using FLD with excitation
at 276 nm and emission at 316 nm. Gradient is described as follows:
MATERIALS AND METHODS 0-17.6% B, 0-30 min; 17.6-30.7% B, 30-45 min; 30.7-87.8% B,
Plant Material. Freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleracea) was obtained 45-50 min. The proanthocyanidins were confirmed by their chromato-
from K2A LLC (OptiAcai, Provo, Utah). Prior to freeze drying, the graphic patterns and the molecular weights obtained by FLD and MS
berries were obtained immediately within the harvesting areas in the detector, respectively.
Amazon delta estuaries within kilometers of the freeze-drying facility Resveratrol Analysis. A freeze-dried acai sample (1 g) was extracted
in Belem, Brazil. Within hours of harvesting, acai berries were frozen with 20 mL of methanol. After the extract was centrifuged at 14 000
and stored at -20 °C until transferred for freeze drying. The freeze- rpm at 4 °C for 5 min, the supernatant was used for resveratrol analysis.
dried acai powder was kept at -20 °C until analyzed. The analysis was carried out in a HP 1100 HPLC equipped with diode
Chemicals and Standards. Phytochemical Analysis. Standards of array detector and a Phenomenex Luna phenyl-hexyl column (250
3-O-β-glucosides of pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, mm × 4.6 mm) with prefilter. Elution was performed using mobile
petunidin, and malvidin (six mixed anthocyanin standard, HPLC grade) phase A (water/acetonitrile/acetic acid; 89:9:2, v/v) and mobile phase
were obtained from Polyphenols Laboratories (Sandnes, Norway). B (acetonitrile/water; 80:20, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and
Resveratrol standard was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). detection was set up at 280 nm using the DAD. The gradient is
Formic acid was purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Methanol, described as follows: 0% B, 0-10 min; 0-40% B, 10-25 min; 40-
acetonitrile, methylene chloride, and acetic acid (HPLC grade) were 100% B, 25-32 min; 100% B, 32-35 min.
from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ). Sephadex LH-20 is product of Sigma Sterol Analysis. Quantitative analysis of sterols in acai freeze-dried
(St. Louis, MO). powder was carried out in a Varian 3400cx gas chromatograph with a
QuantitatiVe Analysis of Sterols. Sterol standards were purchased DB-5ms column (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) based on INA sterol method
from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Hydrochloric acid, methanol, and other 109.001 (13).
reagents were obtained from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ). Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nutrient Analysis. Fat was
Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nutrient Analysis. Standards of fatty determined by the AOAC method (AOAC 933.05) (14). Fatty acids
acids were obtained from Nu-Check Prep (Elysian, MN). O-Phthalde- were analyzed based on the AOAC method (AOAC 969.33) (14).
hyde was from Anresco (San Francisco, CA); amino acid standard Analysis was carried out in an HP 5890 series 2 GC (Hewlett-Packard,
solution (2.5 µmol/mL), Brij 35 solution (30%, w/w), 2-mercaptoethanol Palo Alto, CA) with a Supelco ST-2560 column (Supelco, Inc.,
(2-hydroxyethylmercaptan), L-norleucine, and ethylenediaminetetraace- Bellefonte, PA). Cholesterol was tested in a HP 5890 series 2 GC
tic acid (EDTA) tetrasodium salt (dydrate) were from Sigma (St. Louis, (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) using an AOAC method (AOAC
MO). Potassium hydroxide (pellets), sodium hydroxide (pellets), 994.10) (14).
hydrocholoric acid (6 N volumetric solution), and boric acid were from Protein was determined based on an AOAC method (AOAC 991.20)
Chempure (Bolivar, OH). Vitamins A, C, E, D, B1, B2, B3, B6, and (14), and the measurement was conducted in a Kjeltc 2400 autosampler
B12, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, folic acid, pantothenic unit (Rose Scientific Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, CA). Amino acids were
acid, biotin, and inositol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). obtained by hydrolysis from protein by 6 N HCl and then analyzed by
Elemental ion solutions were from Absolute Standards (Hamden, CT). ion-exchange chromatography. O-Phthaldehyde is used for postcolumn
Microbiological Analysis. Lactose broth for aerobic organism derivation. Analysis was carried out in Waters Alliance 2690 HPLC
culturing was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); reinforced clostrid- equipped with Waters fluoroscence detector 474 (Waters Corporation,
ial agar for anaerobic organism culturing and enumeration was from Milford, MA). A Hitachi L-7100 pump (Hitachi High Technologies
EM Science (Gibbstown, NJ). Petrifilm enumeration plates were from America, San Jose, CA) was used for postcolumn derivation. An
3M Microbiology Products (St. Paul, MN). interaction AA511 cation-exchange column (Pierce Biotechnology,
Analysis of Anthocyanin and Other Flavonoids. Sample prepara- Rockford, IL) with guard column was used to separate amino acids.
tion of anthocyanin and other flavonoid analysis followed the method Elution was performed using mobile phase, and the detection was set
reported previously (10). at excitation 358 nm and emission 425 nm.
Chromatographic analyses were performed on an HP 1100 series Analysis of minerals was performed in a Perkin-Elmer ICP Optima
HPLC (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) equipped with an autosampler/ 4300 DV ICP-OES system (Perkin-Elmer Life And Analytical Sciences
injector and diode array detector (DAD). A 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5.0 Inc., Wellesley, MA) according to the AOAC method (AOAC 984.27)
µm, Zorbax Stablebond analytical SB-C18 column (Agilent Technolo- (14). Measurements of vitamin C (AOAC 967.22) (14), sugars (AOAC
gies, Rising Sun, MD) was used for separation. Elution was performed 980.13) (14), moisture (AOAC 926.08) (14), and ash (AOAC 945.46)
with mobile phase A (5% formic acid aqueous solution) and mobile (14) were all based on AOAC methods. Heavy metal ion analysis was
phase B (methanol) using the gradient protocol previously decribed performed by an Agilent HP-7500a ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies,
(10). Low-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry was performed Palo Alto, CA) on a 5% HNO3 digested solution of elemental species
with an Esquire 3000 ion trap mass spectrometer (MS) (Bruker (1000 mg/100 mL). Analysis of retinol was based on a published
Daltoniks, Billerica, MA). The experimental conditions were the same method (15).
as previously described (10). Anthocyanin identification was determined Microbiological and Heavy Metal Analysis. Employing aseptic
following previous research (11). Quantification of anthocyanin fol- techniques, we placed samples of freeze-dried acai in a sterile glass
lowed the procedure reported before (10). For other flavonoid analysis, homogenizer tube with 5 mL of sterile water. Using a sterile

3. 8600 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 22, 2006 Schauss et al.
Table 1. Identification and Concentration of Anthocyanins and Other
Flavonoinds in Freeze-Dried Acai
peak tR MS MS/MS content
no. (min) (m/z) (m/z) compounds (mg/g DWa)
Anthocyanins
1 25.6 581 287 cyanidin 3-sambubioside 0.04
2 26.7 449 287 cyanidin 3-glucoside 1.17
3 29.4 595 449/287 cyanidin 3-rutinoside 1.93
4 33.9 c c peonidin 3-glucoside 0.02
5 36.6 609 463/301 peonidin 3-rutinoside 0.04
total 3.19
Other Flavonoids
6 22.4 689 671/609/489/369 unknown b
7 26.1 673 655/593/503/353 unknown b
8 27.5 391 289/221/143 unknown b
9 29.7 413 369/311/125 unknown b
10 30.2 449 327/269/151 unknown b
11 32.0 447 393/357/327 homoorientin b
12 32.4 373 341 unknown b
Figure 1. Reverse phase HPLC chromatograms of freeze-dried acai 13 33.9 447 429/357/327/285 orientin b
detected at 520 nm (A) and 360 nm (B). Peak identification and their MS 14 36.2 431 341/311/283 unknown b
15 39.1 449 269/151 taxifolin deoxyhexose b
data are shown in Table 1. 16 41.8 431 341/311/283 isovitexin b
17 43.1 461 407/371/341/309/231 scoparin b
homogenizer beater, we crushed the berries to a pulp. Aliquots (1 mL)
of the crushed berry pulp were placed into sterile lactose broth solutions a Dry weight. b Not available. c Not determined.
and sterile reinforced clostridial agar solutions. The inoculated broth
and agar solutions were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C under aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, respectively. Following incubation, samples (1
mL) were plated onto growth-selective Petrifilm plates and spread in
accordance with the supplier’s instructions. Plates were subjected to
incubation in accordance with the supplier’s instruction. Enumeration
was performed under a low powered (3×) light microscope with a hand
held colony counter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Identification and Quantification of Anthocyanins and
Other Flavonoids. Five ACNs were identified from freeze-
dried acai (Figure 1A). Of them, cyanidin 3-glucoside and
cyanidin 3-rutinoside were found to be the predominant ACNs.
Three minor ACNs, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, peonidin 3-glu-
coside, and peonidin 3-rutinoside, were also identified from acai.
Among these minor ACNs, cyanidin 3-sambubioside and
peonidin 3-glucoside were identified from acai for the first time.
The MS spectral data and content of individual ACNs are
presented in Table 1.
Like other berries rich in ACNs showing high antioxidant
capacity (16), ACNs were believed to be the major antioxidant
in freeze-dried acai. Nevertheless, freeze-dried acai was found
to contain two major anthocyanins and their contents are much
lower compared with that in most other berries (17). In this
study, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside were
found to be the major ACNs in freeze-dried acai, which agree
with three previous reports (3, 6, 8). Three minor ACNs, namely,
cyanidin 3-sambubioside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin
3-rutinoside, were detected in freeze-dried acai. But our results
were not in accordance with two recent papers. In one of them
(7), cyanidin 3-arabinoside and cyanidin 3-arabinosylarabinoside
were identified as predominant ACNs, whereas in the other
paper (9), only cyanidin 3-glucoside was found to be the
predominant ACN, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside was identified Figure 2. Chemical structures of anthocyanins in freeze-dried acai.
as a minor ACN. Considering the significant difference of these content in freeze-dried acai was 3.19 mg/g DW. It turned out
ACN profiles of the plant materials, the results reported by these to be lower than most other dark colored berries such as
two papers (7, 9) have to be questioned. They were probably blueberries, blackberries, or cranberries (17).
fruits either from other palm trees or other palm fruit varieties, Chemical structures of these ACNs are presented in Figure
rather than Euterpe oleraceae Mart. Thus, it is possible that in 2. Twelve other flavonoid-like compounds were also detected
future study of acai, the ACN profile may be used as an in acai (Figure 1B); five of them were identified as homoori-
alternative way to determine the plant materials. The total ACN entin, orientin, taxifolin deoxyhexose, isovitexin, and scoparin

4. Phytochemical and Nutrient Composition of Acai J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 22, 2006 8601
Table 3. Fatty Acids in Freeze-Dried Acai
fatty acids formula content (%)
Saturated Fatty Acids
butynic 4:0 <0.1
caproic 6:0 <0.1
caprylic 8:0 <0.1
capric 10:0 <0.1
undecanoic 11:0 <0.1
lauric 12:0 0.1
tridecanoic 13:0 <0.1
myristic 14:0 0.2
pentadecanoic 15:0 <0.1
palmitic 16:0 24.1
margaric 17:0 0.1
stearic 18:0 1.6
nonadecanoic 19:0 <0.1
Figure 3. Normal phase HPLC chromatograms of freeze-dried acai eicosanoic 20:0 <0.1
detected by FLD with excitation at 276 nm and emission at 316 nm. behenic 22:0 <0.1
tricosanoic 23:0 <0.1
Table 2. Content of Proanthocyanidins in Freeze-Dried Acai lignoceric 24:0 <0.1
total 26.1
proanthocyanidins content (mg/g, DWa)
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
monomers 0.21 tridecenoic 13:1 <0.1
dimers 0.30 myristoleic 14:1 <0.1
trimers 0.25 pentadecenoic 15:1 <0.1
tetramers 0.32 palmitoleic 16:1 4.3
pentamers 0.31 margaroleic 17:1 0.1
hexamers 0.52 oleic 18:1C 56.2
hepamers 0.32 elaidic 18:1T <0.1
octamers 0.39 gadoleic 20:1 <0.1
nonamers 0.64 erucic 22:1 <0.1
decamers 0.34 nervonic 24:1 <0.1
polymers 9.28 total 60.6
total 12.89 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
linoleic 18:2 12.5
a Dry weight. linolenic 18:3 0.8
gamma linolenic 18:3G <0.1
eicosadienoic 20:2 <0.1
by comparing their MS data with that from a published paper eicosatrienoic 20:3 <0.1
(8) (Table 2). However, quantification of these compounds homogamma linolenic 20:3G <0.1
failed due to lack of standards. arachidonic 20:4 <0.1
eicosapentaenoic 20:5 <0.1
Characterization and Quantification of Proanthocyani- docosadienoic 22:2 <0.1
dins. Proanthocyanidins (PACs) were found in acai as another docosahexaenoic 22:6 <0.1
group of polyphenolic compounds (3). In this study, proantho- total 13.3
cyanidins were completely characterized and quantified in
freeze-dried acai for the first time. Freeze-dried acai was found
to contain monomers (epicatechin and catechin) and B type Table 4. Analysis of Amino Acids from Freeze-Dried Acai.
procyanidins from dimers to polymers, and polymers were found
to be the major PACs in freeze-dried acai (Figure 3). The amino acids result (%)
content of each group of proanthocyanidins is summarized in aspartic acid 0.83
Table 2. Significantly, the profile of proanthocyanidins in threonine 0.31
freeze-dried acai is very similar to that of the blueberry (12). serine 0.32
glutamic acid 0.80
Proanthocyanidins have been found in most berries and have glycine 0.39
been found to possess strong antioxidant capacity, so they may alanine 0.46
contribute, at least partly, to overall in Vitro antioxidant capacity. valine 0.51
But being molecular compounds, in what forms they are methionine 0.12
isoleucine 0.38
absorbed or metabolized remains largely unknown. Therefore, leucine 0.65
their in ViVo capacity as dietary antioxidants is still open to tyrosine 0.29
question. phenylalanine 0.43
Identification of Resveratrol. Resveratrol has been found lysine 0.66
histidine 0.17
primarily in grape skin and reported to exhibit chemopreventive arginine 0.42
properties against cancer (18, 19). Freeze-dried acai contained proline 0.53
trans-resveratrol. However, the concentration is only 1.1 µg/g, hydroxyproline <0.01
which is probably too low to show actual chemopreventive cystine 0.18
tryptophan 0.13
effects, although this too remains an open question.
Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, Sterols, and Nutrient Analysis. total 7.59
Fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, heavy metal analysis, and a
complete nutrient analysis of freeze-dried acai are reported in are evaluated, the composition of other components and nutrients
Tables 3-6, respectively. When the health benefits of a food except for phytochemicals are analyzed. Nutrients

5. 8602 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 22, 2006 Schauss et al.
Table 5. Sterols in Freeze-Dried Acai Table 7. Microbiological and Heavy Metal Analysis of Freeze-Dried
Acai
concentration
sterols (mg/g DWa) analyte result unit
β-sitosterol 0.44 Escherichia coli/coliform <1 cfu/g
campesterol <0.03 (AOAC 991.14)
sigmasterol 0.04 Salmonella (AOAC 989.13) - ve +/-
total 0.48 Staphylococcus aureus <1 cfu/g
(AOAC 2000.15)
a
yeast and mold (AOAC 997.02) a cfu/g
Dry weight. total aerobic (AOAC 990.12) 51600 cfu/g
Heavy Metals
Table 6. Nutrient Analysis of Freeze-Dried Acai lead 36.77 ppb
arsenic 9.51 ppb
unit per cadmium 9.41 ppb
anayltes result 100 g DWa mercury 1.58 ppb
Label Analytes
calories 533.9 a Too numerous to count.
calories from fat 292.6
total fat 32.5 g
saturated fat 8.1 g Microbiological and Heavy Metal Analysis. Microbiological
cholesterol 13.5 Mg and heavy metal analysis of freeze-dried acai is presented in
sodium 30.4 Mg Table 7. This information is highly related to safety and stability
total carbohydrate 52.2 g
dietary fiber 44.2 g issues, and we hope this will be of help to those who are
sugars 1.3 g interested in developing products from acai.
protein (F ) 6.25) 8.1 g
vitamin A 1002 IU Conclusion. The phytochemical and nutrient composition
vitamin C <0.1 Mg of Euterpe oleraceae Mart. has been investigated in this study.
calcium 260.0 Mg
Anthocyanins (ACNs), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and other
iron 4.4 Mg
flavonoids were found to be the major phytochemicals in freeze-
Contributing Analytes
moisture 3.4 g dried acai. The two most predominant ACNs found were
ash 3.8 g cyandin 3-glucoside and cyaniding 3-rutinoside, although their
beta carotene <5.0 IU concentration was found to be lower than expected. For the first
retinol 1002 IU time, PACs were quantified and characterized in freeze-dried
Sugar Profile acai, with the majority of them being polymers. A complete
fructose 0.4 g
lactose <0.1 g
analysis of fatty acids, sterols, amino acids, and other nutrients
sucrose <0.1 g was also provided. The data obtained in the present study is
glucose 0.8 g crucially significant in advancing our understanding of the
maltose 0.1 g chemistry and therapeutic value of the Amazonian palm berry,
a
Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (acai).
Dry weight.
LITERATURE CITED
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¨
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¨
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